O MAIOR ACIDENTE DA REFINARIA DUQUE DE CAXIAS (RJ) – BRASIL: UM ESTUDO GEOGRÁRICO-HISTÓRICO

A presente pesquisa concluída teve como intuito principal analisar o maior acidente da história da Refinaria Duque de Caxias (REDUC). A pesquisa constou das seguintes etapas: revisão bibliográfica, levantamento de fontes, entrevistas, saídas a campo, análise das fontes e redação. Os jornais consultados foram: O Fluminense, O Globo, Jornal do Brasil e Nossa Baixada. Foram consultados discursos de deputados federais e senadores que abordaram o referido acidente. As entrevistas foram realizadas com historiadores caxienses e ex-funcionários da REDUC. No dia 30 de março de 1972, ocorreram três explosões em três tanques de gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP); a primeira e mais forte, por volta das 0h50m; a segunda às 1h30m; e, a terceira, aproximadamente, às 2h30m. No dia 01 de abril de 1972, 48 funcionários estavam internados, sendo 36 os feridos da REDUC e 14 empregados da FABOR (Fábrica de Borracha Sintética). No dia 11/04/1972 o número de vítimas fatais alcançou 38 trabalhadores; e 35 trabalhadores continuavam hospitalizados, sendo dois deles em estado grave. Observamos que, nessa época a preocupação da Refinaria e da própria Petrobrás, com a segurança do Parque Industrial e dos funcionários deixava a desejar.

25 million years to break a continent : early to middle Miocene rifting and syn-extensional magmatism in the southern Gulf of California

Cenozoic extension in western Mexico has been divided into two episodes separated by the change from convergence to oblique divergence at the plate boundary. The Gulf Extensional Province is thought to have started once subduction ended at ~12.5 Ma whereas early extension is classified as Basin and Range. Mid-Miocene volcanism of the Comondú group has been considered as a subduction-related arc, whereas post ~12.5 Ma volcanism would be extension-related. Our new integration of the continental onshore and offshore geology of the south-east Gulf region, backed by tens of Ar-Ar and U-Pb ages and geochemical studies, document an early-mid Miocene rifting and extension-related bimodal to andesitic magmatism prior to subduction termination. Between ~21 and 11 Ma a system of NNW-SSE high-angle extensional faults rifted the western side of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) ignimbrite plateau. In Nayarit, rhyolitic domes and some basalts were emplaced along this extensional belt at 18-17 Ma. These rocks show strong antecrystic inheritance but an absence of Mesozoic and older xenocrysts, suggesting a genesis in the mid-upper crust triggered by extension-induced basaltic influx. In Sinaloa, large grabens were floored by huge dome complexes at ~21-17 Ma and filled by continental sediments with interlayered basalts dated at 15 Ma. Mid-Miocene volcanism, including the largely volcaniclastic Comondú strata in Baja California, was thus emplaced in rift basins and appears associated to decompression melting rather than subduction. Along the coast, flat-lying basaltic lava flows dated at 11-10 Ma are exposed just above the present sea level. Here crustal thickness is 25-20 Km, almost half that in the core of the SMO, implying significant lithosphere stretching before ~11 Ma. This mafic pulse, with relatively high Ti but still clear Nb-Ta negative spikes, may be related to the detachment of the lower part of the subducted slab, allowing asthenosphere to flow into parts of the mantle previously fluxed by subduction fluids. Very uniform OIB-like lavas appear in late Pliocene and Pleistocene, only 18 m.y. after the onset of rifting and ~9 m.y. after the end of subduction. Our study shows that rifting began much earlier than Late Miocene and progressively overwhelmed subduction in generating magmatism.

Late Oligocene to middle Miocene rifting and syn-extensional magmatism in the southwestern Sierra Madre occidental, Mexico: the beginning of the Gulf of California rift

