Effects of ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization attributable to age-related macular degeneration

To demonstrate not only prevention of vision loss but also improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after treatment with ranibizumab on a variable-dosing regimen over 24 months in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Comparison between intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide after phacoemulsification in patients with endogenous uveitis

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on macular edema, visual outcome, and course of postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery in uveitis patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Monocenter study (40 patients) with chronic endogenous uveitis who underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation with either 4 mg intravitreal TA (n = 20) or 40 mg orbital floor TA (n = 20). The primary outcome was influence on cystoid macular edema (CME). Secondary outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anterior chamber cell grade, laser flare photometry, giant cell deposition, posterior capsule opacification (PCO), and intraocular pressure. RESULTS: Mean central foveal thickness decreased in the intravitreal TA group and increased in the orbital floor TA group (P < .001 at one and three months). CME improved in 50% of patients after intravitreal TA, whereas it was unchanged after orbital floor TA (difference between the groups at three months, P = .049). Mean BCVA (logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution) improved postoperatively (P < .001) from 0.76 and 0.74 to 0.22 and 0.23 in the intravitreal TA and orbital floor TA group, respectively. Anterior chamber cell count at one month was lower in the intravitreal TA than in the orbital floor TA group (P = .02). Laser flare photometry values and giant cell numbers were slightly higher after orbital floor TA than after intravitreal TA. The groups did not differ with respect to PCO rate and ocular hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The CME improvement and anti-inflammatory effect after intravitreal TA was better than after orbital floor TA injection in cataract surgery in uveitis patients.

Reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements in healthy subjects using spectralis optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To test the reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements in healthy volunteers of a new Frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) device (Spectralis OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. METHODS: Forty-one eyes of 41 healthy subjects were included into the study. Intraobserver reproducibility was tested with 20 x 15 degree raster scans consisting of 37 high-resolution line scans that were repeated three times by one examiner (M.N.M.). Mean retinal thickness was calculated for nine areas corresponding to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) areas. Coefficients of variation (COV) were calculated. RESULTS: Retinal thickness measurements were highly reproducible for all ETDRS areas. Mean total retinal thickness was 342 +/- 15 microm. Mean foveal thickness was 286 +/- 17 microm. COVs ranged from 0.38% to 0.86%. Lowest COV was found for the temporal outer ETDRS area (area 7; COV, 0.38%). Highest COV was found for the temporal inner ETDRS area (area 3; COV, 0.86%). Mean difference between measurement 1 and 2, measurement 1 and 3, and measurement 2 and 3 for all ETDRS areas was 1.01 microm, 0.98 microm, and 0.99 microm, respectively. CONCLUSION: Spectralis OCT retinal thickness measurements in healthy volunteers showed excellent intraobserver reproducibility with virtually identical results between retinal thickness measurements performed by one operator.

Survival of bonded lingual retainers with chemical or photo polymerization over a 2-year period: a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial

INTRODUCTION The objective of this trial was to compare the survival rates of mandibular lingual retainers bonded with either chemically cured or light-cured adhesive after orthodontic treatment. METHODS Patients having undergone orthodontic treatment at a private orthodontic office were randomly allocated to fixed retainers placed with chemically cured composite or light-cured composite. Eligibility criteria included no active caries, restorations, or fractures on the mandibular anterior teeth, and adequate oral hygiene. The main outcome was any type of first-time lingual retainer breakage; pattern of failure (adapted adhesive remnant index scores) was a secondary outcome. Randomization was accomplished with random permuted blocks of 20 patients with allocation concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. Blinding was applicable for outcome assessment only. Patients were reviewed at 1, 3, and 6 months and then every 6 months after placement of the retainer until completion of the study. Data were analyzed using survival analysis including Cox regression; sensitivity analysis was carried out after data imputation for subjects lost to follow-up. RESULTS Two hundred twenty patients (median age, 16 years; interquartile range, 2; range, 12-47 years) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either chemical or light curing. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, the median follow-up period was 2.19 years (range, 0.003-3.64 years), and 16 patients were lost to follow-up. At a minimum follow-up of 2 years, 47 of 110 (42.7%) and 55 of 110 (50.0%) retainers had some type of failure with chemically cured and light-cured adhesive, respectively (log-rank test, P = 0.35). Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis, and the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-1.70; P = 0.47). There was weak evidence that age is a significant predictor for lingual retainer failures (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P = 0.08). Adhesive remnant index scoring was possible for only 66 of the 102 (64.7%) failures and did not differ between composites (Fisher exact test, P = 0.16). No serious harm was observed other than gingivitis associated with plaque accumulation. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated no evidence that survival of mandibular lingual retainers differs between chemically and light-cured adhesives. The overall failure rate was 46.4%; however, this included any type of failure, which may have exaggerated the overall failure rate.

