Cholecystectomy by single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS): early experience and technique standardization

Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery (SILS) is a recent surgical technique, first described in the 1990s. Its aim is to optimize the esthetic result offered by laparoscopy by minimizing the number of abdominal incisions. Various preliminary studies have been carried out on the application of SILS, especially in cholecystectomy and appendectomy. This study evaluates the preliminary results of cholecystectomy by SILS (SILS™ Port) conducted between October 2009 and February 2011 on 21 patients (4 men and 17 women) with a mean age of 49.9 years and a mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22.8. All patients were treated by the same team, which had previously undergone six months’ simulator training. There were two main selection criteria, both evaluated intraoperatively: absence of adhesions and of significant inflammatory sequelae from previous cholecystitis; and suitable distance between gallbladder and SILS access port. Conversion to traditional laparoscopy was necessary in just two cases, while an accessory trocar was introduced in another two cases. Conversion to open surgery was not necessary in any case. One case of SILS cholecystectomy was complicated by postoperative bile leakage, which was treated conservatively, as the fistula had a low output. The mean duration of hospitalization was 3.6 days. This preliminary experience led us to conclude that SILS is safe and highly satisfactory in the postoperative phase, thanks to the reduced need for painkillers and the improved esthetic result.

Virtual Mobility and Learning for PhD students of six European Countries: students’ programme evaluation

In this paper, the authors, as teachers of the Virtual Mobility and Learning ERASMUS Intensive Programme (VML–IP), put forward an analysis of the student’s final evaluation of the Programme as to the most important competences they have developed. In terms of methodology, this study has an exploratory and descriptive nature; hence, being based on empiric evidence. Thus, in the last face-to-face session, students were asked by the Programme’s coordination to present an overall evaluation of their experience in the VML–IP. Data were collected in loco, i.e. through the posters created by each group, as well as the video of the students’ oral presentations. They were later analysed using content analysis as data analysis technique. The results unveil that, although the main goal was fulfilled – i.e. to be able to design and implement a course on a ‘Virtual Mobility and Learning’ topic underpinned by solid theoretical background in the area –, the fact is that every group also pointed out several soft competences as a very important part of their experiences, and crucial for their development as students and future professionals.

Causes et solutions au taux d’échec et d’abandon élevé en technique de l'informatique au Cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe

