Compatibilização de blendas de polipropileno/nylons

Neste trabalho foi realizada uma avaliação do polipropileno funcionalizado com anidrido maleico (PP-MA) como agente compatibilizante nas blendas de polipropileno (PP) com os nylons 6, 6,6, 6,9, 6,10 e 6,12. A modificação química do polipropileno com anidrido maleico (MA) foi feita através de reação radicalar no estado fundido, utilizando-se peróxido de dicumila (DCP) como iniciador. As reações foram realizadas em câmara de mistura com monitoramento do torque. Os PP-MA foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho. As blendas binárias foram preparadas na proporção PP/nylon de 70/30 e as misturas ternárias PP/PP-MA/Ny na proporção de 63/7/30, variando-se o tipo de nylon e o teor de incorporação de MA no PP. Para a produção das misturas ternárias foram utilizados três PP-MA com porcentagens de incorporação diferentes (0,34%, 0,46% e 0,81% p/p). Todas as blendas foram caracterizadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, análise das propriedades mecânicas e reológicas. Os resultados demonstraram que a adição do agente compatibilizante PP-MA provoca alterações na morfologia das blendas, indicadas pela redução do tamanho e a melhor dispersão das partículas dispersas na matriz de PP. Por outro lado, os resultados das propriedades mecânicas das blendas ternárias foram melhores do que das blendas binárias. Além disso, nas análises térmicas e reológicas é notório o indício da interação entre as fases causado pelo compatibilizador Foi realizado o estudo do efeito do tipo de nylon nas blendas PP/PP-MA/Ny. Estas blendas foram caracterizadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, propriedades mecânicas e reológicas. Na análise reológica foram realizados os testes para os nylons N6, N6,9 e N6,10. Para os nylons N6,6 e N6,12 não foi possível fazer as medidas de viscosidade. Os resultados demonstraram que para os teores de 0,34 e 0,46 g% de MA no PP, o nível de dispersão final segue o fator da reatividade dos grupos terminais amino do nylons. Assim, a ordem de aumento de dispersão para as blendas com os nylons foi de N6,9, N6 e N6,10. Este comportamento foi confirmado na análise morfológica. Para o teor de 0,81 g%, a dispersão foi afetada pelo quociente das viscosidades, obedecendo a ordem esperada para os nylons 6,10, 6,9 e 6 e suas blendas.

Modificação química de polietileno linear de baixa densidade e aplicação em blendas com poli (tereftalato de etileno)

No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo da modificação química do polietileno linear de baixa densidade (PELBD) com anidrido maleico (MA) e metacrilato de glicidila (GMA), que, posteriormente, foram utilizados como agentes de compatibilização interfacial em blendas de PELBD com poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET). As funcionalizações foram realizadas em câmara de mistura e extrusora reativa, através de reações radicalares em estado fundido, utilizando peróxido de dicumila (DCP) como iniciador. Nos estudos de funcionalização do PELBD com MA foram utilizados planejamentos fatoriais com objetivo de otimizar o índice de incorporação do monômero, estabelecendo-se assim, as melhores condições de reação em câmara de mistura. As reações de modificação produziram extensão ou reticulação do polímero, verificando ser adequada a utilização de baixa velocidade de rotação e tempo reacional de 10 minutos. Foi observado um limite máximo de incorporação de MA às cadeias de polietileno Na funcionalização do PELBD com GMA obteve-se maiores teores de incorporação do que quando foi utilizado MA. Com MA a conversão média da reação foi de 25% enquanto os valores obtidos para GMA alcançaram 59%, sendo que neste caso pode ter ocorrido a homopolimerização . O uso do estireno como monômero auxiliar aumentou a incorporação do monômero (MA ou GMA) à cadeia de PELBD, reduzindo as reações de degradação. Os polímeros modificados com MA (PE-MA) ou GMA (PE-GMA) foram utilizados como compatibilizantes em blendas de PELBD/PET, na proporção de 5 e 10 %. Para um estudo comparativo, as blendas foram preparadas variando-se a concentração de PET e os teores de incorporação do PE-MA e do PE-GMA. As blendas foram caracterizadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise das propriedades mecânicas e dinâmico mecânicas. Verificou-se que a utilização dos agentes compatibilizantes reduziu significativamente o tamanho e a distribuição das partículas da fase dispersa de PET na matriz de PELBD. Os resultados indicaram que o PE-MA mostrou melhor efeito compatibilizante nos sistemas estudados.

