Road safety: implications for sustainable development in Latin America

Road accidents cause more deaths than homicides in Latin America, nevertheless it is not highlighted as a major concern by media and society. World Health Organization put this issue in high priority by releasing the Decade of Action in Road Safety that establishes five pillars to guide national road safety plans and activities. This paper addresses the drawbacks in the implementation of these actions in Latin American countries and its implications to achieve a sustainable development. The main concerns are: lack of empowerment of the road safety management organisations; lower vehicular standards; corruption related to the enforcement of traffic safety laws to and to the construction of safer roads; absence of safety vehicular inspections; vehicle fleet increase, decrease of public transportation demand; and the absence of a safety culture. Without facing these problems, sustainable development in Latin America will be impaired, once road safety is a fundamental link to achieve sustainability.

Habitação social em centros urbanos consolidados: análise dialógica desde o percurso do projeto ao uso social: São Paulo (Brasil) e Roma (Itália)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

#descontent@mento: o que comunicam os protestos brasileiros de 2013

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC

Decrescita sostenibile applicata alla mobilità nelle aree urbane.

La mobilità nelle aree urbane di medie e grandi dimensioni risente di molte criticità e spesso è causa di numerose discussioni. L'utilizzo sempre crescente del mezzo di trasporto privato ha prodotto conseguenze negative: l'aumento del traffico e degli incidenti stradali, dell'inquinamento atmosferico e del rumore sono accompagnati da un forte spreco energetico. Dall'altra parte, il trasporto pubblico locale (TPL) non è riuscito a costruirsi canali preferenziali all'interno dell'immaginario cittadino, poiché sottomesso da un modello economico e un mercato fortemente dipendenti dall'automobile. Una via d'uscita dalla mobilità non sostenibile basata sull'utilizzo di combustibili fossili porta a concepire un trasporto pubblico locale gratuito, fruibile dal cittadino in qualsiasi momento della giornata. Attraverso un'analisi dell'azienda del trasporto pubblico bolognese (ATC) e dei dati provenienti dalla sanità regionale, questa tesi intende mostrare che vi sarà un miglioramento della qualità di vita in aree urbane nel momento in cui la teoria della decrescita venga condivisa da tutti i cittadini. Così sarà possibile liberare i centri urbani dai mezzi privati e quindi dagli alti livelli di inquinamento acustico e atmosferico, e dare ai cittadini la vera libertà di movimento. Mobility in medium and large sized urban areas is critical and often a cause for numerous debates. The use of private transport is in constant increase and has generated negative consequences: congestion and road accidents, air and noise pollutio as well as a considerable waste of energy. On the other hand, the local public transport (LPT) has not succeeded in representing the preferred choice by citizens in the urban imaginary. Its potential has been subdued by economic models and markets that are largely dependant on the production of vehicles. An alternative to the current non sustainable mobility based on the combustion of fossil fuels could be the provision of a free local transport network available to the citizen from anywhere at any time. This dissertation's objective is to show how an improvement of the quality of life in urban areas is connected to a collective awareness on the degrowth theory. I intend to achieve this by analysing thoroughly the system of the public transportation agency in Bologna (ATC) and considering data from the local health department. Only then we will be able to limit private vehicles from city centres and as a result of that drastically decrease air and noise pollution whilst providing a true service for a free moving citizen.

Gli affidamenti c.d. in house nell'ordinamento comunitario e nazionale con particolare riferimento al settore dei trasporti pubblici

Il presente progetto di ricerca analizza quella particolare forma di affidamento diretto dei servizi pubblici denominata in house providing e si articola in tre sezioni. Nella prima sezione viene analizzata la disciplina dei servizi pubblici locali nell’ordinamento italiano mediante un excursus normativo dai primi del 900 ad oggi; la seconda sezione è dedicata alla disciplina dell’affidamento dei servizi pubblici locali di trasporto; la terza sezione, infine, descrive l’in house providing e l’elaborazione pretoria di tale istituto operata dalla giurisprudenza comunitaria. Come noto, la pubblica amministrazione può soddisfare le sue esigenze secondo due diverse modalità: ricorrendo al libero mercato come qualsiasi altro operatore economico oppure auto-producendo i beni e i servizi di cui necessita. Infatti, nonostante il diritto comunitario imponga il rispetto del principio di tutela della concorrenza, lascia impregiudicato il potere di auto-organizzazione in capo alle pubbliche amministrazioni negli Stati membri, le quali potranno scegliere di agire “in economia” o di ricorrere alle prestazioni di operatori terzi. Con la locuzione di derivazione comunitaria in house providing si definisce quel modello organizzativo mediante il quale le pubbliche amministrazioni realizzano le attività di loro competenza attraverso i propri organismi, cioè senza ricorrere al libero mercato per procurarsi i lavori, i servizi e le forniture ad esse occorrenti o per erogare alla collettività prestazioni di pubblico servizio, in deroga ai principi comunitari sulla tutela della concorrenza stabiliti nel Trattato istitutivo della Comunità Europea, che invece imporrebbero lo svolgimento di gare ad evidenza pubblica per l'affidamento di tali servizi. Tuttavia, come chiarito dalla giurisprudenza comunitaria e nazionale, affinché la procedura di gara non sia necessaria, occorre che tra l’amministrazione e il prestatore ci sia sostanziale identità, nonostante le distinte personalità giuridiche, in modo tale da configurare il contratto tra le stesse intercorso come un atto di organizzazione interna.