Le but de cette recherche tente de trouver les causes au taux d'échec et d'abandon élevé en technique de l'informatique. Notre étude a été menée au cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe à l'hiver 2005. Nous avons également étendu notre réflexion à rechercher des solutions à cette problématique, lesquelles nous le croyons, pourraient être appliquées dans d'autres cégeps ou même d'autres techniques. Nous avons voulu proposer des solutions applicables plutôt que d'en faire une liste exhaustive. Pour y arriver, nous avons limité notre champ d'analyse aux domaines suivants: le temps d'étude, le travail rémunéré, la qualité de l'intervention pédagogique et le choc du passage du secondaire au collégial. Nous voulions aussi vérifier si le taux de diplomation en technique de l'informatique au cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe que nous évaluions à 35% a évolué depuis 1994 à aujourd'hui. Nous avons également cherché à établir un lien entre le temps d'étude et le temps occupé à un travail rémunéré. De là nous avons essayé de trouver la corrélation entre le temps d'étude et la réussite scolaire. Finalement, notre dernier objectif était d'interroger les intervenants des différents niveaux afin de recueillir les solutions qu'ils proposaient à la problématique soulevée. De plus, nous avons interrogé par questionnaire tous les étudiants du programme pour jauger leur niveau de satisfaction. Nous avons divisé cette étude en quatre chapitres dont le premier définit la problématique. Dans ce chapitre, notre intention était de recenser les principaux problèmes d'échec et d'abandon relevés en informatique au cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe et d'y suggérer des solutions. Le second chapitre consiste en une recension d'écrits permettant de renforcer notre réflexion à l'aide de références provenant de chercheurs renommés. Le troisième chapitre relate la méthodologie employée pour recueillir les données et propos des répondants à cette étude. Le quatrième chapitre fait état de la collecte de données effectuée à l'hiver 2005 et qui a consisté en des questionnaires et des entrevues dirigées; dans ce même chapitre, les données sont présentées, analysées et synthétisées à l'aide de graphiques et de tableaux. Tout près de 90 répondants ont été interrogés que ce soit en entrevue ou par questionnaire. De plus au-delà de 110 tableaux statistiques provenant du Service régional d'admission du Montréal métropolitain (SRAM) ont servi de base à cette étude. Finalement, en guise de conclusion, cette étude nous a permis de présenter une synthèse de l'ensemble du travail effectué au cours de la présente recherche. Voici en résumé les résultats de notre recherche. Notre analyse des données statistiques nous a permis d'établir un portrait de l'étudiant moyen en technique de l'informatique au cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe. C'est un garçon qui a environ 18 ans à son inscription au programme, il passe entre 5 et 7 heures à étudier, un peu moins en première mais un peu plus en troisième année. Il occupe un travail rémunéré environ 15 heures par semaine. Il faut préciser que la clientèle du programme est presque exclusivement de sexe masculin. Les professeurs interrogés du département d'informatique ont fait ressortir clairement que le choc du passage du secondaire au collégial est très présent. Les élèves arrivant du secondaire ont souvent l'habitude de réussir sans étudier. Ils vivent souvent leur premier échec scolaire au cégep et se sentent très désemparés face à cette situation. Ils ignorent les outils à leur disposition et n'osent pas demander de l'aide à leurs professeurs. Les différents intervenants consultés nous ont proposé les solutions tels que d'offrir des ateliers ou des cours de prise de notes, de gestion du temps, de gestion des priorités, et finalement de faire connaître les services déjà offerts aux étudiants pour les aider à réussir. Nous pouvons mentionner ici que les élèves du programme n'ont pratiquement pas consulté les services du centre d'aide à la réussite durant la dernière année. Ils attendent souvent trop longtemps avant de demander de l'aide et il ne leur reste souvent plus d'autre choix que d'abandonner le programme. Les professeurs ont aussi le devoir de détecter les étudiants nécessitant de l'aide. Ceux-ci se sentent démunis pour aider les étudiants et ont manifesté avoir besoin d'assistance en ce sens. Comme mentionné précédemment nous avions évalué le taux de diplomation du programme à environ 35 %. L'analyse des statistiques nous a révélé que ce taux affiche une légère progression depuis 1994. À notre surprise, par contre, nous avons constaté que ce taux est légèrement au-dessus du taux moyen des autres collèges de la province (SRAM) et même de celui d'autres programmes majoritairement composés de garçons du cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe (voir le graphique 2, p. 53). Nous avons voulu connaître ce que pensaient nos étudiants ayant abandonné le programme et à l'inverse ceux qui en étaient diplômés. Nos répondants diplômés avaient tous un emploi en informatique et avouaient avoir réussi à force de volonté. Leur principale motivation à terminer leurs études était d'obtenir un emploi intéressant et bien rémunéré. Ils ont fait les travaux demandés car ils les préparaient bien aux examens. Cependant, nos répondants qui ont abandonné le programme nous ont confié qu'un emploi rémunéré occupant trop de temps hebdomadaire et le trop peu de temps d'étude avait contribué à les faire abandonner. Nous avons observé que le temps passé à un travail rémunéré n'influence pas le temps passé à étudier. Par contre, le temps passé à étudier a une répercussion sur la réussite. Nous ajoutons ici que trop de temps passé au travail rémunéré et pas assez aux études favorise l'échec et l'abandon. En conclusion, l'élève qui croit en sa réussite prend les moyens pour l'obtenir. La théorie que nous avons énoncée au début de cet ouvrage spécifiant que seuls les élèves les mieux organisés réussissaient s'avère donc vérifiée, mais nous pouvons malheureusement constater aussi que les élèves les moins organisés abandonnent le programme. Les questionnaires remplis par tous les étudiants du programme nous ont révélé un net manque d'équilibre au niveau du travail exigé lors du passage de la première année à la seconde. Nos entrevues avec les professeurs du programme nous ont confirmé que les élèves trouvaient difficile le passage de la première à la deuxième année. Assiste-on à un report du choc du passage du secondaire au collégial vers le choc du passage de la première à la deuxième année? Aurait-on repoussé le problème en deuxième année en voulant faciliter le passage du secondaire au collégial? Il faudrait bien se garder maintenant de repousser le problème en troisième année, ce serait dommage que ce soit à l'arrivée sur le marché du travail que le choc se produise. Il est donc de première importance que les élèves soient bien préparés à la réalisation des étapes suivantes. Nous ne rendrions pas service à trop faciliter la réussite et que ce soit le marché du travail qui rejette nos étudiants. Enfin voilà pourquoi, après cette mise en garde, six projets seront mis en place afin de favoriser la réussite de nos étudiants tout en conservant une formation de grande qualité qui est la caractéristique du programme de technique de l'informatique du cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe. Voici la liste de ces projets dont vous trouverez une description en consultant la section 3.4 intitulée « Entrevues avec un cadre de la direction des études » : a) implantation du programme Alternance travail-études (ATE), b) la création d'une équipe d'intervention auprès des élèves de première année, c) la création d'un centre d'assistance en technologie de l'information et des communications (TIC), d) l'implantation du tutorat par les pairs, e) la promotion du programme d'informatique et finalement f) l'assistance d'un professeur aux services techniques du département afin de favoriser l'implantation des nouvelles technologies de pointe. Tous ces moyens mis de l'avant permettront, nous l'espérons, de faire en sorte que le programme d'informatique du cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe se démarque grâce à son innovation et à sa volonté de résoudre le faible taux de diplomation tout en offrant une formation de la plus haute qualité.