Although Basin and Range style extension affected several areas of western Mexico since the Late Eocene, extension in the Gulf of California region (the Gulf Extensional Province GEP) is thought to have started as subduction waned and ended at ~14 12.5 Ma. A general consensus also exists in considering the mid Miocene Comondú group as a suprasubduction volcanic arc. Our new integration of the geology of the south east Gulf region, backed by 43 new Ar Ar and U Pb mineral ages and geochemical studies, document a widespread phase of extension in the southern GEP between latest Oligocene and Early Miocene that subsequently focused in the region of the future Gulf in the Middle Miocene. Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene rocks across the southern Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO)(northern Nayarit and southern Sinaloa) were affected by major ~N S to NNW striking normal faults prior to ~21 Ma. Then, between ~21 and 11 Ma, a system of NNW-SSE high angle extensional faults continued extending the southwestern side of the SMO. Rhyolitic domes, shallow intrusive bodies, and lesser basalts were emplaced along this extensional belt at 20-17 Ma. In northern Sinaloa, large grabens were floored by huge dome complexes at ~21-17 Ma and filled by continental sediments with interlayered basalts dated at 15-14 Ma, a setting and timing very similar to Sonora. Early to Middle Miocene volcanism, including the largely volcaniclastic Comondú strata in Baja California Sur, was thus emplaced in rift basins and was likely associated to decompression melting of upper mantle (inducing crustal partial melting) rather than to fluxing by fluids from the young subducting plate. Along the Nayarit and Sinaloa coast, flatlying basaltic lava flows dated at 11-10 Ma are exposed just above the present sea level. Here, crustal thickness is almost half that in the unextended core of the SMO, implying significant lithosphere stretching before ~11 Ma. Our study shows that rifting began much earlier than Late Miocene and provided a fundamental control on the style and composition of volcanism from at least 30 Ma. We envision a sustained period of lithospheric stretching and magmatism during which the pace and breadth of extension changed at ~20-18 Ma to be narrower and likely more rapid, and again at ~12.5 Ma, when the kinematics of rifting became more oblique.

Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene rifting and synextensional magmatism in the southwestern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico : the beginning of the Gulf of California rift

Although Basin and Range–style extension affected large areas of western Mexico after the Late Eocene, most consider that extension in the Gulf of California region began as subduction waned and ended ca. 14–12.5 Ma. A general consensus also exists in considering Early and Middle Miocene volcanism of the Sierra Madre Occidental and Comondú Group as subduction related, whereas volcanism after ca. 12.5 Ma is extension related. Here we present a new regional geologic study of the eastern Gulf of California margin in the states of Nayarit and Sinaloa, Mexico, backed by 43 new Ar-Ar and U-Pb mineral ages, and geochemical data that document an earlier widespread phase of extension. This extension across the southern and central Gulf Extensional Province began between Late Oligocene and Early Miocene time, but was focused in the region of the future Gulf of California in the Middle Miocene. Late Oligocene to Early Miocene rocks across northern Nayarit and southern Sinaloa were affected by major approximately north-south– to north-northwest– striking normal faults prior to ca. 21 Ma. Between ca. 21 and 11 Ma, a system of north-northwest–south-southeast high angle extensional faults continued extending the southwestern side of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Rhyolitic domes, shallow intrusive bodies, and lesser basalts were emplaced along this extensional belt at 20–17 Ma. Rhyolitic rocks, in particular the domes and lavas, often show strong antecrystic inheritance but only a few Mesozoic or older xenocrysts, suggesting silicic magma generation in the mid-upper crust triggered by an extension induced basaltic infl ux. In northern Sinaloa, large grabens were occupied by huge volcanic dome complexes ca. 21–17 Ma and filled by continental sediments with interlayered basalts dated as 15–14 Ma, a stratigraphy and timing very similar to those found in central Sonora (northeastern Gulf of California margin). Early to Middle Miocene volcanism occurred thus in rift basins, and was likely associated with decompression melting of upper mantle (inducing crustal partial melting) rather than with fluxing by fluids from the young and slow subducting microplates. Along the eastern side of the Gulf of California coast, from Farallón de San Ignacio island offshore Los Mochis, Sinaloa, to San Blas, Nayarit, a strike distance of >700 km, flat lying basaltic lavas dated as ca. 11.5–10 Ma are exposed just above the present sea level. Here crustal thickness is almost half that in the unextended core of the adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental, implying signifi cant lithosphere stretching before ca. 11 Ma. This mafic pulse, with subdued Nb-Ta negative spikes, may be related to the detachment of the lower part of the subducted slab, allowing an upward asthenospheric flow into an upper mantle previously modified by fluid fluxes related to past subduction. Widespread eruption of very uniform oceanic island basalt–like lavas occurred by the late Pliocene and Pleistocene, only 20 m.y. after the onset of rifting and ~9 m.y. after the end of subduction, implying that preexisting subduction-modified mantle had now become isolated from melt source regions. Our study shows that rifting across the southern-central Gulf Extensional Province began much earlier than the Late Miocene and provided a fundamental control on the style and composition of volcanism from at least 30 Ma. We envision a sustained period of lithospheric stretching and magmatism during which the pace and breadth of extension changed ca. 20–18 Ma to be narrower, and again after ca. 12.5 Ma, when the kinematics of rifting became more oblique.

