Real-time kinematic positioning over long baselines using triple-frequency BeiDou signals

The BeiDou system is the first global navigation satellite system in which all satellites transmit triple-frequency signals that can provide the positioning, navigation, and timing independently. A benefit of triple-frequency signals is that more useful combinations can be formed, including some extrawide-lane combinations whose ambiguities can generally be instantaneously fixed without distance restriction, although the narrow-lane ambiguity resolution (NL AR) still depends on the interreceiver distance or requires a long time to achieve. In this paper, we synthetically study decimeter and centimeter kinematic positioning using BeiDou triple-frequency signals. It starts with AR of two extrawide-lane signals based on the ionosphere-free or ionosphere-reduced geometry-free model. For decimeter positioning, one can immediately use two ambiguity-fixed extrawide-lane observations without pursuing NL AR. To achieve higher accuracy, NL AR is the necessary next step. Despite the fact that long-baseline NL AR is still challenging, some NL ambiguities can indeed be fixed with high reliability. Partial AR for NL signals is acceptable, because as long as some ambiguities for NL signals are fixed, positioning accuracy will be certainly improved.With accumulation of observations, more and more NL ambiguities are fixed and the positioning accuracy continues to improve. An efficient Kalman-filtering system is established to implement the whole process. The formulated system is flexible, since the additional constraints can be easily applied to enhance the model's strength. Numerical results from a set of real triple-frequency BeiDou data on a 50 km baseline show that decimeter positioning is achievable instantaneously.With only five data epochs, 84% of NL ambiguities can be fixed so that the real-time kinematic accuracies are 4.5, 2.5, and 16 cm for north, east, and height components (respectively), while with 10 data epochs more than 90% of NL ambiguities are fixed, and the rea- -time kinematic solutions are improved to centimeter level for all three coordinate components.

Conflict-Tolerant Real-Time Features

This paper addresses the problem of detecting and resolving conflicts due to timing constraints imposed by features in real-time systems. We consider systems composed of a base system with multiple features or controllers, each of which independently advise the system on how to react to input events so as to conform to their individual specifications. We propose a methodology for developing such systems in a modular manner based on the notion of conflict tolerant features that are designed to continue offering advice even when their advice has been overridden in the past. We give a simple priority based scheme for composing such features. This guarantees the maximal use of each feature. We provide a formal framework for specifying such features, and a compositional technique for verifying systems developed in this framework.

Supervisory Control for Real-Time Systems Based on Conflict-Tolerant Controllers

This paper addresses the problem of detecting and resolving conflicts due to timing constraints imposed by features in real-time and hybrid systems. We consider systems composed of a base system with multiple features or controllers, each of which independently advise the system on how to react to input events so as to conform to their individual specifications. We propose a methodology for developing such systems in a modular manner based on the notion of conflict-tolerant features that are designed to continue offering advice even when their advice has been overridden in the past. We give a simple priority-based scheme forcomposing such features. This guarantees the maximal use of each feature. We provide a formal framework for specifying such features, and a compositional technique for verifying systems developed in this framework.

Real-time image denoising algorithm in teleradiology systems - art.no.606304

Denoising of medical images in wavelet domain has potential application in transmission technologies such as teleradiology. This technique becomes all the more attractive when we consider the progressive transmission in a teleradiology system. The transmitted images are corrupted mainly due to noisy channels. In this paper, we present a new real time image denoising scheme based on limited restoration of bit-planes of wavelet coefficients. The proposed scheme exploits the fundamental property of wavelet transform - its ability to analyze the image at different resolution levels and the edge information associated with each sub-band. The desired bit-rate control is achieved by applying the restoration on a limited number of bit-planes subject to the optimal smoothing. The proposed method adapts itself to the preference of the medical expert; a single parameter can be used to balance the preservation of (expert-dependent) relevant details against the degree of noise reduction. The proposed scheme relies on the fact that noise commonly manifests itself as a fine-grained structure in image and wavelet transform allows the restoration strategy to adapt itself according to directional features of edges. The proposed approach shows promising results when compared with unrestored case, in context of error reduction. It also has capability to adapt to situations where noise level in the image varies and with the changing requirements of medical-experts. The applicability of the proposed approach has implications in restoration of medical images in teleradiology systems. The proposed scheme is computationally efficient.