Life cycle assessment (lca) of six separation methods of polyethylene and aluminum in tetra pak

In food and beverage industry, packaging plays a crucial role in protecting food and beverages and maintaining their organoleptic properties. Their disposal, unfortunately, is still difficult, mainly because there is a lack of economically viable systems for separating composite and multilayer materials. It is therefore necessary not only to increase research in this area, but also to set up pilot plants and implement these technologies on an industrial scale. LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) can fulfil these purposes. It allows an assessment of the potential environmental impacts associated with a product, service or process. The objective of this thesis work is to analyze the environmental performance of six separation methods, designed for separating the polymeric from the aluminum fraction in multilayered packaging. The first four methods utilize the chemical dissolution technique using Biodiesel, Cyclohexane, 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and Cyclopentyl-methyl-ether (CPME) as solvents. The last two applied the mechanical delamination technique with surfactant-activated water, using Ammonium laurate and Triethanolamine laurate as surfactants, respectively. For all six methods, the LCA methodology was applied and the corresponding models were built with the GaBi software version 10.6.2.9, specifically for LCA analyses. Unfortunately, due to a lack of data, it was not possible to obtain the results of the dissolution methods with the solvents 2-MeTHF and CPME; for the other methods, however, the individual environmental performances were calculated. Results revealed that the methods with the best environmental performance are method 2, for dissolution methods, and method 5, for delamination methods. This result is confirmed both by the analysis of normalized and weighted results and by the analysis of 'original' results. An hotspots analysis was also conducted.

Biased Random-key Genetic Algorithms For The Winner Determination Problem In Combinatorial Auctions.

Abstract In this paper, we address the problem of picking a subset of bids in a general combinatorial auction so as to maximize the overall profit using the first-price model. This winner determination problem assumes that a single bidding round is held to determine both the winners and prices to be paid. We introduce six variants of biased random-key genetic algorithms for this problem. Three of them use a novel initialization technique that makes use of solutions of intermediate linear programming relaxations of an exact mixed integer-linear programming model as initial chromosomes of the population. An experimental evaluation compares the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms with the standard mixed linear integer programming formulation, a specialized exact algorithm, and the best-performing heuristics proposed for this problem. The proposed algorithms are competitive and offer strong results, mainly for large-scale auctions.

Fracture Of Distal Humerus: Mipo Technique With Visualization Of The Radial Nerve.

To evaluate the outcomes in patients treated for humerus distal third fractures with MIPO technique and visualization of the radial nerve by an accessory approach, in those without radial palsy before surgery. The patients were treated with MIPO technique. The visualization and isolation of the radial nerve was done by an approach between the brachialis and the brachiorradialis, with an oblique incision, in the lateral side of the arm. MEPS was used to evaluate the elbow function. Seven patients were evaluated with a mean age of 29.8 years old. The average follow up was 29.85 months. The radial neuropraxis after surgery occurred in three patients. The sensorial recovery occurred after 3.16 months on average and also of the motor function, after 5.33 months on average, in all patients. We achieved fracture consolidation in all patients (M=4.22 months). The averages for flexion-extension and prono-supination were 112.85° and 145°, respectively. The MEPS average score was 86.42. There was no case of infection. This approach allowed excluding a radial nerve interposition on site of the fracture and/or under the plate, showing a high level of consolidation of the fracture and a good evolution of the range of movement of the elbow. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Spectrophotometric Evaluation Of Dental Bleaching Under Orthodontic Bracket In Enamel And Dentin.