Expected Performance of the ATLAS Experiment - Detector, Trigger and Physics

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of operation of the LHC at CERN.

Scale-dependent relationships between tree species richness and ecosystem function in forests

1. The relationship between species richness and ecosystem function, as measured by productivity or biomass, is of long-standing theoretical and practical interest in ecology. This is especially true for forests, which represent a majority of global biomass, productivity and biodiversity. 2. Here, we conduct an analysis of relationships between tree species richness, biomass and productivity in 25 forest plots of area 8-50ha from across the world. The data were collected using standardized protocols, obviating the need to correct for methodological differences that plague many studies on this topic. 3. We found that at very small spatial grains (0.04ha) species richness was generally positively related to productivity and biomass within plots, with a doubling of species richness corresponding to an average 48% increase in productivity and 53% increase in biomass. At larger spatial grains (0.25ha, 1ha), results were mixed, with negative relationships becoming more common. The results were qualitatively similar but much weaker when we controlled for stem density: at the 0.04ha spatial grain, a doubling of species richness corresponded to a 5% increase in productivity and 7% increase in biomass. Productivity and biomass were themselves almost always positively related at all spatial grains. 4. Synthesis. This is the first cross-site study of the effect of tree species richness on forest biomass and productivity that systematically varies spatial grain within a controlled methodology. The scale-dependent results are consistent with theoretical models in which sampling effects and niche complementarity dominate at small scales, while environmental gradients drive patterns at large scales. Our study shows that the relationship of tree species richness with biomass and productivity changes qualitatively when moving from scales typical of forest surveys (0.04ha) to slightly larger scales (0.25 and 1ha). This needs to be recognized in forest conservation policy and management.

Local spatial structure of forest biomass and its consequences for remote sensing of carbon stocks

Advances in forest carbon mapping have the potential to greatly reduce uncertainties in the global carbon budget and to facilitate effective emissions mitigation strategies such as REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). Though broad-scale mapping is based primarily on remote sensing data, the accuracy of resulting forest carbon stock estimates depends critically on the quality of field measurements and calibration procedures. The mismatch in spatial scales between field inventory plots and larger pixels of current and planned remote sensing products for forest biomass mapping is of particular concern, as it has the potential to introduce errors, especially if forest biomass shows strong local spatial variation. Here, we used 30 large (8-50 ha) globally distributed permanent forest plots to quantify the spatial variability in aboveground biomass density (AGBD in Mgha(-1)) at spatial scales ranging from 5 to 250m (0.025-6.25 ha), and to evaluate the implications of this variability for calibrating remote sensing products using simulated remote sensing footprints. We found that local spatial variability in AGBD is large for standard plot sizes, averaging 46.3% for replicate 0.1 ha subplots within a single large plot, and 16.6% for 1 ha subplots. AGBD showed weak spatial autocorrelation at distances of 20-400 m, with autocorrelation higher in sites with higher topographic variability and statistically significant in half of the sites. We further show that when field calibration plots are smaller than the remote sensing pixels, the high local spatial variability in AGBD leads to a substantial ``dilution'' bias in calibration parameters, a bias that cannot be removed with standard statistical methods. Our results suggest that topography should be explicitly accounted for in future sampling strategies and that much care must be taken in designing calibration schemes if remote sensing of forest carbon is to achieve its promise.

CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change

Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long-term forest dynamics research sites (CTFS-ForestGEO) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25ha), all stems 1cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS-ForestGEO spans 25 degrees S-61 degrees N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS-ForestGEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 degrees C), changes in precipitation (up to +/- 30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8g Nm(-2)yr(-1) and 3.1g Sm(-2)yr(-1)), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS-ForestGEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS-ForestGEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between similar to 40,000 and similar to 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of similar to 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of similar to 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.