The socio-cultural impact of the introduction of motorbike taxis in the rural community of Tombel, South West region, Cameroon

“The socio-cultural impact of the introduction of motorbike taxis in the rural community of Tombel, South West region, Cameroon” seeks to bring out the impact of commercial motorbike taxis on the lifestyle of the Bakossi. The principal objective of this research is to show how the introduction of motorbike taxis has modified the lifestyle of the Tombel population. This anthropological research defines the profile of a motorbike taxi rider, his role in society, the perception of the population towards this activity and the impact of this activity on the lifestyle of the rural population of Tombel. This study reveals that motorbike taxi riders are essentially made up of youths from all works of life who earn a living by riding a motorbike taxi on a daily bases for commercial purposes. The revenue earn here goes a long way to sustain the livelihood of the rider and his entourage, becoming an ascension tool into the social ladder. The activity is very dangerous not only for the riders buts also for the passengers because of the risks involved in riding for most of the riders do not have the basic knowledge of the road code. This research also reveals that motorbike taxi has become the preferred means of public transport of most inhabitants of Tombel to the point of monopolising certain destinations. The population of Tombel perceives this activity as an instrument of change that has brought development and progress. But this activity also constitutes a social ill because of the prevalent sexual promiscuity encouraged by the riders. This activity has also gotten a cultural impact on the society, changing perceptions and being involve in rituals. Motorbike taxis have become a force to reckon with in the organisation of the community. They are a “response from below” to the transport crises in Cameroon.

Explosionsfeste Transportbehälter – mehr Sicherheit für das Transportwesen

Weltweit ist eine Zunahme terroristischer Aktivitäten zu verzeichnen, sodass allgemein damit gerechnet werden muss, dass auch das zivile Verkehrs- und Transportwesen ein bevorzugtes Ziel terroristischer Anschläge darstellt. Mehrfach wurden schon Sprengkörper in Transportmittel des öffentlichen und zivilen Personen- aber auch Güterverkehrs eingeschleust, um die Bevölkerung durch materielle Zerstörung und massive Personenschäden einzuschüchtern und zu beängstigen. Daher ist eine Anpassung der sich derzeit im Einsatz befindlichen Transportbehälter an die geänderten Rahmenbedingungen unerlässlich, um auch den Schutz vor Sprengkörpern, die gemeinsam mit dem Handgepäck in Luft-, Land- und Wasserfahrzeuge eingeschleust werden, zu gewährleisten.

Riding the Escalator: How Dangerous is it Really?

INTRODUCTION About 10,000 escalator-related injuries per year result in emergency department treatment in the United States. Since the 1990s, a steady increase has been reported, but few statistics on escalator-related injuries have been published worldwide. We have therefore analyzed escalator accident statistics in admissions to our hospital in Switzerland since 2000. METHODS Using retrospective electronic patient chart analysis, we included in our study patients >16 years treated over an 11-year period. We categorized patients in terms of gender, age and associated risk factors, and classified accidents according to day, time, location and cause. Resulting trauma was categorized according to type and location. We divided post-admission treatment into surgical and conservative, and into treatment as an outpatient, in a short-stay unit, or as a hospital admission. Women and men were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS We identified 173 patients with 285 discrete injuries. Of these, 87 patients (50%) were women. Fifty-three (61%) of the women and 38 (44%) of the men were >60 years old (P = 0.033). Fifty percent of the men (43/86) of the men, but only 7% (6/87) of the women showed signs of alcohol intoxication (P < 0.0001). Accidents in women occurred predominantly on Tuesdays (19/87; 22%) between 12pm and 6pm (35/87; 40%), and in men on Saturdays (16/86; 19%) between 6pm and 12am (29/86; 34%; P = 0.0097). Sixty-two percent (44/71) of the accidents were in public transport facilities and 30% (21/71) in shopping centers. The majority of injuries in women were to the lower extremities (49/87; 56%), while most accidents in men were to the head and neck (51/86; 59%; P = 0.0052). About half (90; 52%) of the patients were treated conservatively. Almost half of all patients (76, 44%) required hospital admission. Of those, 45% left the hospital within 24 hours of admission (short stay unit) and 55% stayed longer than 24 hours. CONCLUSION Escalator accidents can result in severe trauma. Significant gender differences in escalator accidents have been observed. Alcohol intoxication and age are significant risk factors in escalator-related accidents and might be possible targets for preventive measures.