Curing lights for orthodontic bonding: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION Light cure of resin-based adhesives is the mainstay of orthodontic bonding. In recent years, alternatives to conventional halogen lights offering reduced curing time and the potential for lower attachment failure rates have emerged. The relative merits of curing lights in current use, including halogen-based lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and plasma arc lights, have not been analyzed systematically. In this study, we reviewed randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials to assess the risks of attachment failure and bonding time in orthodontic patients in whom brackets were cured with halogen lights, LEDs, or plasma arc systems. METHODS Multiple electronic database searches were undertaken, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, CENTRAL. Language restrictions were not applied. Unpublished literature was searched on ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Research Register, Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts, and Thesis database. Search terms included randomized controlled trial, controlled clinical trial, random allocation, double blind method, single blind method, orthodontics, LED, halogen, bond, and bracket. Authors of primary studies were contacted as required, and reference lists of the included studies were screened. RESULTS Randomized controlled trials and clinical controlled trials directly comparing conventional halogen lights, LEDs, or plasma arc systems involving patients with full arch, fixed, or bonded orthodontic appliances (not banded) with follow-up periods of a minimum of 6 months were included. Using predefined forms, 2 authors undertook independent extraction of articles; disagreements were resolved by discussion. The assessment of the risk of bias of the randomized controlled trials was based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria; 2 were excluded because of high risk of bias. In the comparison of bond failure risk with halogen lights and plasma arc lights, 1851 brackets were included in both groups. Little statistical heterogeneity was observed in this analysis (I(2) = 4.8%; P = 0.379). There was no statistical difference in bond failure risk between the groups (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68-1.23; prediction intervals, 0.54, 1.56). Similarly, no statistical difference in bond failure risk was observed in the meta-analysis comparing halogen lights and LEDs (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.64-1.44; prediction intervals, 0.07, 13.32). The pooled estimates from both comparisons were OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.74-1.17; and prediction intervals, 0.69, 1.17. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence to support the use of 1 light cure type over another based on risk of attachment failure.

Bisphenol-A and residual monomer leaching from orthodontic adhesive resins and polycarbonate brackets: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION The objective of this systematic review was to assess the short- and long-term release of components of orthodontic adhesives and polycarbonate brackets in the oral environment. METHODS Electronic database searches of published and unpublished literature were performed. The following electronic databases with no language and publication date restrictions were searched: MEDLINE (via Ovid and PubMed), EMBASE (via Ovid), Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, and CENTRAL. Unpublished literature was searched on ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Research Register, and Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis database. The reference lists of all eligible studies were checked for additional studies. Two review authors performed data extraction independently and in duplicate using data collection forms. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or the involvement of an arbiter. RESULTS No randomized controlled trial was identified. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, observational studies were included. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All were observational studies conducted in vivo or in vitro. The bisphenol-A release from orthodontic bonding resins was found to be between 0.85 and 20.88 ng per milliliter in vivo, and from traces to 65.67 ppm in vitro. Polycarbonate brackets released amounts of 22.24 μg per gram in ethanol solution and 697 μg per gram after 40 months in water. Bis-GMA and TEGDMA leaching in vitro reached levels of 64 and 174 mg per 10 μL, respectively. Because of the heterogeneity in methodologies and reporting, only qualitative synthesis was performed. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence on this topic derived from observational in-vivo and in-vitro studies that represent a moderate level of evidence. The variety of setups and the different units allied to the diversity of reporting among studies did not allow calculation of pooled estimates.

Expanding the cone location and magnitude index to include corneal thickness and posterior surface information for the detection of keratoconus

