Expediente de resolución del reclamo sobre preeminencias otorgadas al colegial Rafael García

Respuesta del colegial de la cátedra de matemáticas Rafael García al reclamo de los estudiantes de gramática, sobre las preeminencias que se le han otorgado. Argumentaba que al ser estudiante de gramática también era merecedor de portar el escudo del Colegio Mayor. Contiene las declaraciones de catedráticos sobre la favorabilidad de conceder las mismas prerrogativas de los colegiales antiguos a García. Finaliza con la resolución de que Rafael García no debe portar el escudo del Colegio Mayor, ni tener otros privilegios que corresponden a los colegiales más antiguos.

Origins of Australian Football: Victoria's Early History. Volume 3: Covert 'Professionalism': The Power of the Wealthy Clubs 1886 to 1890

This volume continues the story of football in Marvellous Melbourne during the 1880s. At this time the VFA continued to expand as Melbourne’s boom continued apace. In 1886 Port Melbourne, Prahran, St Kilda, Footscray and South Williamstown joined the competition, and the Ballarat clubs Ballarat, Ballarat Imperial and South Ballarat were also contending for the VFA premiership. In 1886 matches were divided into four quarters, goal umpires waved two flags to announce a goal, and time clocks and bells were employed to mark the end of quarters. Victoria also played inter-colonial matches against New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia. VFA secretary T.S. Marshall was at the forefront of fighting the game’s turn towards professionalism, but although it was illegal to pay players, the practice continued. The period 1886 to 1890 also set the stage for the eventual formation of the Victorian Football League, for by the end of the 1880s the Victorian Football Association had become in effect a two-tier competition. The most popular clubs in the VFA, South Melbourne, Geelong, Carlton and Essendon collected the lion’s share of the gate money, which they used to build their wealth and entrench their position as the dominant Victorian teams. The lower tier clubs had to make do with paltry gate money and season fixtures that advantaged the strong clubs. In these fixtures the strong clubs elected to play each other first to increase their gate money, and only deemed to play the poorer clubs at the start of the season. This led to an increasing divide between the VFA’s rich and poor, and by 1890 South Williamstown and Prahran merged with Williamstown and St Kilda respectively, University dropped out of senior ranks, and the Ballarat clubs were excluded from competing for the VFA premiership, which left 12 senior clubs until Collingwood’s emergence in 1892. At this time, no team was as powerful as South Melbourne, which experienced the greatest success in the club’s VFA and VFL history when it collected triple premiership crowns in 1888, 1889, and 1890. South Melbourne was a most ambitious club and spearheaded the move towards professionalism, although this could not be made public. The fine teams it produced at this time contained some of the greatest players of the era, such as Peter Burns, “Sonny” Elms and “Dinny” McKay, and it looked after players with health insurance, jobs, inter-colonial trips, and other incentives. Geelong’s premiership in 1886 was perhaps its greatest triumph, but this success was followed by a premiership drought that would last for 39 years. Carlton remained one of Victorian football’s power clubs, and after securing the premiership in 1887 continued to compete for top honours. As always, the game became ever more popular and world record crowds of over 30,000 attended matches between South Melbourne, Carlton, Geelong and Essendon.

Herätys kylässä ja tuvissa : Rääkkylän Oravisalon kylä ja renqvistiläinen herätys 1820-luvulla

A Revival in a Village and its Households. The Village of Oravisalo in Rääkkylä Parish and the Renqvistist Revivalism in the 1820s. My purpose is to apply the science of religion and the study of past communities to the study of religious revivalism. Revivalism will be considered a religious phenomenon as well as a cultural and social phenomenon. What makes this study unique is the possibility to reconstruct a list of participating revivalists based on entries in the communion book of the time. The conflict between the revivalists and the chaplain of Rääkkylä also generated other documentary material. The community in Oravisalo was relatively stratified. People lived in complex and varying forms of households. They also had plentiful contacts both with unrelated inhabitants of Oravisalo and with the neighbouring villages. Through these contacts the inhabitants of Oravisalo were introduced to revivalism. In Oravisalo, the revival for the most part fell into a certain social stratum and did not severely damage existing relationships within families or among acquaintances. The revivalists formed a new community within the village but the community was neither very tightly-knit nor was it closed. The revival was an individual phenomenon affected by general factors. First, there were factors that brought about a quest for an applicable system of meanings. These factors included at least three important issues: the Great Partition of land, the crisis of slash-and-burn cultivation, and a population growth that increased the proportion of the landless in the village. As a result, many of the revivalists had low status and poor expectations for the future. Second, there were factors that appealed to the people in the message and character of the preacher, Henrik Renqvist. Third, the proximity of the village to Liperi, where the revival got its start, was crucial to revivalism s spread to Oravisalo. Culturally, the revival meant a change in the system of symbols or meanings, so it was not solely a matter of intensified religious fervour. For instance, Communion, prayer, reading, and perhaps baptism symbolised different things to the revivalists than to other villagers. However, the revivalists do not seem to have started any moral revolution in their village. The religious aspect defined the limits of the protest and the resistance towards authorities. The revivalists wanted only to have the right to follow their conscience. The freedom granted the female members was limited to the religious sphere. No social or economic claims were made. The revival altered the situation of its members only on a symbolic level, yet it also offered them status within their own group.