Associations between vaccination and childhood cancers in Texas counties

Background. In Dr. Mel Greaves "delayed-infection hypothesis," postponed exposure to common infections increases the likelihood of childhood cancer. Hygienic advancements in developed countries have reduced children's exposure to pathogens and children encounter common infectious agents at an older age with an immune system unable to deal with the foreign antigens. Vaccinations may be considered to be simulated infections as they prompt an antigenic response by the immune system. Vaccinations may regulate the risk of childhood cancer by modulating the immune system. The aim of the study was to determine if children born in Texas counties with higher levels of vaccination coverage were at a reduced risk for childhood cancer.^ Methods. We conducted a case-control study to examine the risk of childhood cancers, specifically leukemia, brain tumors, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in relation to vaccination rates in Texas counties. We utilized a multilevel mixed-effects regression model of the individual data from the Texas Cancer Registry (TCR) with group-level exposure data (i.e., the county- and public health region-level vaccination rates).^ Results. Utilizing county-level vaccination rates and controlling for child's sex, birth year, ethnicity, birth weight, and mother's age at child's birth the hepatitis B vaccine revealed negative associations with developing all cancer types (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67–0.98) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46–0.88). The decreased risk for ALL was also evident for the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49–0.92) and 4-3-1-3-3 vaccination series (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44-0.87). Using public health region vaccine coverage levels, an inverse association between the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and ALL (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.42–0.82) was present. Conversely, the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine resulted in a positive association with developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.27–6.22). ^

Éxitos y desafíos en política de transporte público : análisis comparativo de las innovaciones en la prestación del servicio de transporte público de pasajeros en las ciudades de Curitiba, Brasil; Santiago de Chile, Chile y Rosario, Argentina

En esta artículo realizamos un análisis comparativo de los sistemas de servicio de transporte público de pasajeros en las ciudades de Curitiba, Brasil; Santiago de Chile, Chile y Rosario, Argentina para poder comparar las similitudes, diferencias y dificultades que presentan estos sistemas en la etapa de implementación de las políticas públicas; como así también presentar una sistematización de las políticas, instrumentos y acciones que permitieron gestionar con éxito las reestructuraciones de los sistemas de transporte y sus aportes para el desarrollo de una Política pública de transporte en el Gran Mendoza.

Modelos de demanda potencial de viajeros en redes de transporte público : aplicaciones en el Metro de Madrid

Este trabajo propone una metodología basada en Sistemas de Información Geográfica para estimar la demanda de viajes en estaciones de redes de transporte público, tomando como ejemplo la red de metro de Madrid. Primero se emplea una serie de datos descriptivos para caracterizar la red, clasificar las estaciones y obtener una tipología de las mismas. Luego, con el objetivo de explicar y predecir los viajes (entradas a la red) se generan dos modelos: uno sencillo a partir de las tasas de penetración de uso del metro en función de la distancia (distance decay), y otro más complejo basado en un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple (MRLM) que incorpora variables relativas a la estación y su entorno (densidad, mezcla de usos, diseño urbano, presencia de modos competidores). Su aplicación muestra resultados alentadores, y se plantea como una alternativa a los clásicos modelos de cuatro etapas, más complejos y con un mayor coste económico.

Diagnóstico de sistema integrado de transporte de passageiros com uso de sistema de informação geográfica : o caso da cidade de Macaé – RJ – Brasil : resultados preliminares

O Sistema Integrado de Transporte Coletivo do município de Macaé – RJ tem sido alvo de diversas críticas atualmente e reflete a dificuldade dos gestores urbanos em acompanhar as rápidas transformações da “capital nacional do petróleo", levantando a necessidade de métodos de diagnósticos eficientes em sistemas de transporte de passageiros. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho é diagnosticar o sistema de transporte público de Macaé - RJ e analisar o uso de Sistema de Informação Geográfica, tendo em vista a eficiência do diagnóstico. A metodologia se baseia em dados operacionais do sistema de transporte, confecção de mapas e análises espaciais com uso do software Transcad 4.5 Full. Os resultados apontam dificuldades estruturais no sistema como, por exemplo, a localização indevida de 2 Terminais, a sobrecarga de linhas alimentadoras com necessidade demasiada de transbordo, a falta de atendimento direto de importantes linhas de desejo, a desestabilidade na operação, etc. A utilização do SIG demonstrou expressivo ganho de tempo na gestão e análise de informações de forma integrada, devendo-se ponderar, em alguns casos, o método de mapeamento e a relação tempo de trabalho x ganho de conhecimento, assim como a necessidade de integração com informações operacionais do sistema de transporte.