PURPOSE To extend the capabilities of the Cone Location and Magnitude Index algorithm to include a combination of topographic information from the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and corneal thickness measurements to further improve our ability to correctly identify keratoconus using this new index: ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex_X. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS Three independent data sets were analyzed: 1 development and 2 validation. The AnteriorCornealPower index was calculated to stratify the keratoconus data from mild to severe. The ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex algorithm was applied to all tomography data collected using a dual Scheimpflug-Placido-based tomographer. The ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex_X formula, resulting from analysis of the Development set, was used to determine the logistic regression model that best separates keratoconus from normal and was applied to all data sets to calculate PercentProbabilityKeratoconus_X. The sensitivity/specificity of PercentProbabilityKeratoconus_X was compared with the original PercentProbabilityKeratoconus, which only uses anterior axial data. RESULTS The AnteriorCornealPower severity distribution for the combined data sets are 136 mild, 12 moderate, and 7 severe. The logistic regression model generated for ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex_X produces complete separation for the Development set. Validation Set 1 has 1 false-negative and Validation Set 2 has 1 false-positive. The overall sensitivity/specificity results for the logistic model produced using the ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex_X algorithm are 99.4% and 99.6%, respectively. The overall sensitivity/specificity results for using the original ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex algorithm are 89.2% and 98.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex_X provides a robust index that can detect the presence or absence of a keratoconic pattern in corneal tomography maps with improved sensitivity/specificity from the original anterior surface-only ConeLocationMagnitudeIndex algorithm.

Active implementation strategy of CONSORT adherence by a dental specialty journal improved randomized clinical trial reporting.

OBJECTIVE To describe a novel CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) adherence strategy implemented by the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (AJO-DO) and to report its impact on the completeness of reporting of published trials. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING The AJO-DO CONSORT adherence strategy, initiated in June 2011, involves active assessment of randomized clinical trial (RCT) reporting during the editorial process. The completeness of reporting CONSORT items was compared between trials submitted and published during the implementation period (July 2011 to September 2013) and trials published between August 2007 and July 2009. RESULTS Of the 42 RCTs submitted (July 2011 to September 2013), 23 were considered for publication and assessed for completeness of reporting, seven of which were eventually published. For all published RCTs between 2007 and 2009 (n = 20), completeness of reporting by CONSORT item ranged from 0% to 100% (Median = 40%, interquartile range = 60%). All published trials in 2011-2013, reported 33 of 37 CONSORT (sub) items. Four CONSORT 2010 checklist items remained problematic even after implementation of the adherence strategy: changes to methods (3b), changes to outcomes (6b) after the trial commenced, interim analysis (7b), and trial stopping (14b), which are typically only reported when applicable. CONCLUSION Trials published following implementation of the AJO-DO CONSORT adherence strategy completely reported more CONSORT items than those published or submitted previously.

Prophylactic use of bevacizumab to avoid anterior segment neovascularization following proton therapy for uveal melanoma.

PURPOSE To investigate whether the prophylactic use of bevacizumab reduces the rate of rubeosis after proton therapy for uveal melanoma and improves the possibility to treat ischemic, reapplicated retina with laser photocoagulation. DESIGN Comparative retrospective case series. METHODS Uveal melanoma patients with ischemic retinal detachment and treated with proton therapy were included in this institutional study. Twenty-four eyes received prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab injections and were compared with a control group of 44 eyes without bevacizumab treatment. Bevacizumab injections were performed at the time of tantalum clip insertion and were repeated every 2 months during 6 months, and every 3 months thereafter. Ultra-widefield angiography allowed determination of the extent of retinal ischemia, which was treated with laser photocoagulation after retinal reapplication. Main outcome measures were the time to rubeosis, the time to retinal reattachment, and the time to laser photocoagulation of ischemic retina. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were balanced between the groups, except for thicker tumors and larger retinal detachments in the bevacizumab group, potentially to the disadvantage of the study group. Nevertheless, bevacizumab prophylaxis significantly reduced the rate of iris rubeosis from 36% to 4% (log-rank test P = .02) and tended to shorten the time to retinal reapplication until laser photocoagulation of the nonperfusion areas could be performed. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab in patients treated with proton therapy for uveal melanoma with ischemic retinal detachment prevented anterior segment neovascularization, until laser photocoagulation to the reapplied retina could be performed.

Treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with a designed ankyrin repeat protein that binds vascular endothelial growth factor: a phase I/II study

