A estrutura conceptual da contabilidade empresarial e pública: panorama português e internacional

As entidades públicas e privadas Portuguesas têm-se deparado com o problema da aplicação consistente dos planos contabilísticos empresariais e públicos, devido às carências conceptuais existentes nesses planos. A aprovação de um novo Sistema de Normalização Contabilística (SNC) em Portugal vem colmatar essas carências, no âmbito empresarial, ao incluir uma estrutura conceptual para a Contabilidade, baseada na apresentada pelo IASB. Contudo, pela análise dos diferentes elementos duma estrutura conceptual, apresentados por organismos nacionais e internacionais, e também pelas especificidades da Contabilidade Pública, é evidente a necessidade de criar uma estrutura conceptual para este sistema contabilístico, que atenda a tais particularidades.

A valorização dos ativos ao custo histórico e ao justo valor e o seu enquadramento nos normativos internacionais

As entidades públicas e privadas têm-se deparado com a problemática da escolha/aplicação de um critério ou base de valorização dos seus activos, capaz de garantir a fiabilidade e relevância da informação. O custo histórico tem sido indicado como base de valorização da maioria dos activos, apesar de algumas das suas desvantagens. Contudo, a mundialização/globalização da economia tem influenciado os sistemas contabilísticos nacionais, em virtude da necessidade de adaptação destes às normas contabilísticas internacionais, de forma a permitir uma maior coerência e comparabilidade da informação a nível internacional. Com estas normas o justo valor ganha importância na valorização de certos activos específicos, não deixando de figurar também o custo histórico enquanto critério de valorização.

O conceito e o reconhecimento dos ativos públicos

Com a reforma da Contabilidade Pública em Portugal, e consequentemente a implementação de planos de contabilidade pública sectoriais, a contabilidade patrimonial ganhou importância neste sistema contabilístico, sendo necessário definir a composição e o valor do património de cada entidade pública. A classificação dos elementos patrimoniais como activos tornou-se uma das preocupações destas entidades, sendo necessário definir critérios precisos para o seu reconhecimento. Estes critérios juntamente com um conjunto de conceitos dos elementos das demonstrações financeiras fazem parte da estrutura conceptual tão necessária para a Contabilidade Pública em Portugal. Partindo do conceito de activo das empresas e dos seus critérios de reconhecimento, e atendendo às particularidades das entidades públicas poderemos definir um conceito de activo público bem como critérios para o seu reconhecimento, aos quais um elemento deverá necessariamente obedecer para que possa constar no balanço de uma determinada entidade pública, compondo dessa forma o seu património.

Os princípios contabilísticos públicos: análise comparativa do POCP português e do PGCP espanhol

Princípios contabilísticos, pressupostos subjacentes ou hipóteses básicas são um dos elementos da estrutura conceptual cuja aplicação é indispensável para que a informação transmita uma imagem fiel da situação financeira, económica e orçamental da entidade. Tanto o POCP como o PGCP seguiram de perto os princípios contabilísticos definidos nos planos empresariais, atendendo contudo às particularidades da Contabilidade Pública, evidenciando por isso algumas desigualdades face à estrutura conceptual do IASB.Os princípios contabilísticos apresentados no POCP, comparativamente com os do PGCP, apresentam também diferenças não apenas em termos de denominação, como também de redacção, e de número de princípios referidos.

Os ativos na contabilidade pública: conceito e critérios de reconhecimento

Com a reforma da Contabilidade Pública em Portugal, e consequentemente a implementação de planos de contabilidade pública sectoriais, a contabilidade patrimonial ganhou importância neste sistema contabilístico, sendo necessário definir a composição e o valor do património de cada entidade pública. A classificação dos elementos patrimoniais como activos tornou-se uma das preocupações destas entidades, sendo necessário definir critérios precisos para o seu reconhecimento. Estes critérios juntamente com um conjunto de conceitos dos elementos das demonstrações financeiras fazem parte da estrutura conceptual tão necessária para a Contabilidade Pública em Portugal. Partindo do conceito de activo das empresas e dos seus critérios de reconhecimento, e atendendo às particularidades das entidades públicas poderemos definir um conceito de activo público bem como critérios para o seu reconhecimento, aos quais um elemento deverá necessariamente obedecer para que possa constar no balanço de uma determinada entidade pública, compondo dessa forma o seu património.