Community, Power, and Colonialism: The U.S. Army in Southern Arizona and New Mexico, 1866-1886

Empire is central to U.S. history. When we see the U.S. projecting its influence on a global scale in today s world it is important to understand that U.S. empire has a long history. This dissertation offers a case study of colonialism and U.S. empire by discussing the social worlds, labor regimes, and culture of the U.S. Army during the conquest of southern Arizona and New Mexico (1866-1886). It highlights some of the defining principles, mentalities, and characteristics of U.S. imperialism and shows how U.S. forces have in years past constructed their power and represented themselves, their missions, and the places and peoples that faced U.S. imperialism/colonialism. Using insights from postcolonial studies and whiteness studies, this work balances its attention between discursive representations (army stories) and social experience (army actions), pays attention to silences in the process of historical production, and focuses on collective group mentalities and identities. In the end the army experience reveals an empire in denial constructed on the rule of difference and marked by frustration. White officers, their wives, and the white enlisted men not only wanted the monopoly of violence for the U.S. regime but also colonial (mental/cultural) authority and power, and constructed their identity, authority, and power in discourse and in the social contexts of the everyday through difference. Engaged in warfare against the Apaches, they did not recognize their actions as harmful or acknowledge the U.S. invasion as the bloody colonial conquest it was. White army personnel painted themselves and the army as liberators, represented colonial peoples as racial inferiors, approached colonial terrain in terms of struggle, and claimed that the region was a terrible periphery with little value before the arrival of white civilization. Officers and wives also wanted to place themselves at the top of colonial hierarchies as the refined and respectable class who led the regeneration of the colony by example: they tried to turn army villages into islands of civilization and made journeys, leisure, and domestic life to showcase their class sensibilities and level of sophistication. Often, however, their efforts failed, resulting in frustration and bitterness. Many blamed the colony and its peoples for their failures. The army itself was divided by race and class. All soldiers were treated as laborers unfit for self-government. White enlisted men, frustrated by their failures in colonial warfare and by constant manual labor, constructed worlds of resistance, whereas indigenous soldiers sought to negotiate the effects of colonialism by working in the army. As colonized labor their position was defined by tension between integration and exclusion and between freedom and colonial control.

Letter to Aaron Levy from Trustees of K.K.S.I., February 21, 1820

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Conversion certificate of Jacob Bar Abraham Abinu, copy made January 3, 1820

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Rätt som argument : Leo Mechelin och finska frågan 1886-1912

Right as an Argument. Leo Mechelin and the Finnish Question 1886-1912 At the turn of the 20th century the Finnish Question rose up as a political and juridical issue at the international arena. The vaguely précised position of Finland in the Russian empire led to diverse conclusions concerning the correctness of the February manifesto of 1899. It was predominantly among a European elite of politicians, cultural workers and academics the issue rose some interest. Finns were active making propaganda for their cause, and they put an emphasis on the claim that the right was on the Finnish side. In the study Elisabeth Stubb compare the Finnish, Russian and European statements about the Finnish Question and analyse their use of right as an argument. The Finnish Question offers at the same time a case study of a national entity which possesses a political sphere of life but is not fully independent, and its possibilities to drive its interests in an international context. Leo Mechelin (1839-1914), the leader of the Finnish propaganda organization abroad, is used as a point of departure. The biographical stance is formed into a triangle, where Leo Mechelin, the idea of right and the Finnish Question abroad are the three cornerstones. The treatment of one cornerstone sheds a ligth on the two others. The metaphor of triangulation also worked as a method to reach "a third stance" in a scinetific and political issue that usually is polarised into two opposite alternatives. An adherence to a strict legal right could not in the end offer a complete, unquestionable and satisfactory solution to the Finnsih Question, it was dependent on "the right of state wisdom and sound insight". The Finnish propaganda abroad used almost completely alternative ways of making politics. The propaganda did not have a decisive effect on countries' official politics, but gained unofficial support, especially in the public opinion and in academic statements. Mechelin claimed that the political field was dependent on public opinion and scientific research. Together with the official politics these two fields formed a triangle that shared the task of balancing the political arena and preventing it from making unwise decisions of taking an unjust turn. The international sphere worked as a balancing part in the Finnish Question. Mechelin tried by claiming the status of state for Finland's part to secure the country a place at the official international arena. At the same time, and especially when the claim was not fully adopted, he emphasised, and in a European context worked for, that right would become the guiding light not only for international relations, but also for the policy making in the inner life of the state.