Potential to attract drivers out of their cars in dense urban areas.

Purpose Sustainable mobility urban policies intend reducing car use and increasing walking, cycling and public transport. However, this transfer from private car to these more sustainable modes is only a real alternative where distances are small and the public transport supply competitive enough. This paper proposes a methodology to calculate the number of trips that can be transferred from private car to other modes in city centres. Method The method starts analyzing which kind of trips cannot change its mode (purposes, conditions, safety , etc.), and then setting a process to determine under which conditions trips made by car between given O-D pairs can be transferable. Then, the application of demand models allow to determine which trips fulfil the transferability conditions. The process test the possibility of transfer in a sequential way: firs to walking, then cycling and finally to public transport. Results The methodology is tested through its application to the city of Madrid (Spain), with the result of only some 18% of the trips currently made by car could be made by other modes, under the same conditions of trip time, and without affecting their characteristics. Out of these trips, 75% could be made by public transport, 15% cycling and 10% on foot. The possible mode to be transferred depends on the location: city centre areas are more favourable for walking and cycling while city skirts could attract more PT trips. Conclusions The proposed method has demonstrated its validity to determine the potential of transferring trips out of cars to more sustainable modes. Al the same time it is clear that, even in areas with favourable conditions for walking, cycling and PT trips, the potential of transfer is limited because cars fulfil more properly special requirements of some trips and tours.

Metodología de evaluación de la eficiencia de los servicios de autobús urbano : aplicación a las grandes ciudades españolas en el período 2004-2009

En estos tiempos de crisis se hace imperativo lograr un consumo de recursos públicos lo más racional posible. El transporte público urbano es un sector al que se dedican grandes inversiones y cuya prestación de servicios está fuertemente subvencionada. El incremento de la eficiencia técnica del sector, entendida como la relación entre producción de servicios y consumo de recursos, puede ayudar a conseguir una mejor gestión de los fondos públicos. Un primer paso para que se produzca una mejora es el desarrollo de una metodología de evaluación de la eficiencia técnica de las compañías de transporte público. Existen diferentes métodos para la evaluación técnica de un conjunto de compañías pertenecientes a un sector. Uno de los más utilizados es el método frontera, en el que se encuentra el análisis envolvente de datos (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA, por sus siglas en inglés). Este método permite establecer una frontera de eficiencia técnica relativa a un determinado grupo de compañías, en función de un número limitado de variables. Las variables deben cuantificar, por un lado, la prestación de servicios de las distintas compañías (outputs), y por el otro, los recursos consumidos en la producción de dichos servicios (inputs). El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar, mediante el uso del método DEA, la eficiencia técnica de los servicios de autobuses urbanos en España. Para ello, se estudia el número de variables más adecuado para conformar los modelos con los que se obtienen las fronteras de eficiencia. En el desarrollo de la metodología se utilizan indicadores de los servicios de autobús urbano de las principales ciudades de las áreas metropolitanas españolas, para el periodo 2004-2009. In times of crisis it is imperative achieve a consumption of public resources as rational as possible. Urban public transport is a sector devoted to large investments and whose services are heavily subsidized. Increase the technical efficiency of the sector, defined as the ratio of service output and resource consumption, can help achieve a better management of public funds. One step to produce an improvement is the development of a methodology for evaluating the technical efficiency of the public transport companies. There are different methods for the technical evaluation of a set of companies within an industry. One of the most widely used methods is the frontier method, in particular the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This method allows the calculation of a technical efficiency frontier on a specific group of companies, based on a limited number of variables. Variables must quantify, on the one hand, the provision of services of different companies (outputs), and on the other hand, the resources consumed in the production of such services (inputs). The objective of this thesis is to analyze, using the DEA method, the technical efficiency of urban bus services in Spain. For this purpose, it is studied the more suitable variables that can be used in the models to obtain the efficiency frontiers. In developing the methodology are used indicators of urban bus services in major cities of the Spanish metropolitan areas for the period 2004-2009.

Real time passenger information systems and quality of bus services

One of the main problems in urban areas is the steady growth in car ownership and traffic levels. Therefore, the challenge of sustainability is focused on a shift of the demand for mobility from cars to collective means of transport. For this end, buses are a key element of the public transport systems. In this respect Real Time Passenger Information (RTPI) systems help citizens change their travel behaviour towards more sustainable transport modes. This paper provides an assessment methodology which evaluates how RTPI systems improve the quality of bus services in two European cities, Madrid and Bremerhaven. In the case of Madrid, bus punctuality has increased by 3%. Regarding the travellers perception, Madrid raised its quality of service by 6% while Bremerhaven increased by 13%. On the other hand, the users ́ perception of Public Transport (PT) image increased by 14%.