Desenvolvimento de elastômeros termoplásticos a partir de SBR epoxidada e polipropileno

Os elastômeros termoplásticos vulcanizados (TPVs) na sua maioria constituídos por borrachas apolares (EPDM, NR) e poliolefinas (PP, PE), apresentam a vantagem de serem processáveis como termoplásticos e serem facilmente reciclados. No entanto, apresentam desvantagens no que se refere à sua baixa resistência a óleos, combustíveis e graxas em relação à borracha termofixa. Este trabalho, teve como objetivo estudar a obtenção de TPVs com propriedades mecânicas adequadas e resistência a óleos e solventes orgânicos, a partir da borracha comercial SBR 1502 parcialmente epoxidada. Esta, por ter a estrutura química de sua cadeia principal modificada pela introdução de grupos epóxidos, deve apresentar melhor resistência a óleos e solventes. Os TPVs foram obtidos em misturador fechado acoplado a um reômetro Haake, na temperatura de 1800C e velocidade de rotor de 75 rpm, vulcanizados dinamicamente com o sistema Bismaleimida/peróxido de dicumila. Foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas por medidas tensão-deformação, medidas mecânicas dinâmicas, inchamento em ciclohexano, THF e óleo IRM 903, dureza. A morfologia foi determinada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, MEV. Foram analisados os fatores que influenciam as propriedades dos TPVs, tais como composição (relação PP/SBR), teor de BMI, grau de epoxidação da borracha, uso de agente compatibilizante. O TPV na composição PP/SBR 40/60, esta epoxidada em 40 mol % e contendo o agente compatibilizante Vestenamer adicionado na forma de blenda (borracha/agente compatibilizante) apresentou a melhor resposta em termos de tensão-deformação na ruptura. Os TPVs com a SBR epoxidada em 70% apresentaram melhor resistência a óleo e solventes. Os fatores, potencialmente, capazes de influenciar a dureza dos TPVs também foram avaliados. Neste particular, verificou-se que o tipo de poliolefina, bem como o uso de plastificante são os fatores que mais influenciam a dureza dos TPVs.

Obtenção de polipropileno modificado com metacrilato de glicidila e anidrido maleico e sua aplicação na compatibilização de blendas de polipropileno/poli(tereftalato de etileno)

Neste trabalho foi feita uma avaliação da modificação de polipropileno (PP) com metacrilato de glicidila (GMA) e anidrido maleico (MA), e a aplicação destes compostos como agentes de compatibilização interfacial em blendas de polipropileno/poli (tereftalato de etileno). O PP foi modificado através de reações radicalares em estado fundido utilizando o peróxido de dicumila (DCP) como iniciador, em câmara de mistura e extrusora. O PP foi modificado com GMA em câmara de mistura, avaliando-se a influência da temperatura, da velocidade de rotação dos rotores e dos teores de monômero e iniciador na incorporação e no índice de fluidez dos produtos finais. Foi verificado que para se obter PP-GMA com máxima incorporação e com degradação de cadeia controlada, é adequado utilizar baixas velocidades de rotação, sem efeito significativo da temperatura. Podem ser utilizados diferentes teores de GMA e DCP conforme a necessidade da aplicação, mas concentrações muito altas podem favorecer a quebra de cadeia. As reações em extrusora permitiram obter PP modificado com GMA e MA, utilizando estireno como segundo monômero. Observou-se que o aumento dos teores de monômero e iniciador favoreceu a incorporação e provocou aumento do índice de fluidez. O uso do estireno como monômero auxiliar aumentou muito a incorporação do monômero principal à cadeia do PP, assim como reduziu as reações de degradação do polímero. Os polímeros modificados com GMA ou MA foram utilizados como compatibilizantes em blendas de PP/PET. Verificou-se que a utilização dos agentes de compatibilização interfacial reduziu significativamente o tamanho e a distribuição de tamanho das partículas da fase dispersa de PET na matriz de PP, aumentando a adesão interfacial. Apesar disso, não se observou alteração significativa nas propriedades mecânicas e dinâmico-mecânicas das blendas compatibilizadas. O PP-GMA foi mais efetivo como agente interfacial do que o PP-MA, provavelmente devido à sua estrutura química.

