Zoneamento pedoclimático da mesorregião da Chapada do Araripe: levantamento de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade dos solos da folha Crato - (Escala 1:100.000).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o levantamentos de solos, em nível de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade na área abrangida pela folha do Crato, na Chapada do Araripe, no Estado do Ceará. A área de estudo tem extensão cerca de 3.000 km2, com solos e condições geoambientais diferenciados, desde a zona úmida da chapada até a zona semi-árida. Na zona úmida, distinguem-se dois tipos extremos de formas de relevo, o plano no topo da chapada e o relevo ondulado, nas encostas. Já na zona semi-árida, de relevo aplainado, ocorrem as variações de semi-aridez menos intensa (com caatinga hipoxerófila) e mais intensa (caatinga hiperxerófila). O mapa foi elaborado com base em suas conceituações taxonômicas e suas diversas injunções de caráter edafoclimático e geomórfico. A necessidade de planejamento das atividades agrícolas, com base no conhecimento dos recursos naturais disponíveis, em escala compatível, será importante para a exploração auto-sustentável. Foi elaborado um mapa em nível de reconhecimento de baixa e média intensidade, com escala de apresentação da ordem de 1:100.000. Os Neossolos Litólicos ocupam a maior extensão (38,46%), distribuídos nos pediplanos e nas serras e serrotes residuais. Em segundo lugar ocorrem Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos e Vermelhos. Em terceira posição os Latossolos Amarelos de relevo plano e suave ondulado e os Latossolos Vermelho Amarelos (geralmente de encostas ou ocupando parte dos tabuleiros baixos associados aos Argissolos e Neossolos Quartzarênicos). Em proporções menores ocorrem os Neossolos Flúvicos (com cultivo de cana-de-açúcar), seguidos pelos Neossolos Quartzarênicos e os Vertissolos.

ACTIVIDAD SISMICA DE CARACTER SUPERFICIAL REGISTRADA POR LA RED SISMOGRÁFICA DEL OVSICORI-UNA EN LA HOJA DE SAN JOSE 1:200.000 ENTRE ABRIL 1984 - JULIO 1988

Este trabajo es el resultado del análisis de la información existente, registrada por el OVSICORI-UNA para la región del Valle Central de Costa Rica (Hoja San José, escala 1:200.000).  Históricamente el Valle Central ha sufrido por la acción de varios terremotos.  Entre los más dañinos podemos citar el de Cartago de 1841, el de Fraijanes de 1888, el de Cartago de 1910, el de Sarchí de 1912, el de Patillos de 1952 y el de los del Bajos del Toro en 1955.  Esta actividad asociada a fallas de carácter superficial (z 15 km) y con magnitudes moderadas mb 6.5, muy probablemente se volverá a presentar en el futuro, en igual forma en que se han visto afectada la ciudad de San Salvador en la hermana república de El Salvador.  Es, por lo tanto, de vital importancia investigar conocer y evaluar la existencia de las fallas que han ocasionado dichos terremotos. 

Mapping glider habitat in dry eucalypt forests for Montreal Process indicator 1.1: Fragmentation of forest types

Accurate habitat mapping is critical to landscape ecological studies such as required for developing and testing Montreal Process indicator 1.1e, fragmentation of forest types. This task poses a major challenge to remote sensing, especially in mixedspecies, variable-age forests such as dry eucalypt forests of subtropical eastern Australia. In this paper, we apply an innovative approach that uses a small section of one-metre resolution airborne data to calibrate a moderate spatial resolution model (30 m resolution; scale 1:50 000) based on Landsat Thematic Mapper data to estimate canopy structural properties in St Marys State Forest, near Maryborough, south-eastern Queensland. The approach applies an image-processing model that assumes each image pixel is significantly larger than individual tree crowns and gaps to estimate crown-cover percentage, stem density and mean crown diameter. These parameters were classified into three discrete habitat classes to match the ecology of four exudivorous arboreal species (yellowbellied glider Petaurus australis, sugar glider P. breviceps, squirrel glider P. norfolcensis , and feathertail glider Acrobates pygmaeus), and one folivorous arboreal marsupial, the greater glider Petauroides volans. These species were targeted due to the known ecological preference for old trees with hollows, and differences in their home range requirements. The overall mapping accuracy, visually assessed against transects (n = 93) interpreted from a digital orthophoto and validated in the field, was 79% (KHAT statistic = 0.72). The KHAT statistic serves as an indicator of the extent that the percentage correct values of the error matrix are due to ‘true’ agreement verses ‘chance’ agreement. This means that we are able to reliably report on the effect of habitat loss on target species, especially those with a large home range size (e.g. yellow-bellied glider). However, the classified habitat map failed to accurately capture the spatial patterning (e.g. patch size and shape) of stands with a trace or sub-dominance of senescent trees. This outcome makes the reporting of the effects of habitat fragmentation more problematic, especially for species with a small home range size (e.g. feathertail glider). With further model refinement and validation, however, this moderateresolution approach offers an important, cost eff e c t i v e advancement in mapping the age of dry eucalypt forests in the region.