Computation-Based Reliability Analysis in Real Time Applications

Reliability analysis for computing systems in aerospace applications must account for actual computations the system performs in the use environment. This paper introduces a theoretical nonhomogeneous Markov model for such applications.

S-nets: A Petri net based model for performance evaluation of real-time scheduling algorithms

A new class of nets, called S-nets, is introduced for the performance analysis of scheduling algorithms used in real-time systems Deterministic timed Petri nets do not adequately model the scheduling of resources encountered in real-time systems, and need to be augmented with resource places and signal places, and a scheduler block, to facilitate the modeling of scheduling algorithms. The tokens are colored, and the transition firing rules are suitably modified. Further, the concept of transition folding is used, to get intuitively simple models of multiframe real-time systems. Two generic performance measures, called �load index� and �balance index,� which characterize the resource utilization and the uniformity of workload distribution, respectively, are defined. The utility of S-nets for evaluating heuristic-based scheduling schemes is illustrated by considering three heuristics for real-time scheduling. S-nets are useful in tuning the hardware configuration and the underlying scheduling policy, so that the system utilization is maximized, and the workload distribution among the computing resources is balanced.

Conflict-Tolerant Real-Time Specifications in Metric Temporal Logic

A framework based on the notion of "conflict-tolerance" was proposed in as a compositional methodology for developing and reasoning about systems that comprise multiple independent controllers. A central notion in this framework is that of a "conflict-tolerant" specification for a controller. In this work we propose a way of defining conflict-tolerant real-time specifications in Metric Interval Temporal Logic (MITL). We call our logic CT-MITL for Conflict-Tolerant MITL. We then give a clock optimal "delay-then-extend" construction for building a timed transition system for monitoring past-MITL formulas. We show how this monitoring transition system can be used to solve the associated verification and synthesis problems for CT-MITL.

Real-time kinetic analysis of hCG-monoclonal antibody interaction using radiolabeled hCG probe: presence of two forms of Ag-mAb complex as revealed by solid phase dissociation studies

Real-time kinetics of ligand-ligate interaction has predominantly been studied by either fluorescence or surface plasmon resonance based methods. Almost all such studies are based on association between the ligand and the ligate. This paper reports our analysis of dissociation data of monoclonal antibody-antigen (hCG) system using radio-iodinated hCG as a probe and nitrocellulose as a solid support to immobilize mAb. The data was analyzed quantitatively for a one-step and a two-step model. The data fits well into the two-step model. We also found that a fraction of what is bound is non-dissociable (tight-binding portion (TBP)). The TBP was neither an artifact of immobilization nor does it interfere with analysis. It was present when the reaction was carried out in homogeneous solution in liquid phase. The rate constants obtained from the two methods were comparable. The work reported here shows that real-time kinetics of other ligand-ligate interaction can be studied using nitrocellulose as a solid support. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Redundancy resolution using a tractrix and its application to real-time simulations of hyper-redundant manipulators, snakes and tying of knots

To realistically simulate the motion of flexible objects such as ropes, strings, snakes, or human hair,one strategy is to discretise the object into a large number of small rigid links connected by rotary or spherical joints. The discretised system is highly redundant and the rotations at the joints (or the motion of the other links) for a desired Cartesian motion of the end of a link cannot be solved uniquely. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy to resolve the redundancy in such hyper-redundant systems.We make use of the classical tractrix curve and its attractive features. For a desired Cartesian motion of the `head'of a link, the `tail' of the link is moved according to a tractrix,and recursively all links of the discretised objects are moved along different tractrix curves. We show that the use of a tractrix curve leads to a more `natural' motion of the entire object since the motion is distributed uniformly along the entire object with the displacements tending to diminish from the `head' to the `tail'. We also show that the computation of the motion of the links can be done in real time since it involves evaluation of simple algebraic, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. The strategy is illustrated by simulations of a snake, tying of knots with a rope and a solution of the inverse kinematics of a planar hyper-redundant manipulator.