Efectos de la salinidad y la alcalinidad sobre la germinación y el crecimiento vegetativo temprano de Chloris gayana Kunth

Resumen: Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: i) determinar el efecto de la salinidad y la alcalinidad sobre la germinación final y el tiempo al 50% de germinación (T50) de 4 cultivares de C. gayana y ii) estudiar las respuestas de plantas de C. gayana cv. Finecut a la salinidad y alcalinidad. Las semillas se incubaron durante 21 días en soluciones que contenían (mM) 0, 100 y 200 de NaCl combinadas con dos niveles de pH: 5,8 y 9,5. Las plantas se cultivaron en soluciones nutritivas que contenían (mM) 0 y 200 de NaCl y dos niveles de pH: 5,8 y 8,5. La combinación 0 mM de NaClpH= 5,8 se consideró el control en ambos experimentos. La germinación final y el T50 de todos los cultivares mostraron valores similares a los del control con 100 mM de NaCl y pH 9,5. Todos los cultivares cuadriplicaron el T50 en 200 mM de NaCl respecto del control, excepto Tolgar que sólo lo duplicó. En las mismas condiciones, el incremento del pH de 5,8 a 9,5 incrementó aún más el T50 de los cultivares Finecut, Tolgar y Katambora. El cultivo de plantas de C. gayana en una solución nutritiva con 200 mM de NaCl indujo la disminución del peso seco del vástago (29 %) y la raíz (49%), del contenido relativo de agua (6%), del contenido de K+ y Ca2+ y de la relación [K+] / [Na+] y el aumento de la relación V/R y del contenido de Na+ y Cl-, en relación a los valores de las plantas control. En cambio, el incremento del pH de 5,8 a 8,5 solamente indujo el aumento de la MFE (24%) y del contenido de Na+ del vástago de las plantas cultivadas en las soluciones sin agregado de NaCl. En conclusión, para condiciones similares a las existentes en las zonas marginales de la Cuenca del Salado (10 dSm-1 y pH  8,5), todos los cultivares de C. gayana evaluados mostraron porcentajes de germinación similares al control. La alcalinidad tuvo poco efecto sobre el crecimiento de las plantas de C. gayana cv. Finecut, ya sea en ausencia o presencia de NaCl en la solución nutritiva (0 y 200 mM, respectivamente). Por lo tanto, desde el punto de vista de la tolerancia a la alcalinidad, C. gayana podría mostrar un nivel de crecimiento adecuado en los suelos salino/alcalinos de la Cuenca del Salado.

Sapientia, 2015, Vol. LXXI, nº 237

Contenido: El acto de ser en la distinción hombre y persona de Santo Tomás de Aquino / Eudaldo Forment -- Verba Doctoris : la fecundidad educativa de las palabras del maestro / Enrique Martínez -- Las fuentes modernas del concepto de religión en Cornelio Fabro / Marco Jonás Mikalonis -- Filosofando en medio del caos / Hugo F. Velázquez -- El Espíritu Santo en la Teología de Santo Tomás de Aquino / Leo J. Elders -- El mandamiento supremo : una provocación / Heribert Boeder -- La angustia esencial y alegría del amor / Ángel García de Bertolacci -- La synderesis como fundamento de la ética y la política / Daniel Torres Cox -- ¿A quién esperar en tiempos de crisis? : entre Benedicto XVI, MacIntyre, San Agustín y Santo Tomás / Ignacio Serrano del Pozo -- Agustín de Hipona: bienes creados y felicidad / Ignacio López -- Bibliografía

Teología, 2008, Tomo XLV nº 095 (número completo)

Nota del director -- Las Biblias completas II / Jorge Cardenal Mejía -- La praxis histórica : discernimiento de lo realmente posible en lo que está siendo dado / Juan Carlos Scannone S.I. -- El análisis de la vida religiosa al interior de las primeras lecciones de Friburgo de Martin Heidegger / Carlos Ignacio Casale Rolle -- Ceferino Namuncurá. La promesa de una vocación misionera para la Patagonia (1886-1905) / Juan Guillermo Durán -- “Para que tengan vida...” / Luis Heriberto Rivas -- Tiempo de llorar para seguir esperando. Lamentaciones 3 en su contexto / Víctor Manuel Fernández -- Algunas apreciaciones acerca de Lamentaciones 3 / Rabino Abraham Skorka -- Rodolfo Kutsch: la búsqueda de sí-mismo a través del encuentro con el otro / Graciela Maturo -- Aproximaciones a la virtud de la solidaridad desde Populum progressio y Sollicitudo rei socialis / Alejandro C. Llorente -- Cambio estructural de la Iglesia como tarea y oportunidad / Carlos Schickendantz -- I Congreso de Teólogas Latinoamericanas y Alemanas / Virginia R. Azcuy -- Crónica de la Facultad 2007 -- Notas Bibliográficas -- Instrucciones para los colaboradores