Sapientia, 1950, Vol. V, nº 16 (número completo)

Contenido: El hombre desamparado / La Dirección – Los fundamentos de la educación en Santo Tomás de Aquino / José Todoli Duque -- La filosofía jurídica de Hans Kelsen/ Julio M. Ojea Quintana – El problema moral / Carlo Giacon – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Sapientia, 1952, Vol. VII, nº 25 (número completo)

Contenido: Crisis y recuperación de la cultura / La Dirección – La personalidad desde el punto de vista metafísico / José Todoli Duque O. P. – Las líneas fundamentales del método de Lavelle / Juan León Reid O. P. – Panorama filosófico en el Méjico actual / José Rubén Sanabria – Notas y comentarios -- Bibliografía

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 084F]

Na Comissão de Organização dos Poderes da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) o substitutivo causou polêmica. O Deputado Albérico Filho (PMDB-MA) defende o mandato de cinco anos para Presidente da República e sistema híbrido de governo. O Deputado Nilso Sguarezi (PMDB-PR) acredita que o parlamentarismo e quatro anos de mandato sejam a melhor opção. Na Comissão da Família, da Educação, Cultura e Esporte, da Ciência e Tecnologia e da Comunicação, o relatório do Senador Artur da Távola propõe o fim da censura nos espetáculos e diversões públicas. Representante do sindicato dos artistas pede que a censura seja desvinculada da Polícia Federal. O Deputado Cassio Cunha Lima (PMDB-PB) defende o Conselho de Censura. A Deputada Dirce Tutu Quadros (PTB-SP) acha que é necessário controle da qualidade. O relatório da Comissão da Ordem Econômica divide os constituintes. Oswaldo Lima Filho (PMDB-PE) achou o anteprojeto fraco. Jonas Pinheiro (PFL-MT) citou alguns aspectos a serem tratados dentro da reforma agrária. Em relação ao uso do solo, a Deputada Irma Passoni (PT-SP) defende a fiscalização, que não permita o uso depredatório dos minérios brasileiros. Hélio Duque (PMDB-PR) denuncia empresas com concessão de reservas e não dispõe de atividade econômica.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 108A]

Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM), Relator da Comissão de Sistematização, termina a revisão de todos os relatórios temáticos da Constituinte, mantendo em grande parte os artigos propostos pelas comissões e subcomissões. Ele está buscando enxugar e evitar as repetições no relatório, que possui até o momento aproximadamente 400 artigos. José Ignácio Ferreira (PMDB-ES) conclui o relatório da Comissão da Família, da Educação, Cultura e Esporte, da Ciência e Tecnologia e da Comunicação. O relatório tem como pontos principais: direitos iguais para o homem e a mulher no casamento; divórcio permitido após prévia separação judicial por mais de 2 anos; verbas públicas para as escolas públicas; criação do Conselho Nacional de Comunicação (CONAC). José Ignácio Ferreira(PMDB-ES) explica que, depois de ouvido o CONAC, o presidente outorga a concessão do veículo de comunicação, para ser encaminhada ao referendo do Congresso Nacional. Artur da Távola (PMDB-RJ) relata que os quatro princípios ou finalidades da comunicação foram mantidos no relatório. Na sessão o Povo Pergunta, cidadão quer saber como está sendo tratado o direito de greve na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). Francisco Kuster (PSDB-SC) responde que a greve deve ser tratada diretamente entre o empregado e o patrão, inclusive no serviço público, e que a Constituição deve acabar com qualquer cerceamento ao direito de greve. Marco Maciel , Presidente do PFL, levou ao Presidente do PT, Luiz Inácio da Silva, a sua tese de pacto social para vencer a crise na Constituinte. Lula (PT-SP) acredita em um pacto que dê aos brasileiros uma Constituição moderna em benefício da sociedade . Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP) lista os pontos que deverão ser tratados na convenção nacional do partido : assuntos da ordem econômica, social e política; assuntos que tenham relacionamento com a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC); e o mais importante,"o coração da Constituição", a discussão da forma de governo presidencialista ou parlamentarista. Expedito Machado (PMDB-CE) e Hélio Duque (PMDB-PR) explicam suas posições políticas em relação ao sistema de governo.

Territorios y fronteras : experiencias documentales contemporáneas

169 p. : il. col.