Simple measures of climate, soil properties and plant traits predict national scale grassland soil carbon stocks

1. Soil carbon (C) storage is a key ecosystem service. Soil C stocks play a vital role in soil fertility and climate regulation, but the factors that control these stocks at regional and national scales are unknown, particularly when their composition and stability are considered. As a result, their mapping relies on either unreliable proxy measures or laborious direct measurements. 2. Using data from an extensive national survey of English grasslands we show that surface soil (0-7cm) C stocks in size fractions of varying stability can be predicted at both regional and national scales from plant traits and simple measures of soil and climatic conditions. 3. Soil C stocks in the largest pool, of intermediate particle size (50-250 µm), were best explained by mean annual temperature (MAT), soil pH and soil moisture content. The second largest C pool, highly stable physically and biochemically protected particles (0.45-50 µm), was explained by soil pH and the community abundance weighted mean (CWM) leaf nitrogen (N) content, with the highest soil C stocks under N rich vegetation. The C stock in the small active fraction (250-4000 µm) was explained by a wide range of variables: MAT, mean annual precipitation, mean growing season length, soil pH and CWM specific leaf area; stocks were higher under vegetation with thick and/or dense leaves. 4. Testing the models describing these fractions against data from an independent English region indicated moderately strong correlation between predicted and actual values and no systematic bias, with the exception of the active fraction, for which predictions were inaccurate. 5. Synthesis and Applications: Validation indicates that readily available climate, soils and plant survey data can be effective in making local- to landscape-scale (1-100,000 km2) soil C stock predictions. Such predictions are a crucial component of effective management strategies to protect C stocks and enhance soil C sequestration.

Análise multitemporal dos elementos geoambientais da região da Ponta do Tubarão, área de influência dos campos petrolíferos de Macau e Serra, município de Macau/RN

The study area is inserted in Ponta do Tubarão region, Macau City, setentrional littoral of Rio Grande do Norte State, composed of Tertiary and Quatemary sedimentary rocks and sediments. This region is characterized for the intense action of the coastal processes, causing the morphologic instability in part of the area, beyond the interference of human activities, as the Petroliferous Industrial Polo, salt companies and shrimp farms. This justifies the integration of multidisciplinary and multitemporal detailed scientific studies dealing with the evaluation of the changing behavior of this coastal environment by geoenvironments elements characterization, identifying protected and recuperation areas, mainly those under socioeconomic intervention. The main objective was the coastal monitoring using geoprocessing techniques to prepare thematic maps useful for oil spilling environment risk areas survey. The methodology was based on multitemporal interpretation of remote sensing images and field checking, integrated in a Geographical Information System (GIS). The Geologic, Geomorphologic, Vegetation, Soil and Land Use maps were prepared, and later on they allowed the generation of the Natural Vulnerability and Environmental Vulnerability maps. These maps had been classified in accordance with vulnerability degrees: very low, low, medi um, high and very high. Beyond these maps the GIS allowed the analysis of the shoreline evolution for 10 distinct dates, using Landsat 5 TM and 7 ETM+ and SPOT-HRVIR images. This analysis made possible the attendance of the coastal morphodynamic evolution, where the results had been represented by areasof erosion and accretion (or deposition) of sediments, pointing critical areas under erosive process to the petroliferous industry (Macau and Serra fields). The GIS also provided to prepare the Environmental Sensitivity Maps of Oil Spill (SAO Maps) in operational scale (1: 10.000), according to the norms ofthe Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA 2002). The SAO Map in operational scale was based on IKONOS images mosaic where the ESI (Environmental Sensitivity Index) was represented according with two tides phases of theregion. Therewere recognizedfiveESI (3, 4,7,9, 1O) for the low tide; to the high tide the ESI number increased to seven (3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10). All these information are necessary to the decisions making about oi! spill and its derivatives containment. These techniques application makes possible the optimization and implantation ofnew socioeconomics activities of low environmental impact, indicates areas for better productivity and security exploration, and benefits local communities with fauna and flora preservation. The development of these activities is inserted in the scope of Monitoramento Ambiental de Áreas de Risco a Derrames de Petróleo e Seus Derivados Cooperation Project (Rede 05/01 - PETRORISCO, FINEP/CTPETRO/PETROBRAS) of multidisciplinary and interinstitucional characteristics dealing with subjects involving the environmental monitoring and the petroliferous activity

Mapa de vulnerabilidade à erosão da região do Alto Rio Pardo - Pardinho (SP)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Mapeamento geoambiental de Espírito Santo do Pinhal e Santo Antônio do Jardim (SP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