PURPOSE To evaluate the safety, tolerability and bioactivity of ascending doses of MP0112, a designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) that binds with high affinity to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), in treatment-naive patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Phase I/II, open-label, multicenter, dose-escalation study. METHODS Patients were to receive a single intravitreal injection of MP0112 at doses ranging from 0.04 to 3.6 mg and be monitored for 16 weeks for safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and dose response. RESULTS Altogether, 32 patients received a single injection of MP0112. The maximum tolerated dose was 1.0 mg because of a case of endophthalmitis in the 2.0 mg cohort. Drug-related adverse events were reported by 13 (41%) of 32 patients; they included ocular inflammation in 11 patients (7 mild, 4 moderate in severity). Visual acuity scores were stable or improved compared with baseline for ≥4 weeks following injection; both retinal thickness and fluorescein angiography leakage decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Rescue therapy was administered to 20 (91%) of 22 patients who received 0.04-0.4 mg MP0112 compared with 4 of 10 (40%) patients who received 1.0 or 2.0 mg. Of patients in the higher-dose cohorts who did not require rescue treatment, 83% (5/6) maintained reductions in central retinal thickness through week 16. CONCLUSIONS A single injection of 1.0 or 2.0 mg MP0112 resulted in mean decreases in retinal thickness and leakage area despite ocular inflammation. Larger-scale studies are warranted to confirm these observations.

Randomized Trial to Evaluate Tandosporine in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: the GATE Study.

PURPOSE To determine the safety and efficacy of AL-8309B (tandospirone) in the management of patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and obtain standardized data on GA lesion growth progression. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, double-masked, randomized, multicenter phase 3 clinical trial. METHODS Setting: 48 clinical sites. PATIENTS Patients with GA associated with AMD were enrolled. All patients were followed for a minimum of 30 months, and up to 36 months. Intervention Procedures: Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to receive AL-8309B ophthalmic solution 1.0%, 1.75%, or vehicle, administered as a twice-daily topical ocular drop. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary efficacy endpoint was mean annualized lesion enlargement from baseline as assessed with fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging. RESULTS A total of 768 eyes of 768 patients were enrolled and treated with AL-8309B 1.0% (N=250), AL-8309B 1.75% (N=258), or vehicle (N= 260). An increase in mean lesion size was observed in both the AL-8309B and vehicle treatment groups, and growth rates were similar in all treatment groups. Annualized lesion growth rates were 1.73, 1.76 and 1.71 mm(2) for AL-8309B 1.0%, AL-8309B 1.75%, and vehicle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AL-8309B 1.0% and 1.75% did not affect lesion growth in eyes with GA secondary to AMD. There were no clinically relevant safety issues identified for AL-8309B. The large natural history dataset from this study is a valuable repository for future comparisons.

Re.Sa.Ma.Ja.V - Patrimonio, Historia y Turismo: Plan Estratégico Situacional (PES) del Territorio de las Misiones del Uruguay. 16H282