Efeitos do composto 3'3-ditrifluormetildifenil disseleneto em diferentes modelos biológicos

O 3’3-ditrifluormetildifenil disseleneto (DFDD) é um composto organoselenado análogo ao disseleneto de difenila (DPDS). No entanto, diferentemente do DPDS, maiores estudos em relação às atividades biológicas do DFDD ainda permanecem escassos na literatura. Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento dos efeitos biológicos do DFDD, nesse estudo investigou-se a interferência desta molécula no neurocomportamento em camundongos. Além disso, as atividades genotóxicas deste organoselenado em linhagens de Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e em células de mamíferos em cultura (células V79) também foram avaliadas. Nos ensaios neurocomportamentais em camundongos, o DFDD apresentou uma interessante atividade bloqueadora da estereotipia induzida por apomorfina, que é um modelo animal de esquizofrenia, sem agir sobre outros parâmetros importantes como a memória, ansiedade, exploração e locomoção detectados nas tarefas de esquiva inibitória, campo aberto e habituação a um novo ambiente. Demonstrou-se também neste trabalho que o DFDD não foi mutagênico no Teste Salmonella/microssoma tanto na presença quanto na ausência de ativação metabólica. Entretanto, em linhagens de S. cerevisiae, o DFDD induziu mutações “forward” e reversa, porém lócus não-específico. Diferentemente do seu análogo estrutural DPDS, o DFDD não foi capaz de induzir mutações “frameshift” em S. typhimurium ou S. cerevisiae mesmo quando as linhagens foram tratadas em condições de crescimento. Deste modo, sugere-se que o DFDD não é capaz de se intercalar entre as bases do DNA e que, possivelmente, este efeito seja provocado por um impedimento alostérico causado pelos grupamentos CF3 presentes neste organoselenado. Além disso, o DFDD mostrou-se um fraco agente citotóxico e genotóxico em S. cerevisiae e células V79. Por outro lado, como foi demonstrado no Teste Salmonella/microssoma, o DFDD apresentou um efeito protetor contra a mutagenicidade induzida por peróxido de hidrogênio. De maneira interessante, utilizando um ensaio in vitro, mostrou-se que o DFDD possui uma atividade “catalase-like” até o momento não apresentada por nenhum outro composto organoselenado. No presente trabalho tornou-se evidente também que o DFDD atua de maneira distinta do seu análogo DPDS em vários modelos experimentais e que, provavelmente, os grupamentos CF3 presentes no DFDD sejam de fundamental importância para as interessantes atividades demonstradas por este disseleneto.

Avaliação do estresse oxidativo induzido por superfícies de titânio

Commercially pure Titanium (cp Ti) is a material largely used in orthopedic and dental implants due to its biocompatibility properties. Changes in the surface of cp Ti can determine the functional response of the cells such as facilitating implant fixation and stabilization, and increased roughness of the surface has been shown to improve adhesion and cellular proliferation. Various surface modification methods have been developed to increase roughness, such as mechanical, chemical, electrochemical and plasma treatment. An argon plasma treatment generates a surface that has good mechanical proprieties without chemical composition modification. Besides the topography, biological responses to the implant contribute significantly to its success. Oxidative stress induced by the biomaterials is considered one of the major causes of implant failure. For this reason the oxidative potential of titanium surfaces subjected to plasma treatment was evaluated on this work. CHO-k1 cells were cultivated on smooth or roughed Ti disks, and after three days, the redox balance was investigated measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, total antioxidant capacity and biomarkers of ROS attack. The results showed cells grown on titanium surfaces are subjected to intracellular oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide generation. Titanium discs subjected to the plasma treatment induced less oxidative stress than the untreated ones, which resulted in improved cellular ability. Our data suggest that plasma treated titanium may be a more biocompatible biomaterial.

Caracterização físico-química e ações farmacológicas hepatoprotetora, antiinflamatória, pró-angiogênica, antioxidante e anticoagulante da fração rica em fucana 0,8FRF 0,8 da alga marrom Lobophora variegata