K-Ar dating of magmatic rocks from the Urup Island, Kuril Island Chain

An isotope-geochronological study of Neogene-Quaternary igneous rocks from the Urup Island (Greater Kuril Ridge) was carried out. It was established that magmatic activity in the island developed during the last 10 my and it was not interrupted by long inactive periods. K-Ar data obtained along with results of diatomic analysis are in good agreement with the regional stratigraphic scheme of Paleogene and Neogene deposits and the intraregional correlation scheme of magmatic rocks in the Kuril Islands, which are developed for the State Geologic Map, scale 1:200 000 (Second edition). In the present-day territory of the Urup Island, the earliest Late Miocene - Early Pliocene (10.5-4.5 Ma) magmatic stage was associated with formation of the Rybakovsky andesite volcanic complex, which is represented by an effusive series (Rybakovskaya Suite) and subvolcanic rocks. Actually at the same time (6.6-4.7 Ma), but at a great depth, intrusive bodies of the Prasolovsky plagiogranite-diorite plutonic complex were intruded. The Pliocene stage of magmatism in the Urup Island is characterized by formation of rocks of the Kamuysky dacitic volcanic complex (4.0-2.1 Ma). This complex is locally represented only by subvolcanic acidic bodies, and its occurrence in the island is limited. During the Pliocene - Early Neopleistocene stage of magmatism (3.0-0.8 Ma) the Fregatsky andesibasalt volcanic complex was formed in the Urup Island. This complex includes effusive series (Fregatskaya unit) and subvolcanic bodies. Quaternary time in the Urup Island is characterized by eruptive activity in subaerial conditions with formation of effusive-pyroclastic intermediate-basic rocks of the Bogatyrsky Middle Neopleistocene - Holocene complex (<0.5 Ma). Rocks of this complex formed stratovolcano cones. Pyroclastic rocks of the Rokovsky dacitic volcanic complex were erupted simultaneously. The mentioned magmatic complexes of the Urup Island well correlate with the distinguished magmatic complexes within the bounds of contiguous insular blocks of the Greater Kuril Arc and confirm uniform geologic history of magmatic development of the region.

Ecuador, 1892 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carta geográfica del Ecuador, por Teodoro Wolf ; publicada por órden del supremo gobierno de la república y trabajada bajo las presidencias de los EE. señores D.J.M. Plácido Caamaño y D. Antonio Flores. It was published by Instituto geográfica de H. Wagner & E. Debes in 1892. Scale 1:445,000. Covers coastal Ecuador and portions of Colombia and Peru. Map in Spanish. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the South America Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, railroads, roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by shading and spot heights. Includes also insets: La region oriental del Ecuador -- Archipiélago de Galápagos, and table of altitudes of cities, villages and other inhabited spots, and, a table administrative divisions and subdivisions of Ecuador. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Central & Eastern Africa, 1887 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Central Africa : on a scale of 1:10,000,000, By Dr. F. Boas. It was published by Hart & Von Arx in 1887. Scale 1:10,000,000 The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by shading. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Rome, Italy, 1891 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Pianta di Roma, col patrocinio del comune di Roma. It was published by editore Loreto Pasqualucci [per] dall' Istituto cartografico italiano in 1891. Scale 1:6,000. Map in Italian.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 33N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, walls, gates, fortification, ground cover, and more. Relief shown by shading. Includes also index and inset: Receniti di Roma nei successivi periodi della sua storia.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Brussels, Belgium, 1907 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan général de Bruxelles et des communes suburbaines, dressé par M. Frosty ; gravé par A. Verwest. It was published by Librairie Falk Fils in 1907. Scale 1:10,000. Covers a portion of Brussels, Belgium. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Belgian Lambert 1972 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, street-railroads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, parks, ground cover, city districts, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Berlin, Germany, 1920 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Kiessling's grosser plan von Berlin : mit Voroten und Völlständiger Stadt - u. Ringbahn. It was published by Alexius Kiessling in 1920. Scale 1:20,000. Covers a portion of Berlin, Germany. Map in German. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Deutsches Hauptdreiecksnetz (DHDN) 3-degree Gauss-Kruger Zone 4 coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, selected buildings, parks, ground cover, city districts, and more. Relief shown by spot heights.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Palermo, Italy, 1891 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nuova pianta della città di Palermo. It was published by Carlo Clausen, editore in 1891. Scale 1:10,000. Covers a portion of Palermo, Italy. Map in Italian.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 33N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, built-up areas, selected buildings, parks, ground cover, shoreline features, and more. Includes index. Relief shown by shading.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Coasts, West Scotland, United Kingdom, 1800 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: The Lewis and west coast of Scotland : from the best authorities, by Stuart Amos Arnold, and other experienced navigators. It was published by D. & E. Steele, at the Navigation Warehouse, Little Tower Hill in Jany. 1st, 1800. Scale [1:275,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features (rocks, shoals, anchorage points, ports, inlets, etc.), and more. Relief shown by hachures and pictorially; depths shown by soundings. Includes index.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.