Durante el transcurso del proyecto que se informa el equipo ha desarrollado múltiples actividades consistentes en las programadas y otras que son el resultado de los proyectos aprobados con financiamiento de múltiples instituciones. Las principales actividades a mencionar son de investigación, formación de recursos humanos y extensión. Cabe citar las actividades de formación de recursos humanos desarrolladas en el marco del programa de fortalecimiento a la extensión universitaria PROFAE, el Voluntariado Universitario, las becas CIN (Consejo Interuniversitario Nacional) Beca de estímulo a las vocaciones científicas 2012 y las becas del CEDIT (Comité Ejecutivo de Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica). En cuanto a investigación y extensión hemos trabajado con la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, las actividades de Voluntariado Universitario con fondos de la SPU y actividades financiadas por el Programa de fortalecimiento a la extensión universitaria SPU: Redes y Promoción de las actividades de la Universidad en el exterior. Las actividades que se han desarrollado durante 2009/11 se informan en el punto 2.1.2 Acciones de transferencia que resulten del Proyecto de Investigación y que estén acreditados a través de convenios, disposiciones, contratos, etc. Otras actividades realizadas en el período: En el transcurso del período se han efectuado numerosas actividades tendientes a generar vínculos e interactuar con diversos actores locales. Salidas de reconocimiento del área de estudio y encuentros con actores locales en Concepción de la Sierra: Se han visitado las localidades de Concepción de la Sierra y Santa María. Se llevaron a cabo contactos y entrevistas con vecinos de Concepción de la Sierra, el párroco que atiende toda el área, directivo del área de Deportes del municipio, visita a la casa de la cultura y algunos sitios de interés relacionado al patrimonio jesuítico. Los agentes con quienes se ha contactado, manifestaron su preocupación por los bienes patrimoniales que se fueron perdiendo a lo largo de su historia reciente o que se llevaron para formar parte de museos de otras ciudades, la cual se plantean como una tarea pendiente su recupero. A raíz de esta situación, quienes poseen bienes encontrados o heredados, mantienen su apropiación hasta tanto no consideren políticas y espacios de exposición seguros y adecuados para su conservación y protección. Asimismo, se ha observado en la visita a la ciudad, la excavación por parte de particulares de restos misionales para construcciones privadas sin la presencia evidente de ninguna figura legal que proteja o regule el uso o restricción de dichos elementos. Cabe señalar, que los encuentros con los habitantes, fueron de carácter espontáneo, quienes se acercaron por iniciativa propia a los miembros del equipo de investigación, para expresar su desazón por la falta de política e inacción de sectores que tienen la facultad de decisión. También se ha observado un clima hostil de algunos manifestantes hacia el intendente de Concepción (2010) debido a gestiones poco claras según expresaron los actores con quienes se ha contactado, lo cual era evidente en el panorama de disconformidad que se presentaba en la ciudad y que se venía sosteniendo desde el mes de diciembre de 2009. Al mismo tiempo, el párroco señaló que tenían expectativas de planificar y organizar el espacio donde se erige la Iglesia, pero sus proyectos llevaban largo tiempo de espera por parte del organismo de cultura de la provincia, a quienes expusieron dichos proyectos. Observación: Los habitantes de Concepción de la Sierra, expresa su interés por el pasado, su historia y su identidad basado en la apropiación de los procesos que se desarrollan en el territorio. Están ansiosos y ávidos de dar a conocer ese pasado bajo condiciones viables de exposición y decisiones políticas acorde para la protección y seguridad. Es necesario un ordenamiento del territorio, regulación y zonificación con fines de protección, conservación y exposición del patrimonio local, incluyendo el legado jesuítico. Conversaciones en Santa María: Continuando con el recorrido por la zona, se visitó en varias oportunidades la Escuela de Familia Agrícola en el municipio de Santa María, establecimiento educativo con quien ya se han desarrollado otras actividades en proyectos anteriores, tanto de Investigación como de Extensión. De estos encuentros surgen solicitudes vinculadas a la posible construcción de la Represa Garabí, que afectaría a propiedades de familias de alumnos quienes desconocen el impacto ambiental resultante y las tierras que se inundarían si se concretase dicha obra. Requieren en ese sentido charlas y reuniones informativas con especialistas para que clarifiquen la situación derivada. También se visitó un emprendimiento familiar de elaboración, envasado y distribución de rapadura artesanal en el Paraje La Corita. El proceso consiste en la adquisición de leche de ordeñe que provee una vecina y de otro productor local, para luego iniciar la cocción, reservar y luego prepararlo para la distribución en la zona, incluyendo a la localidad San Javier y otros compradores de otros lugares que conocían el producto y se acercaban periódicamente a comprar cierta cantidad para revenderlo. El producto presenta dos variantes: 1. De leche y azúcar, 2. De leche, azúcar y maní. Según indicaron, cada vez es mayor la demanda y se encuentran analizando el modo de aumentar la producción. La difusión se dio básicamente bajo la modalidad del boca a boca o boca oreja. La Misión de Santa María La Mayor, amerita una visita toda vez que concurrimos al área, tanto por las acciones llevadas a cabo en este sitio, como también para recabar información y mantener el vínculo e interactuar con los gestores del patrimonio. Un dulce encuentro en San Javier: El 15 de abril de 2010 se concurrió a la localidad de San Javier, ocasión en la que se visita el Cerro que evoca la batalla de Mobororé sobre el río Uruguay en el que se construye la casa del bicentenario, el deteriorado hotel del ACA (Automóvil Club Argentino), el ingenio