Discurso y praxis contra el fraude : consideraciones sobre la política reformista de Roberto M. Ortiz (1938-1940)

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la estrategia política del presidente Roberto M. Ortiz durante el período en actividad (1938-1940) para combatir el fraude electoral y normalizar las prácticas electorales e institucionalidad democrática de la Argentina de fines de los años treinta. Se presume que el presidente orientó su proyecto político de una manera aperturista y de diálogo sincero con la Unión Cívica Radical (UCR). Para ello promovió dos estrategias claras: lograr el apoyo de los sectores liberales del Ejército, e intervenir las provincias con prácticas fraudulentas. Su política contra el fraude provocó una situación inédita de erosión de la coalición de partidos oficialistas, base de sustentación del Poder Ejecutivo. Sin apoyo partidario, Ortiz quedó aislado y en clara confrontación con el Senado, dominado por grupos conservadores.

Sapientia, 1995, Vol. L, nº 197-198 (número completo)

Contenido: Razón y fe en Santo Tomás de Aquino / Gustavo Eloy Ponferrada – Sobre la verdad práctica en Tomás de Aquino / Joaquín García Huidobro – Supuestos cartesianos y gnoseología tomista / Augusto Furlán – Discusión de la visión del catolicismo en la obra de Hegel / Ignacio E. M. Andereggen – Ciencia, filosofía y religión : a propósito de una obra de H. Margenau / María Ángeles Vitoria – Sobre el alma y su cuerpo / Héctor Jorge Padrón – El bien común político y la filosofía política actual / Jorge Martínez Barrera – El sujeto de la psiquiatría / Mario Enrique Sacchi – Notas y comentarios – Crónicas -- Bibliografía

Sapientia, 1955, Vol. X, nº 35 (número completo)

Contenido: Del progreso en filosofía / La Dirección – Evolución de la verdad / Alberto García Vieyra – El sentimiento como revelador de lo ético / José Ignacio de Alcorta – Sobre algunos aspectos de la antropología filosófica actual en Alemania / Walter Brüning – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Teología, 2003, Tomo XL nº 082 (número completo)

Nota del Director. Novedades del 2004 -- Lo objetivo y lo subjetivo de la redención cristiana. Síntesis histórica y perspectiva actual / Leonardo Capelluti -- En torno a la beatificación de Isabel la Católica. Amor a la Iglesia. Pobreza / Melquíades Andrés Martín -- Razón teológica y tutela del embrión humano / Alejandro C. Llorente -- Religión y Ciencia en el pensamiento de Juan Pablo II: importancia y responsabilidad del diálogo para una cultura verdaderamente humana / Jorge Papanicolau -- La Iglesia en Buenos Aires durante la epidemia de fiebre amarilla de 1871 según el Diario de la epidemia Mardoqueo Navarro / Jorge Ignacio García Cuerva -- Ars artium: vigencia de la lógica clásica / Oscar H. Beltrán -- Crónica de la Facultad 2003

Activation of violaxanthin cycle in darkness is a common response to different abiotic stresses : a case study in Pelvetia canaliculata

Background: In the violaxanthin (V) cycle, V is de-epoxidized to zeaxanthin (Z) when strong light or light combined with other stressors lead to an overexcitation of photosystems. However, plants can also suffer stress in darkness and recent reports have shown that dehydration triggers V-de-epoxidation in the absence of light. In this study, we used the highly stress-tolerant brown alga Pelvetia canaliculata as a model organism, due to its lack of lutein and its non-photochemical quenching independent of the transthylakoidal-ΔpH, to study the triggering of the V-cycle in darkness induced by abiotic stressors. Results: We have shown that besides desiccation, other factors such as immersion, anoxia and high temperature also induced V-de-epoxidation in darkness. This process was reversible once the treatments had ceased (with the exception of heat, which caused lethal damage). Irrespective of the stressor applied, the resulting de-epoxidised xanthophylls correlated with a decrease in Fv/Fm, suggesting a common function in the down-regulation of photosynthetical efficiency. The implication of the redox-state of the plastoquinone-pool and of the differential activity of V-cycle enzymes on V-de-epoxidation in darkness was also examined. Current results suggest that both violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin-epoxidase (ZE) have a basal constitutive activity even in darkness, being ZE inhibited under stress. This inhibition leads to Z accumulation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that V-cycle activity is triggered by several abiotic stressors even when they occur in an absolute absence of light, leading to a decrease in Fv/Fm. This finding provides new insights into an understanding of the regulation mechanism of the V-cycle and of its ecophysiological roles.