Spectral Finite Element Modeling of Complex Structures for Applications in Real-time Structural Health Monitoring

In this paper we discuss the recent progresses in spectral finite element modeling of complex structures and its application in real-time structural health monitoring system based on sensor-actuator network and near real-time computation of Damage Force Indicator (DFI) vector. A waveguide network formalism is developed by mapping the original variational problem into the variational problem involving product spaces of 1D waveguides. Numerical convergence is studied using a h()-refinement scheme, where is the wavelength of interest. Computational issues towards successful implementation of this method with SHM system are discussed.

Real-time density matrix renormalization group dynamics of spin and charge transport in push-pull polyenes and related systems

In this paper we investigate the effect of terminal substituents on the dynamics of spin and charge transport in donor-acceptor substituted polyenes [D-(CH)(x)-A] chains, also known as push-pull polyenes. We employ a long-range correlated model Hamiltonian for the D-(CH)(x)-A system, and time-dependent density matrix renormalization group technique for time propagating the wave packet obtained by injecting a hole at a terminal site, in the ground state of the system. Our studies reveal that the end groups do not affect spin and charge velocities in any significant way, but change the amount of charge transported. We have compared these push-pull systems with donor-acceptor substituted polymethine imine (PMI), D-(CHN)(x)-A, systems in which besides electron affinities, the nature of p(z) orbitals in conjugation also alternate from site to site. We note that spin and charge dynamics in the PMIs are very different from that observed in the case of push-pull polyenes, and within the time scale of our studies, transport of spin and charge leads to the formation of a ``quasi-static'' state.

Optimal static voltage stability improvement using a numerically stable SLP algorithm, for real time applications

A numerically stable sequential Primal–Dual LP algorithm for the reactive power optimisation (RPO) is presented in this article. The algorithm minimises the voltage stability index C 2 [1] of all the load buses to improve the system static voltage stability. Real time requirements such as numerical stability, identification of the most effective subset of controllers for curtailing the number of controllers and their movement can be handled effectively by the proposed algorithm. The algorithm has a natural characteristic of selecting the most effective subset of controllers (and hence curtailing insignificant controllers) for improving the objective. Comparison with transmission loss minimisation objective indicates that the most effective subset of controllers and their solution identified by the static voltage stability improvement objective is not the same as that of the transmission loss minimisation objective. The proposed algorithm is suitable for real time application for the improvement of the system static voltage stability.

Real-time monitoring of critical nodes with minimal number of Phasor Measurement Units

This paper presents a method for placement of Phasor Measurement Units, ensuring the monitoring of vulnerable buses which are obtained based on transient stability analysis of the overall system. Real-time monitoring of phase angles across different nodes, which indicates the proximity to instability, the very purpose will be well defined if the PMUs are placed at buses which are more vulnerable. The issue is to identify the key buses where the PMUs should be placed when the transient stability prediction is taken into account considering various disturbances. Integer Linear Programming technique with equality and inequality constraints is used to find out the optimal placement set with key buses identified from transient stability analysis. Results on IEEE-14 bus system are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.

An insight into real-time performance assessment of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) installation in Bangalore (India)

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications are gaining widespread popularity. The performance of any given BIPV system is dependent on prevalent meteorological factors, site conditions and system characteristics. Investigations pertaining to the performance assessment of photovoltaic (PV) systems are generally confined to either controlled environment-chambers or computer-based simulation studies. Such investigations fall short of providing a realistic insight into how a PV system actually performs real-time. Solar radiation and the PV cell temperature are amongst the most crucial parameters affecting PV output. The current paper deals with the real-time performance assessment of a recently commissioned 5.25 kW, BIPV system installed at the Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The overall average system efficiency was found to be 6% for the period May 2011-April 2012. This paper provides a critical appraisal of PV system performance based on ground realities, particularly characteristic to tropical (moderate) regions such as Bangalore, India. (C) 2013 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparative Evaluation of Switching and Average Models of a DC-DC Boost Converter for Real-Time Simulation

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of the average and switching models of a dc-dc boost converter from the point of view of real-time simulation. Both the models are used to simulate the converter in real-time on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform. The converter is considered to function over a wide range of operating conditions, and could do transition between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). While the average model is known to be computationally efficient from the perspective of off-line simulation, the same is shown here to consume more logical resources than the switching model for real-time simulation of the dc-dc converter. Further, evaluation of the boundary condition between CCM and DCM is found to be the main reason for the increased consumption of resources by the average model.