A longitudinal study of Besnoitia besnoiti infections and seasonal abundance of Stomoxys calcitrans in a dairy cattle farm of southwest France

Bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the cyst-forming apicomplexan Besnoitia besnoiti, is commonly reported in some restricted regions of South-Western Europe, and in larger regions of Africa and Asia. This infection is thought to be transmitted by blood feeding insects and is responsible for major economic losses in cattle production. A recent emergence in Europe, notified in the Centre of France, Spain and Germany, has attracted more attention to this disease. Clinical signs could appear in some animals; however, many infected cattle remain asymptomatic or show scleral-conjunctival cysts (SCC) only. Recent development of serological methods allows carrying out seroepidemiological field studies. In this respect, a long-term investigation was performed in a dairy cattle farm localized in an enzootic area of besnoitiosis of South-western France between March 2008 and May 2009. The objective was to estimate the seasonal pattern of B. besnoiti infections based on the presence of SCC and serology (ELISA and Western blot). In parallel, an entomological survey was conducted to describe population dynamics of Stomoxys calcitrans and Tabanidae species. The seroprevalence determined by Western blot in a cohort of 57 animals continuously present during the whole survey increased from 30% in March 2008 to 89.5% in May 2009 and was always higher than the prevalence based on clinically assessed SCC. New positive B. besnoitia seroconversions occurred throughout the year with the highest number in spring. In addition, many seroconversions were reported in the two months before turn-out and could be associated with a high indoors activity of S. calcitrans during this period.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Manuel du ménage israélite : lois fundamentales de la religion juive ; coordonnées et traduites pour la première fois sur les originaux rabbiniques

par Jean de Pavly ; en collab. de Salem Sopher et Hayim-Joseph Haghiz. Publ. par les soins de l'Alliance

Ms. hebr. oct. 243 - Tikhlaʾl

Vorbesitzer: Salem Even Yosef Ṭibi

Afdeyu Research Substation: Hydrometeorological Data Analysis 1984-2007

This report presents a basic analyis of the data collected on agroclimatology, erosion, and soil and water conservation at Afdeyu Station in the central highlands of Eritrea between 1984 and 2007. Datasets and graphs include rainfall, air and soil surface temperatures, soil loss, surface runoff, river discharge, and land use including cropping patterns of the measured catchment.

Einfälle

Salem

Memoria y recuerdo en el Reino Medio egipcio : Acerca de un mito de origen en el papiro Westcar

Fil: Salem, Leila. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La Duat como espacio de una dialéctica de la regeneración : Definiciones acerca del vínculo Ra-Osiris en los Textos del Amduat. In-habitación y resignificación del espacio funerario

Fil: Bonanno, Mariano. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La realeza egipcia : Dios padre- hijo Rey : Algunas consideraciones míticas literarias sobre el faraón como Hijo de Ra

La relación filial entre el dios-padre y el hijo-rey en la monarquía egipcia expresó una de las principales condiciones que el faraón debía cumplir para asumir el trono en las Dos Tierras. Asimismo este vínculo dentro del Estado se simbolizó a partir del Reino Antiguo con el título real Hijo de Ra, pero también en diversas expresiones que lo relacionaban con el dios Ra y una realeza solarizada. Por ejemplo los dos últimos cuentos del papiro Westcar narran el origen divino de la dinastía V como hijos del dios Ra, texto literario que se vincula con los Mitos de Origen de un Rey. En el presente trabaja analizamos estas referencias que dan cuenta de uno de los rasgos esenciales de la realeza egipcia, su divinidad

Memoria y recuerdo en el Reino Medio egipcio : Acerca de un mito de origen en el papiro Westcar

Fil: Salem, Leila. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.