This study examines the physical and chemical composition and the pharmacological effects of brown seaweed FRF 0.8 Lobophora variegata. Fractionation of the crude extract was done with the concentration of 0.8 volumes of acetone, obtaining the FRF 0.8. The physicochemical characterization showed that it was a fucana sulfated. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by paw edema model by the high rates of inhibition of the edema and the best results were in the fourth hour after induction (100 ± 1.4% at the dose of 75 mg / kg) and by the strong inhibitory activity of the enzyme myeloperoxidase (91.45% at the dose of 25 mg / kg). The hepataproteção was demonstrated by measurements of enzymatic and metabolic parameters indicative of liver damage, such as bilirubin (reduction in 68.81%, 70.68% and 68.21% for bilirubin total, direct and indirect, respectively at a dose of 75 mg / kg), ALT, AST and γ-GT (decrease of 76.93%, 44.58% and 50% respectively at a dose of 75 mg / kg) by analysis of histological slides of liver tissue, confirming that hepatoprotective effect the polymers of carbohydrates, showing a reduction in tissue damage caused by CCl4 and the inhibition of the enzyme complex of cytochrome P 450 (increasing sleep time in 54.6% and reducing the latency time in 71.43%). The effectiveness of the FRF 0.8 angiogenesis was examined in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized eggs, with the density of capillaries evaluated and scored, showing an effect proangigênico at all concentrations tested FRF (10 mg- 1000 mg). The FRF showed antioxidant activity on free radicals (by inhibiting Superoxide Radical in 55.62 ± 2.10%, Lipid Peroxidation in 100.15 ± 0.01%, Hydroxyl Radical in 41.84 ± 0.001% and 71.47 Peroxide in ± 2.69% at concentration of 0.62 mg / mL). The anticoagulant activity was observed with prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at 50 mg (> 240 s), showing that its action occurs in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Thus, our results indicate that these sulfated polysaccharides are an important pharmacological target

Efeitos da microgravidade em plantas de cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a plant from Poaceae family that has an impressive ability to accumulate sucrose in the stalk, making it a significant component of the economy of many countries. About 100 countries produce sugarcane in an area of 22 million hectares worldwide. For this reason, many studies have been done using sugarcane as a plant model in order to improve production. A change in gravity may be one kind of abiotic stress, since it generates rapid responses after stimulation. In this work we decided to investigate the possible morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular changes resulting from microgravity. Here, we present the contributions of an experiment where sugarcane plants were submitted to microgravity flight using a vehicle VSB-30, a sounding rocket developed by Aeronautics and Space Institute teams, in cooperation with the German Space Agency. Sugarcane plants with 10 days older were submitted to a period of six minutes of microgravity using the VSB-30 rocket. The morphophysiological analyses of roots and leaves showed that plants submitted to the flight showed changes in the conduction tissues, irregular pattern of arrangement of vascular bundles and thickening of the cell walls, among other anatomical changes that indicate that the morphology of the plants was substantially influenced by gravitational stimulation, besides the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, an important signaling molecule in stress conditions. We carried out RNA extraction and sequencing using Illumina platform. Plants subjected to microgravity also showed changes in enzyme activity. It was observed an increased in superoxide dismutase activity in leaves and a decreased in its activity in roots as well as for ascorbate peroxidase activity. Thus, it was concluded that the changes in gravity were perceived by plants, and that microgravity environment triggered changes associated with a reactive oxygen specie signaling process. This work has helped the understanding of how the gravity affects the structural organization of the plants, by comparing the anatomy of plants subjected to microgravity and plants grown in 1g gravity

Obtenção e caracterização de nanopartículas de argilominerais

Natural nanoclays are of great interest particularly for the production of polymer-based nanocomposites. In this work, kaolinite clays from two natural deposits in the State of the Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba were purified with thermal treatment and chemical treatments, and characterized. Front to the gotten data, had been proposals methodologies for elimination or reduction of coarse particle texts, oxide of iron and organic substance. These methodologies had consisted of the combination of operations with thermal treatments, carried through in electric oven, and acid chemical attacks with and hydrogen peroxide. The Analyzers Thermogravimetric was used to examine the thermal stability of the nanoclays. The analysis indicated weight losses at temperatures under 110 ºC and over the temperature range of 350 to 550 ºC. Based on the thermal analysis data, the samples were submitted to a thermal treatment at 500 °C, for 8 h, to remove organic components. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that thermal treatment under 500 °C affect the basic structure of kaolinite. The BET surface area measurements ranged from 32 to 38 m2/g for clay samples with thermal treatment and from 36 to 53 m2/g for chemically treated samples. Thus, although the thermal treatment increased the surface area, through the removal of organic components, the effect was not significant and chemical treatment is more efficient, not affect the basic structure of kaolinite, to improve particle dispersion. SEM analysis confirms that the clay is agglomerated forming micron-size particles

Tratamentos de fibras de carnaúba [copernicia prunífera (miller) h. e. moore] para o desenvolvimento de compósito biodegradável com matriz de polihidroxibutirato