azucarero, el museo jesuítico, el Cerro Monje, y un camping. En el Cerro, conocido como “el cerrito” sobre el río Uruguay, el intendente explicó las acciones llevadas a cabo y los proyectos en vías de desarrollo. En la casa en construcción de la casa del bicentenario, se llevarían a cabo diversas actividades culturales, allí también existe un anfiteatro que se recuperaría teniendo en cuenta la vista excepcional del río y el entorno paisajístico desde este espacio en altura. Inmediatamente anexo se halla el viejo edificio del Hotel del ACA, que se encuentra en planes de concesionarlo para su restauración. Asimismo, el intendente explicó que se ha trabajado en forma conjunta con una escuela especial creándose una comisión para la redacción de una ordenanza que ya se ha aprobado para favorecer a personas con capacidades especiales, en el que se reglamenta aspectos constructivos en toda la ciudad. También se ha impulsado la creación y promoción de un frigorífico cooperativo con productores de ganado de la zona, contemplando aspectos de calidad y posterior comercialización, y que está encaminándose exitosamente. En el ingenio azucarero, el Ingeniero a cargo, explicó las diversas actividades que se realizaba en esos momentos de desarme de las maquinarias, debido a que no se realizaba la zafra en esa época. Aclaró también las posibilidades de ampliar la producción de azúcar si se pudiera adquirir moderna maquinaria sin un costo excesivo. A la vez explicó de qué manera se controlan a los productores de caña de azúcar que se inscriben para cumplir con los requisitos para la producción orgánica, considerando que San Javier forma parte de la cuenca orgánica, un programa del Ministerio del Agro y la Producción. Ello redunda en un precio más elevado para dichos productores. También se llevan a cabo otras investigaciones para la producción de derivados, a través de convenios con Cuba, como la elaboración de ron, licores, entre otros usos. El museo jesuítico que se halla en la plaza principal, se encuentra poco organizado y no adecuado para la contención de los bienes patrimoniales, así como el diseño, la exposición e interpretación para la visita. El camping de San Javier, sobre el río Uruguay, se enseñorea de un paisaje de excepcional belleza, ofreciendo la posibilidad de alojarse en cabañas y carpas y realizar actividades en el río, paseos en canoa y pesca en épocas permitidas. San Javier es también, un centro de peregrinación que convoca a miles de fieles en Semana Santa, provenientes de localidades aledañas. El punto culminante es el Cerro Monje, en cuya cima se erige una capilla y espacio para acampar. Desde este lugar, se tiene una amplia visión panorámica del río y del lindero país, Brasil. Con las localidades próximas de este país, se realiza un encuentro de integración anual entre miembros y funcionarios de municipios de ambas orillas. El puerto de San Javier, con el servicio de balsa entre Porto Xavier y Porto Xavier (Brasil), desarrolla una intensa actividad comercial, destacándose la exportación de cebolla, papa y ajo, con largas esperas de un centenar de camiones que van y vienen continuamente. La distancia a recorrer entre ambas orillas es muy corta, lo que permite el cruce en pocos minutos. En verano además, es una de las principales vías de comunicación hacia las playas del sur de Brasil. A su paso, es posible observar, los cultivos de la planta que emana dulzura al saborear alguna infusión, la caña de azúcar, y que distingue a San Javier, la dulce. El desvío de la Ruta provincial N° 30, un proyecto de largo caminar: La Ruta provincial N° 30 que atraviesa la Misión de Santos Mártires del Japón, luego de una sostenida gestión de poco más de una década por parte del equipo de investigación ante autoridades locales, de Vialidad Provincial, del Programa Misiones Jesuíticas, finalmente concretó el desvío. El trazado se realizó mediante la gestión del Intendente para la cesión de tierras de los propietarios que circundan el Cerro para la ejecución de dicho desvío evitando circular sobre el mismo, y apaciguar el continuo deterioro de los restos pétreos protegidos por la selva de dicha misión, de importancia notable para estudios e investigaciones científicas que pudiera dar cuenta de informaciones relevantes secretamente guardados bajo la vegetación. En la presentación del nuevo trazado, se sumó una vecina y una concejal del municipio, además del referido intendente municipal, quienes amablemente nos brindaron un almuerzo de trabajo, además del apoyo para realizar otras actividades de indagación y puesta en escena de circuitos turísticos locales en bicicleta por la Ruta provincial N° 30. Durante 2011, también se recorrió la zona advirtiéndose que no están concluidas las obras de consolidación del desvío por lo que el acceso por el nuevo camino se hace muy dificultoso.

Desarrollo de malezas en cultivos regados con efluentes domésticos tratados : Mendoza (Argentina)

La incidencia en el crecimiento de malezas por la utilización de efluentes domésticos para riego es uno de los aspectos económicos negativos del aprovechamiento de este tipo de aguas. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar el crecimiento de malezas en cultivos regados con: a. efluentes domésticos tratados b. agua de perforación y agregado de fertilizante nitrogenado c. agua de perforación sin fertilizante La información se obtuvo de un ensayo de riego con cinco bloques al azar, realizado en Mendoza, Argentina, utilizando los efluentes de una planta depuradora con zanja de oxidación y se determinó el número y el peso de malezas (peso seco al aire). Se concluyó que el crecimiento de malezas (peso seco) es mayor cuando se utilizan efluentes que cuando se usa agua de perforación sin agregado de fertilizante: 1 200 % y también -pero en menor grado: 180 %- cuando se utiliza agua de perforación fertilizada En cuanto al número de malezas, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las medias de los tratamientos. Se interpretó que el aporte de nitrógeno y fósforo fue responsable del mayor crecimiento de malezas en parcelas regadas con efluentes.