Improved linear cryptanalysis of reduced-round SIMON-32 and SIMON-48

In this paper we analyse two variants of SIMON family of light-weight block ciphers against variants of linear cryptanalysis and present the best linear cryptanalytic results on these variants of reduced-round SIMON to date. We propose a time-memory trade-off method that finds differential/linear trails for any permutation allowing low Hamming weight differential/linear trails. Our method combines low Hamming weight trails found by the correlation matrix representing the target permutation with heavy Hamming weight trails found using a Mixed Integer Programming model representing the target differential/linear trail. Our method enables us to find a 17-round linear approximation for SIMON-48 which is the best current linear approximation for SIMON-48. Using only the correlation matrix method, we are able to find a 14-round linear approximation for SIMON-32 which is also the current best linear approximation for SIMON-32. The presented linear approximations allow us to mount a 23-round key recovery attack on SIMON-32 and a 24-round Key recovery attack on SIMON-48/96 which are the current best results on SIMON-32 and SIMON-48. In addition we have an attack on 24 rounds of SIMON-32 with marginal complexity.

Molecular characterisation, pathogenesis and fungicide sensitivity of Pythium spp. from table beet (Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris) grown in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland

Table beet production in the Lockyer Valley of south-eastern Queensland is known to be adversely affected by soilborne root disease from infection by Pythium spp. However, little is known regarding the species or genotypes that are the causal agents of both pre- and post-emergence damping off. Based on RFLP analysis with HhaI, HinfI and MboI of the PCR amplified ITS region DNA from soil and diseased plant samples, the majority of 130 Pythium isolates could be grouped into three genotypes, designated LVP A, LVP B and LVP C. These groups comprised 43, 41 and 7% of all isolates, respectively. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence analysis of the ITS region indicated that LVP A was a strain of Pythium aphanidermatum, with greater than 99% similarity to the corresponding P. aphanidermatum sequences from the publicly accessible databases. The DNA sequences from LVP B and LVP C were most closely related to P. ultimum and P. dissotocum, respectively. Lower frequencies of other distinct isolates with unique RFLP patterns were also obtained with high levels of similarity (>97%) to P. heterothallicum, P. periplocum and genotypes of P. ultimum other than LVP B. Inoculation trials of 1- and 4-week-old beet seedlings indicated that compared with isolates of the LVP B genotype, a higher frequency of LVP A isolates caused disease. Isolates with the LVP A, LVP B and LVP C genotypes were highly sensitive to the fungicide Ridomil MZ, which suppressed radial growth on V8 agar between approximately four and thirty fold at 5 μg/mL metalaxyl and 40 μg/mL mancozeb, a concentration far lower than the recommended field application rate.

Mr. and Mrs. Fuerst Berlin, Hans Frankenbach, Wronker Slogau? and Lilienthal Berlin seated at an outdoor table; Brambach, Germany Portraits Goups

Digital Image

Willy Tese Moses and others seated at an outdoor table; Chile Portraits Groups

Digital Image

The Gottschalk family seated around the dining table; Seelhorst Strasse 26, Hannover Portraits Family

From left to right: Kurt, Therese nee Molling, Ursula, the maid, Elizabeth and Hal,

Seated portrait of Adele Rosenzweig at table with book Portraits; Women

Stamp on verso reads "Salokipie A608 _ Kassel"

Henriette Gottschalk nee Rothschild with her grandson Franz Catzenstein at the dining table in her garden.

Digital Image

Studio portrait of Hermann (Lazar Hirsch) Judey, his father Joseph (Mitskun) Judey, and Hermann's cousin Vladimir (Valodya) Barosin seated around a chess table; Riga Portraits Family

Hermann (Lazar Hirsch) Judey, born 1878 Riga and died 1959 New York; Joseph (Mitskun) Judey, born 1854 Vilna and died 1931 Berlin

Lilly Baum seated at a table outdoors reading a newspaper Portraits Women

Digital Image

Isidor Simon seated at an outdoor table with his wife Friederike nee Falkenburg and two grandchildren, Helmuth and Walther Simon Portraits Family

Digital Image

Family portrait with six unidentified men and women around a dining table holding up large glasses of beer.

Handwritten caption: Es war einmal (Once upon a time there was)

Portrait of Paula Pohl Rieser nee Wagner seated at an outdoor table Portraits Women

Digital Image

Expressionist painter Emil Luethy seated at an outdoor dining table Portraits Men

Digital Image

Writer Clara Michelson (second from left) seated at an outdoor table with three unidentified women and one unidentified man; Saint-Brevin-les-Pins, France Portraits Groups

Digital Image