Methodology based on FBG sensors for monitoring of FRP-strengthened beams

Advanced composite materials are increasingly used in the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The use of externally bonded strips made of fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP) as strengthening method has gained widespread acceptance in recent years since it has many advantages over the traditional techniques. However, unfortunately, this strengthening method is often associated with a brittle and sudden failure caused by some form of FRP bond failure, originated at the termination of the FRP material or at intermediate areas in the vicinity of flexural cracks in the RC beam. Up to date, little effort in the early prediction of the debonding in its initial instants even though this effect is not noticeable by simple visual observation. An early detection of this phenomenon might help in taking actions to prevent future catastrophes. Fibre-optic Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are able to measure strains locally with high resolution and accuracy. Furthermore, as their physical size is extremely small compared with other strain measuring components, it enables to be embedded at the concrete-FRP interface for determining the strain distribution without influencing the mechanical properties of the host materials. This paper shows the development of a debonding identification methodology based on strains experimentally measured. For, it a simplified model is implemented to simulate the behaviour of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams. This model is taken as a basis to. develop an model updating procedure able to detect minor debonding at the concrete-FRP interface from experimental strains obtained by using FBG sensors embedded at the interface

El pretensado : la disolución de las tipologías constructivas en la arquitectura del siglo XX

La traslación de la tecnología del pretensado desde la ingeniería civil al campo de la arquitectura da lugar a una nueva reinterpretación de las tipologías estructurales utilizadas con anterioridad, tales como los arcos, bóvedas, grandes vigas, etc. El comportamiento resistente de estos elementos estructurales se podrá desligar de su geometría, mediante la interposición de sistemas de fuerzas, escogidos por el proyectista, que se superpongan a los determinados la gravedad, de forma que el proyectista tendrá el control sobre la geometría propuesta y por tanto sobre la forma final. Estas nuevas configuraciones finales, conseguidas mediante la técnica del pretensado en el ámbito arquitectónico, tendrán a su vez un carácter formal también nuevo. Posibilitarán la construcción a grandes escalas, así como la reinterpretación de los materiales y las formas de la construcción empleadas hasta ese momento. La libertad de diseño y de escala pasa a ser entonces mucho más amplia y rica. Con el empleo de esta tecnología constructiva se puede conseguir un control estructural de tal impacto que, en relación a las tipologías estructurales tradicionales, de lugar a que la geometría de éstas no responda, con carácter necesario, a su trabajo resistente, de tal manera que se genere un nuevo conjunto de soluciones estructurales, constructivas y arquitectónicas, dando lugar con ello a la transformación o disolución de las tipologías estructurales de la tradición arquitectónica del SXX. ABSTRACT The transfer of the technology of the prestressed concrete from civil engineering to architecture has produced a new interpretation of the constructivestructural typologies traditionally used, such as bows, vaults, large beams, etc. As a result of the application of this technology the resistant behavior of such structural elements may be released from their constructive requirements as they were understood in the past. The designer will choose a system of forces, combined with the gravity, so it will be possible to control the geometry proposal and therefore the final form of the construction. These new configurations, achieved thanks to prestressing technique applied in architectural field, will also have a new formal definition, because they are detached from their structural requeriments. They will enable construction on large scales as well as the reinterpretation of materials, structures and construction forms used so far. Thereby freedom in design and scale will be broader and richer. The geometry of the structural forms, released from traditional construction types, can be controlled by this technology. So the traditional link with a priori types is broken and a new set of structural, constructive and architectural solutions appears. That is why, technology of prestressing gives the possibility of transformation, or even dissolution, of constructive typologies of the architectural tradition in the twentieth century.

An analysis of transfer and development lengths for pretensioned concrete structures /

"December 1994."

Optimized sections for high-strength concrete bridge girders : effect of deck concrete strength.

"HRDI-06/10-06(750)E"--Back cover.

Compilation and evaluation of results from high-performance concrete bridge projects /

"HRDI-06/10-06(1M)E"--p. [4] of cover.

Resistance of reinforced concrete structures under high intensity loads /

Mode of access: Internet.

Performance of 1/3-scale model precast concrete beam-column connections subjected to cyclic inelastic loads : report no. 4 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Cracking of concrete /

Mode of access: Internet.

Development of design criteria for reinforced concrete box culverts.

Mode of access: Internet.

Technological review of prestressed pavements /

Mode of access: Internet.