The use of raw materials from renewable sources for production of materials has been the subject of several studies and researches, because of its potential to substitute petrochemical-based materials. The addition of natural fibers to polymers represents an alternative in the partial or total replacement of glass fibers in composites. In this work, carnauba leaf fibers were used in the production of biodegradable composites with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) matrix. To improve the interfacial properties fiber / matrix were studied four chemical treatments to the fibers..The effect of the different chemical treatments on the morphological, physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the fibers and composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, tensile and flexural tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetry (TGA) and diferential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results of tensile tests indicated an increase in tensile strength of the composites after the chemical treatment of the fibers, with best results for the hydrogen peroxide treated fibers, even though the tensile strength of fibers was slightly reduced. This suggests a better interaction fiber/matrix which was also observed by SEM fractographs. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was reduced for all composites compared to the pure polymer which can be attributed to the absorption of solvents, moisture and other low molecular weight molecules by the fibers

Avaliação de parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em plantas de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com peróxico de hidrogênio

The genus Saccharum belongs to Poaceae family. Sugarcane has become important monocultures in Brazil due to their products: ethanol and sugar. The production may change between different regions from Brazil. This difference is related to soil, climatic conditions and temperature that promotes oxidative stress that may induce an early flowering. The aim of this work was to identify the effects of oxidative stress. In order to analyse this, sugarcane plants were submitted to oxidative stress using hydrogen peroxide. After this treatment, the oxidative stress were analyzed Then, the plant responses were analyzed under different approaches, using morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular tools. Thus, sugarcane plants were grown under controlled conditions and until two months they were subjected first to a hydroponics condition for 24 hours in order to acclimation. After this period, these plants were submitted to oxidative stresse using 0 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM hydrogen peroxide during 8 hours. The histomorphometric analysis allowed us to verify that both root and leaf tissues had a structural changes as it was observed by the increased in cell volume, lignin accumulation in cell walls. Besides, this observation suggested that there was a change in redox balance. Also, it was analyzed the activity of the SOD, CAT and APX enzymes. It was observed an increase in the SOD activity in roots and it was also observed a lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots. Then, in order to identify proteins that were differently expressed in this conditions it was used the proteomic tool either by bidimensional gel or by direct sequencing using the Q-TOF EZI. The results obtained with this approach identified more than 3.000 proteins with the score ranging from 100-5000 ions. Some of the proteins identified were: light Harvesting; oxygenevolving; Thioredoxin; Ftsh-like protein Pftf precusor; Luminal-binding protein; 2 cys peroxiredoxin e Lipoxygenase. All these proteins are involved in oxidative stress response, photsynthetic pathways, and some were classified hypothetical proteins and/or unknown (30% of total). Thus, our data allows us to propose that this treatment induced an oxidative stress and the plant in response changed its physiological process, it made changes in tissue, changed the redox response in order to survival to this new condition

Desenvolvimento e análise de material compósito a base de penas de frango (fibras de queratina-KF) e matriz de poliéster insaturado

Use of natural fibres as a reinforcement material in the manufacture of composites show a series of advantages: availability, biodegradability, low weight and regeneration in relation to synthetic fibres, thus justifying its utilization. In the present research work, composites were developed with chicken feathers (KF), using unsaturated polyester resin as matrix, for diversified applications, mainly in the furniture/timber industry.At present, in Brazil the chicken feathers are used as part of the animal feed, even though this material possesses low aggregated value. The chicken feathers are hollow, light and resistant. After washing with water at room temperature, a part of the chicken feathers were treated with 2% NaOH. Composites were manufactured using treated and untreated chicken feathers with unsaturated orthothalic polyester resin and 1% peroxide as catalyser, obtained in the commerce. Samples with size 150x25x3 mm for mechanical tests were cut by laser in the composite plate. Mechanical analyses were carried out in the Laboratório de Metais e Ensaios Mecânicos UFRN. All the analyses were in accordance with ASTM standards. SEM analyses were also carried out on the samples.In the analyses of the results obtained, it was observed that the composites made with untreated chicken feathers showed better results (Traction 11.406 MPa and 9.107 MPa Bending 34.947 and 20.918 MPa for samples with and without treatment respectively) compared to the composite with treated feathers. Very low values of the water absorption results, evidenced the impermeability characteristic of the feathers. From the SEM images, the structure, fracture and the fibre/matrix adsorption can be evidenced. In the flammability test, it was observed that despite the feathers having sulfur as a constituent, natural inhibitor of flame, no burning support of the composites, because the manufacturing process of the composite

Estudo comparativo das propriedades mecânicas em compósitos da fibra modal e poliester