A digital game development education project

The success of the digital game industry is spawning several undergraduate degrees aiming at the training of digital game developers. Building adequate new courses curricula is not a trivial task and demands a profound analysis of the scientific areas to introduce as well as the dependencies throughout the entire degree. Another important aspect of every academic educational plan are the satellite projects that promote entrepreneurship and provide practical professional experiences to students. This paper presents the main guidelines adopted in the creation of the first digital game development undergraduate degree created in Portugal.

A laparoscopic surgery training interface

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure on which operations in the abdomen are performed through small incisions using several specialized instruments. The laparoscopic surgery success greatly depends on surgeon skills and training. To achieve these technical high-standards, different apprenticeship methods have been developed, many based on in vivo training, an approach that involves high costs and complex setup procedures. This paper explores Virtual Reality (VR) simulation as an alternative for novice surgeons training. Even though several simulators are available on the market claiming successful training experiences, their use is extremely limited due to the economic costs involved. In this work, we present a low-cost laparoscopy simulator able to monitor and assist the trainee’s surgical movements. The developed prototype consists of a set of inexpensive sensors, namely an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer and a flex sensor, attached to specific laparoscopic instruments. Our approach allows repeated assisted training of an exercise, without time constraints or additional costs, since no human artificial model is needed. A case study of our simulator applied to instrument manipulation practice (hand-eye coordination) is also presented.

A mobile health care rule-based system

The relation between patient and physician in most modern Health Care Sys- tems is sparse, limited in time and very in exible. On the other hand, and in contradiction with several recent studies, most physicians do not rely their patient diagnostics evaluations on intertwined psychological and social nature factors. Facing these problems and trying to improve the patient/physician relation we present a mobile health care solution to im- prove the interaction between the physician and his patients. The solution serves not only as a privileged mean of communication between physicians and patients but also as an evolutionary intelligent platform delivering a mobile rule based system.

A mobile systems interface protocol

Recent progresses in the software development world has assisted a change in hardware from heavy mainframes and desktop machines to unimaginable small devices leading to the prophetic "third computing paradigm", Ubiquitous Computing. Still, this novel unnoticeable devices lack in various capabilities, like computing power, storage capacity and human interface. Connectivity associated to this devices is also considered an handicap which comes generally associated expensive and limited protocols like GSM and UMTS. Considering this scenario as background, this paper presents a minimal communication protocol introducing better interfaces for limited devices. Special attention has been paid to the limitations of connectivity, storage capacity and scalability of the developed software applications. Illustrating this new protocol, a case-study is presented addressing car sensors communicating with a central

The tourist potential of the Minho-Lima region (Portugal)

Visions for Global Tourism Industry: Creating and Sustaining Competitive Strategies

An image processing application for quantification of protein aggregates in Caenorhabditis elegans

Protein aggregation became a widely accepted marker of many polyQ disorders, including Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), and is often used as readout for disease progression and development of therapeutic strategies. The lack of good platforms to rapidly quantify protein aggregates in a wide range of disease animal models prompted us to generate a novel image processing application that automatically identifies and quantifies the aggregates in a standardized and operator-independent manner. We propose here a novel image processing tool to quantify the protein aggregates in a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of MJD. Confocal mi-croscopy images were obtained from animals of different genetic conditions. The image processing application was developed using MeVisLab as a platform to pro-cess, analyse and visualize the images obtained from those animals. All segmenta-tion algorithms were based on intensity pixel levels.The quantification of area or numbers of aggregates per total body area, as well as the number of aggregates per animal were shown to be reliable and reproducible measures of protein aggrega-tion in C. elegans. The results obtained were consistent with the levels of aggrega-tion observed in the images. In conclusion, this novel imaging processing applica-tion allows the non-biased, reliable and high throughput quantification of protein aggregates in a C. elegans model of MJD, which may contribute to a significant improvement on the prognosis of treatment effectiveness for this group of disor-ders