High stress monitoring of prestressing tendons in nuclear concrete vessels using fibre-optic sensors

Maintaining the structural health of prestressed concrete nuclear containments is a key element in ensuring nuclear reactors are capable of meeting their safety requirements. This paper discusses the attachment, fabrication and characterisation of optical fibre strain sensors suitable for the prestress monitoring of irradiated steel prestressing tendons. The all-metal fabrication and welding process allowed the instrumented strand to simultaneously monitor and apply stresses up to 1300 MPa (80% of steel's ultimate tensile strength). There were no adverse effects to the strand's mechanical properties or integrity. After sensor relaxation through cyclic stress treatment, strain transfer between the optical fibre sensors and the strand remained at 69%. The fibre strain sensors could also withstand the non-axial forces induced as the strand was deflected around a 4.5 m bend radius. Further development of this technology has the potential to augment current prestress monitoring practices, allowing distributed measurements of short- and long-term prestress losses in nuclear prestressed-concrete vessels. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Precast Concrete Panel Thickness for Epoxy-Coated Prestressing Strands, HR-353, Interim Report, 1994

A recommended minimum thickness for prestressed concrete (P/C) bridge deck panels containing 3/8-in. diameter, 270-ksi, low-relaxation, grit-impregnated, epoxy-coated prestressing strands is being evaluated by testing prototype panel specimens. As of January 1994, specimens from ten castings have been tested. The specimens in the first five castings were constructed to establish a preliminary minimum thickness for P/C panels. The specimens in the last five castings were constructed to 1) confirm the minimum panel thickness requirement, 2) measure the development length of epoxy-coated strands in specimens containing multiple strands, 3) measure the development length of uncoated strands in specimens containing multiple and single strands, 4) observe if concrete cracks form in thin panel specimens that have a raked top surface and are reinforced with welded wire fabric and either epoxy-coated or uncoated strands, 5) measure the transfer length for specimens containing a single uncoated strand, and 6) observe the seating characteristics of the grips used for uncoated strand and epoxy-coated strands. These tests have produced several initial findings. The preliminary recommended thickness for P/C panels containing grit-impregnated, epoxy-coated strands is 3 in. and the tentative development length for uncoated and coated multiple strands is approximately 45 in. and 24 in., respectively. Further tests will address confirmation of the recommended P/C panel thickness and establish the transfer and development lengths of single and multiple, uncoated and grit-impregnated epoxy-coated strands.

Creep deflection of low-strength reinforced concrete flexural members strengthened with carbon fiber composite sheets

The low-strength concrete is defined as a concrete where the compressive cubic strength is less than 15 MPa. Since the beginning of the last century, many low-strength concrete buildings and bridges have been built all over the world. Being short of deeper study, composite sheets are prohibited in strengthening of low-strength reinforced concrete members (CECS 146; ACI 440). Moreover, there are few relevant information about the long-term behavior and durability of strengthened RC members. This fact undoubtedly limits the use of the composite materials in the strengthening applications, therefore, it is necessary to study the behaviours of low-strength concrete elements strengthened with composite materials (FRP) for the preservation of historic constructions and innovation in the strengthening technology. Deformability is one of criteria in the design of concrete structures, and this for functionality, durability and aesthetics reasons. Civil engineer possibly encounters more deflection problems in the structural design than any other type of problem. Many materials common in structural engineering such as wood, concrete and composite materials, suffer creep; if the creep phenomenon is taken into account, checks for serviceability limit state criteria can become onerous, because the creep deformation in these materials is in the same order of magnitude as the elastic deformation. The thesis presents the results of an experimental study on the long-term behavior of low-strength reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber composite sheets (CFRP). The work has investigated the accuracy of the long-term deflection predictions made by some analytical procedures existing in literature, as well as by the most widely used design codes (Eurocode 2, ACI-318, ACI-435).

Projeto de estabilidade da alteração de um edifício de habitação multifamiliar

Trabalho de Projeto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Estruturas

Review of strengthening techniques using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer composites

This report reviews the selection, design, and installation of fiber reinforced polymer systems for strengthening of reinforced concrete or pre-stressed concrete bridges and other structures. The report is prepared based on the knowledge gained from worldwide experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRP systems used to strengthen concrete structures. Information on material properties, design and installation methods of FRP systems used as external reinforcement are presented. This information can be used to select an FRP system for increasing the strength and stiffness of reinforced concrete beams or the ductility of columns, and other applications. Based on the available research, the design considerations and concepts are covered in this report. In the next stage of the project, these will be further developed as design tools. It is important to note, however, that the design concepts proposed in literature have not in many cases been thoroughly developed and proven. Therefore, a considerable amount of research work will be required prior to development of the design concepts into practical design tools, which is a major goal of the current research project. The durability and long-term performance of FRP materials has been the subject of much research, which still are on going. Long-term field data are not currently available, and it is still difficult to accurately predict the life of FRP strengthening systems. The report briefly addresses environmental degradation and long-term durability issues as well. A general overview of using FRP bars as primary reinforcement of concrete structures is presented in Chapter 8. In Chapter 9, a summary of strengthening techniques identified as part of this initial stage of the research project and the issues which require careful consideration prior to practical implementation of these identified techniques are presented.