Aware of the diffusion capacity of bleaching in the dental tissues, many orthodontists are subjecting their patients to dental bleaching during orthodontic treatment for esthetic purposes or to anticipate the exchange of esthetic restorations after the orthodontic treatment. For this purpose specific products have been developed in pre-loaded whitening trays designed to fit over and around brackets and wires, with clinical efficacy proven. The objective of this study was to evaluate, through spectrophotometric reflectance, the effectiveness of dental bleaching under orthodontic bracket. Thirty-two bovine incisors crown blocks of 8 mm x 8 mm height lengths were used. Staining of tooth blocks with black tea was performed for six days. They were distributed randomly into 4 groups (1-home bleaching with bracket, 2- home bleaching without bracket, 3- office bleaching with bracket, 4 office bleaching without bracket). The color evaluation was performed (CIE L * a * b *) using color reflectance spectrophotometer. Metal brackets were bonded in groups 1 and 3. The groups 1 and 2 samples were subjected to the carbamide peroxide at 15%, 4 hours daily for 21 days. Groups 3 and 4 were subjected to 3 in-office bleaching treatment sessions, hydrogen peroxide 38%. After removal of the brackets, the second color evaluation was performed in tooth block, difference between the area under the bracket and around it, and after 7 days to verified color stability. Data analysis was performed using the paired t-test and two-way variance analysis and Tukey's. The home bleaching technique proved to be more effective compared to the office bleaching. There was a significant difference between the margin and center color values of the specimens that were subjected to bracket bonding. The bracket bond presence affected the effectiveness of both the home and office bleaching treatments. Key words:Tooth bleaching, spectrophotometry, orthodontics.

In Vitro Effects Of Hydrogen Peroxide Combined With Different Activators For The In-office Bleaching Technique On Enamel.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration of human enamel bleached with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide associated with different activators. Materials and methods. Fifty enamel/dentin blocks (4 × 4 mm) were obtained from human third molars and randomized divided according to the bleaching procedure (n = 10): G1 = 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP - Whiteness HP Maxx); G2 = HP + Halogen lamp (HL); G3 = HP + 7% sodium bicarbonate (SB); G4 = HP + 20% sodium hydroxide (SH); and G5 = 38% hydrogen peroxide (OXB - Opalescence Xtra Boost). The bleaching treatments were performed in three sessions with a 7-day interval between them. The enamel content, before (baseline) and after bleaching, was determined using an FT-Raman spectrometer and was based on the concentration of phosphate, carbonate, and organic matrix. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's test. Results. The results showed no significant differences between time of analysis (p = 0.5175) for most treatments and peak areas analyzed; and among bleaching treatments (p = 0.4184). The comparisons during and after bleaching revealed a significant difference in the HP group for the peak areas of carbonate and organic matrix, and for the organic matrix in OXB and HP+SH groups. Tukey's analysis determined that the difference, peak areas, and the interaction among treatment, time and peak was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The association of activators with hydrogen peroxide was effective in the alteration of enamel, mainly with regards to the organic matrix.

Preservation Of The External Jugular Vein In Bilateral Radical Neck Dissections: Technique In Two Cases And Review Of The Literature.

Context. The possibility of cephalic venous hypertension with the resultant facial edema and elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure continues to challenge head and neck surgeons who perform bilateral radical neck dissections during simultaneous or staged procedures. Case Report. The staged procedure in patients who require bilateral neck dissections allows collateral venous drainage to develop, mainly through the internal and external vertebral plexuses, thereby minimizing the risks of deleterious consequences. Nevertheless, this procedure has disadvantages, such as a delay in definitive therapy, the need for a second hospitalization and anesthesia, and the risk of cutting lymphatic vessels and spreading viable cancer cells. In this paper, we discuss the rationale and feasibility of preserving the external jugular vein. Considering the limited number of similar reports in the literature, two cases in which this procedure was accomplished are described. The relevant anatomy and technique are reviewed and the patients' outcomes are discussed. Conclusion. Preservation of the EJV during bilateral neck dissections is technically feasible, fast, and safe, with clinically and radiologically demonstrated patency.

High Prevalence Of Insulin Resistance Assessed By The Glucose Clamp Technique In Hormonal And Non-hormonal Contraceptive Users.