Application to quantify fetal lung branching on rat explants

Recently, regulating mechanisms of branching morphogenesis of fetal lung rat explants have been an essential tool for molecular research. The development of accurate and reliable segmentation techniques may be essential to improve research outcomes. This work presents an image processing method to measure the perimeter and area of lung branches on fetal rat explants. The algorithm starts by reducing the noise corrupting the image with a pre-processing stage. The outcome is input to a watershed operation that automatically segments the image into primitive regions. Then, an image pixel is selected within the lung explant epithelial, allowing a region growing between neighbouring watershed regions. This growing process is controlled by a statistical distribution of each region. When compared with manual segmentation, the results show the same tendency for lung development. High similarities were harder to obtain in the last two days of culture, due to the increased number of peripheral airway buds and complexity of lung architecture. However, using semiautomatic measurements, the standard deviation was lower and the results between independent researchers were more coherent

Determining factors of environmental management practices in portuguese local entities

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyse the development of environmental management practices by Portuguese local entities and their determining factors. Design/methodology/approach: The data were collected by sending a postal questionnaire. In order to measure the degree of development of environmental management practices an index of environmental management practices (EMPI) was developed, which reflects the extent to which a set of 16 environmental management practices have been implemented by the entities included in the sample. Four variables are considered in this study as possible factors that drive the development of environmental management practices by local entities, namely type of entity, size, proactive environmental strategy and Local Agenda 21 Findings: Results indicate the degree of development of environmental management practices in Portuguese local entities is low. Additionally, entity size, the adoption of proactive environmental strategies and the implementation of Local Agenda 21 are explaining factors of the degree of development of such practices. Originality/value: This study adds to the international research on environmental management in public sector by providing empirical data from a country, Portugal, where empirical evidence is still relatively limited.

Determining factors of environmental management practices in portuguese local entities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the development of environmental management practices by Portuguese local entities and their determining factors. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected by sending a postal questionnaire. In order to measure the degree of development of environmental management practices, an index of environmental management practices (EMPI) was developed, which reflects the extent to which a set of 16 environmental management practices have been implemented by the entities included in the sample. In total, four variables are considered in this study as possible factors that drive the development of environmental management practices by local entities: type of entity; size; proactive environmental strategy; and Local Agenda 21. Findings – Results indicate the degree of development of environmental management practices in Portuguese local entities is low. Additionally, entity size, the adoption of proactive environmental strategies and the implementation of Local Agenda 21 are explaining factors of the degree of development of such practices. Originality/value – The paper adds to the international research on environmental management in the public sector by providing empirical data from a country, Portugal, where empirical evidence is still relatively limited.

The main benefits associated with health and safety management systems certification in Portuguese small and medium enterprises post quality management system certification

The purpose of this study is to characterize how Portuguese Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) view the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMSs) certification process, after receiving the Quality Management System (QMS) certification. References were based on the ISO 9001 standard for a QMS and OHSAS 18001 for OHSMS. The method used to evaluate the implemented systems, was by form of questionnaire. Those questioned had to have a certified quality management system, an implemented OHSMS and be a SME. The questionnaire was sent to 300 SMEs; 46 responses were received and validated. Of them, only 12 SMEs had the OHSMS certificate according to OHSAS 18001. Within those 12 companies that participated: 7 SMEs are from the industrial sector; 3 belong to the electricity/telecommunications sector and 2 SMEs are from the trade/services activity sector. The size of the sample was small, but corresponds to Portuguese reality. Moreover, 34 SMEs did not have the OHSMS certificate. The questionnaire requested the main reasons for SMEs to opt for non-certification and it was related with high costs, while the main reasons to certificate were, among others, needed to eliminate or minimize risks to workers. The main benefits that Portuguese SMEs have gained from the referred certifications have been, improved working conditions, ensuring compliance with legislation and better internal communication about risks and hazards. Also presented are the main difficulties in achieving an OHSMS certification including high certification costs, difficulties motivating personnel, difficulties in changing the company’s culture and increased bureaucracy.