In the present work, three composites with distinct reinforcements (polyester, modal e polyester + modal), all if a unsaturated orthophthalic polyester resin as matrix were used, in order to conduct a comparative study by mechanical tests and water absorption. The fibre mats were prepared in a mat preparatory by immersion developed in the Textile Engineering Laboratory. The composites were manufactured using a closed mould process by compression using an unsaturated orthophthalic polyester resin as matrix and 1% MEK (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) as an initiator. In each composite twelve samples with the dimensions of 150x25x3 mm were cut randomly for the mechanical analysis (tension x extension, three points bending and water absorption and Scanning Electron Micsroscopy). The mechanical tests were carried out in the Laboratório de Metais e Ensaios Mecânicos UFRN . All the analyses were carried out according to the ASTM norms. The resultant samples from the mechanical analysis were subjected for the Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that the reinforced composite with two fibres (modal + polyester) presented better results in comparison to the other two composites both in the tension/extension as well on the three point bending tests. In the water absorption test, it was possible to observe an equilibrium in the water absorption by the modal and polyester composite, due to the union of the two fibres. In the SEM images, the regions of rupture in the composites as well as the adsorption between the fiber and the matrix could be observed

Fabricação de eco-composito com a fibra de lã canina

The Sustainability has been evidence in the world today; organizations have sought to be more and more into this philosophy in their processes, whether products or attendance. In the present work were manufactured eco-composites with animal fiber (dog wool) that is currently discarded into the environment without any use. The fibers were characterized and made matting (non-woven). The phases of the project were consisted to develop methods and to convert these fibers (booster) blended with polyester resin (matrix) in different proportions (10%, 20% and 30%) at the composite. Were studied fiber characteristics, mechanical properties of the composites, water absorption and scanning electron microscopy. Initially, the fibers were treated with solution of sodium hydroxide of 0.05 mols, and then taken to matting preparing at the textile engineering laboratory - UFRN. The composites were made by compression molding, using an orthophthalic polyester resin as matrix and 1% MEK (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) as initiator (catalyst). To evaluate the mechanical tests (tensile and flexural) and water absorption were made twelve specimens with dimensions 150x25x3 mm were cut randomly. According to the standard method, tensile tests (ASTM 3039) bending tests (ASTM D790) were performed at the mechanical testing of metals at laboratory UFRN. The results of these tests showed that the composite reinforced with 30% had a better behavior when exposed to tension charge; while on the three points bending test showed that the composite reinforced with 10% had a better behavior. In the water absorption test it was possible to see that the highest absorption happened on the composite reinforced with 30%. In the micrographs, it was possible to see the regions of rupture and behavior of the composite (booster / matrix)

Desenvolvimento de um reator fotoquímico aplicável no tratamento de efluentes fenólicos presentes na indústria do petróleo

With water pollution increment at the last years, so many progresses in researches about treatment of contaminated waters have been developed. In wastewaters containing highly toxic organic compounds, which the biological treatment cannot be applied, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) is an alternative for degradation of nonbiodegradable and toxic organic substances, because theses processes are generation of hydroxyl radical based on, a highly reactivate substance, with ability to degradate practically all classes of organic compounds. In general, the AOP request use of special ultraviolet (UV) lamps into the reactors. These lamps present a high electric power demand, consisting one of the largest problems for the application of these processes in industrial scale. This work involves the development of a new photochemistry reactor composed of 12 low cost black light fluorescent lamps (SYLVANIA, black light, 40 W) as UV radiation source. The studied process was the photo-Fenton system, a combination of ferrous ions, hydrogen peroxide, and UV radiation, it has been employed for the degradation of a synthetic wastewater containing phenol as pollutant model, one of the main pollutants in the petroleum industry. Preliminary experiments were carrier on to estimate operational conditions of the reactor, besides the effects of the intensity of radiation source and lamp distribution into the reactor. Samples were collected during the experiments and analyzed for determining to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, using a TOC analyzer Shimadzu 5000A. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was also used for identification of the cathecol and hydroquinone formed during the degradation process of the phenol. The actinometry indicated 9,06⋅1018 foton⋅s-1 of photons flow, for 12 actived lamps. A factorial experimental design was elaborated which it was possible to evaluate the influence of the reactants concentration (Fe2+ and H2O2) and to determine the most favorable experimental conditions ([Fe2+] = 1,6 mM and [H2O2] = 150,5 mM). It was verified the increase of ferrous ions concentration is favorable to process until reaching a limit when the increase of ferrous ions presents a negative effect. The H2O2 exhibited a positive effect, however, in high concentrations, reaching a maximum ratio degradation. The mathematical modeling of the process was accomplished using the artificial neural network technique