Objective To assess the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and associated factors in contraceptive users. Methods A total of 47 women 18 to 40 years of age with a body mass index (kg/m(2)) < 30, fasting glucose levels < 100 mg/dl and 2-hour glucose level < 140 mg/dl after a 75-g oral glucose load were submitted to a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The women were distributed in tertiles regarding M-values. The analysed variables were use of combined hormonal/non-hormonal contraception, duration of use, body composition, lipid profile, glucose levels and blood pressure. Results IR was detected in 19% of the participants. The women with low M-values presented significantly higher body fat mass, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and were nulligravida, showed > 1 year of contraceptive use and higher triglyceride levels. IR was more frequent among combined oral contraceptive users, however no association was observed after regression analysis. Conclusions The prevalence of IR was high among healthy women attending a family planning clinic independent of the contraceptive method used with possible long-term negative consequences regarding their metabolic and cardiovascular health. Although an association between hormonal contraception and IR could not be found this needs further research. Family planning professionals should be proactive counselling healthy women about the importance of healthy habits.

The Effects Of High Doses Of Nandrolone Decanoate And Exercise On Prostate Microvasculature Of Adult And Older Rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the interaction between the abusive use of nandrolone decanoate (ND) and physical activity on the prostate structure of adult and older rats. We evaluated whether the use of ND, associated or not with physical exercise during the post-pubertal stage, interferes with the morphophysiology of the prostate. Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. The animals were treated for eight weeks and divided into sedentary and trained groups, with or without ND use. Four groups were sacrificed 48 h after the end of the eight week experiment (adult groups), and four other groups were sacrificed at 300 days of age (older groups). The prostate was collected and processed for stereological and histopathological analysis and for the expression of AQP1 and VEGF by the Western blotting technique. Both ND and physical activity altered the ventral prostate structure of the rats; the AQP1 and VEGF expression increased in young animals subjected to physical exercise. Thus, it was concluded that the use of ND, associated or not with exercise during the post-pubertal stage, interferes with the morphophysiology of the prostate.

Aspectos técnicos da monitorização da pressão intracraniana pelo método subaracnóideo no traumatismo craniencefálico grave

Two hundred and six patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 points or less after nonsurgical resuscitation on admission), managed at Intensive Care Unit-Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas were prospectively analysed. All patients were assessed by CT scan and 72 required neurosurgical intervention. All patients were continuously monitored to evaluate intracranial pressure (ICP) levels by a subarachnoid device (11 with subarachnoid metallic bolts and 195 with subarachnoid polyvinyl catheters). The ICP levels were continuously observed in the bedside pressure monitor display and their end-hour values were recorded in a standard chart. The patients were managed according to a standard protocol guided by the ICP levels. There were no intracranial haemorrhagic complications or hematomas due the monitoring method. Sixty six patients were punctured by lateral C1-C2 technique to assess infectious complications and 2 had positive cerebrospinal fluid samples for Acinetobacter sp. The final results measured at hospital discharge showed 75 deaths (36,40%) and 131 (63,60%) survivors. ICP levels had significantly influenced the final results (p<0,001). The subarachnoid method to continuously assess the ICP levels was considered aplicable, safe, simple, low cost and useful to advise the management of the patients. The ICP record methodology was practical and useful. Despite the current technical advances the subarachnoid method was considered viable to assess the ICP levels in severe head injury.

Six new cases confirm the clinical molecular profile of complete combined 17α-hydroxylase/ 17,20-lyase deficiency in Brazil

In 2004, Costa-Santos and cols. reported 24 patients from 19 Brazilian families with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and showed that p.W406R and p.R362C corresponded to 50% and 32% of CYP17A1 mutant alleles, respectively. The present report describes clinical and molecular data of six patients from three inbred Brazilian families with 17α-hydroxlyse deficiency. All patients had hypogonadism, amenorrhea and hypertension at diagnosis. Two sisters were found to be 46,XY with both gonads palpable in the inguinal region. All patients presented hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, with high levels of ACTH (> 104 ng/mL), suppressed plasmatic renin activity, low levels of potassium (< 2.8 mEq/L) and elevated progesterone levels (> 4.4 ng/mL). Three of them, including two sisters, were homozygous for p.W406R mutation and the other three (two sisters and one cousin) were homozygous for p.R362C. The finding of p.W406R and p.R362C in the CYP17A1 gene here reported in additional families, confirms them as the most frequent mutations causing complete combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency in Brazilian patients.

Medalhistas de ouro nas Paraolimpiadas de Atenas 2004 : reflexões de suas trajetorias no desporto adaptado

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física