Avaliação de desempenho de algoritmos de alocação de comprimento de onda em redes ópticas WDM

Neste trabalho estudamos alguns algoritmos de alocação de comprimento de onda em redes ópticas WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing). O objetivo para estudar os algoritmos de alocação first-fit, least-used e most-used está baseado na estratégia adotada para estudar o Problema RWA. A estratégia toma como base a visão geral do problema que envolve os algoritmos de roteamento e os algoritmos de alocação de comprimento de onda, e tendo como métrica principal para seus resultados a probabilidade de bloqueio. Este trabalho apresenta uma visão diferenciada para o problema e considera-se que a alocação de comprimentos de onda se sobrepõe, em importância, à ação de roteamento em redes ópticas. Essa percepção ocorre quando se analisa o problema RWA a partir do critério clássico usado no estabelecimento de uma rota: a escolha do caminho mais curto entre a origem e o destino. Apesar da identificação de um caminho mais curto, isso não garante, em redes ópticas, que ele será o utilizado, pois é necessário que haja para aquele caminho, um comprimento de onda adequado. Foi utilizada uma ferramenta de simulação para redes WDM denominada OWNS para realizar uma análise do problema RWA. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados graficamente e em uma das simulações observou-se uma forte tendência de queda na probabilidade de bloqueio e uma boa vazão no trafego da rede com isso possibilitando um aumento na capacidade de transmissão da rede. Por fim, este texto apresenta uma discussão sobre os diferenciais e limitações deste trabalho, e apresenta direcionamentos para investigações futuras neste campo de estudo.

Estratégia de projeto de atribuição de comprimento de onda com restrição de camada física em redes WDM

O sistema WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) é considerado como uma tecnologia madura para ser usada no backbone de redes ópticas. Entretanto, encontrar uma solução ótima para o algoritmo de atribuição de comprimento de onda no projeto e operação destas redes, ainda é uma questão em aberto. A pesquisa realizada nesta tese aborda os principais aspectos relacionados ao processo de atribuição de comprimento de onda em sistemas WDM, e como resultado foi proposta uma metodologia que minimiza a degradação do sinal óptico gerada pela modulação de fase cruzada (XPM – Cross-Phase Modulation). Esta proposta é composta por uma metodologia híbrida baseada em Coloração de Grafo e Algoritmo Genético (AG), sendo que o primeiro tem a função de reduzir o número de comprimentos de onda necessários para atender a matriz de tráfego (que é fornecida a priori) e o último tem a função de encontrar a ordem de ativação de canais na grade de comprimentos de onda, com o objetivo de reduzir o efeito XPM. A proposta foi comparada com o algoritmo First-Fit em diferentes cenários e topologias de redes, e demonstrou uma considerável redução na probabilidade de bloqueio.

Estudo comparativo de sistemas de rádio digital sobre fibra aplicado a C-RAN

O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar aspectos relacionados ao uso de Multiplexação por Subportadora (SCM) em um sistema de transmissão de Rádio Digital sobre Fibra (DRoF) aplicado à Arquitetura de Acesso a Rádio Centralizado (C-RAN). Para isso, foram criados dois cenários que fazem uso da tecnologia DRoF, onde no primeiro, três subportadoras são transmitidas em um comprimento de onda e, para o segundo cenário, três comprimentos de onda são transmitidos, onde cada um possui uma única subportadora. Para ambas configurações é visado alimentar unidades de rádio remoto (RRH) localizadas na torre de transmissão. São analisados aspectos de desempenho da recepção, alcance das redes e complexidade do sistema para cada um dos cenários propostos. Além disso, são mostrados passo a passo como os sistemas foram construídos utilizando o software de simulação VPITransmissionMaker. Foram considerados para cada subportadora uma taxa de 250 Mbps, modulação 16-QAM, centrados na frequência de 5GHz. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, para SCM-DRoF, uma Taxa de Erro de Bit (BER) de 10^-6 é mantida constante para enlaces de até 20 km. No segundo modelo, sem uso de SCM, um desempenho similar foi verificado, contudo com alcance de até 40 km. Dado o contexto da aplicação, os fatores desempenho e distância levam a crer que ambos cenários de transmissão podem ser utilizadas para C-RAN. Contudo, levando em consideração o custo e a complexidade no domínio óptico, o sistema utilizando SCM, comparativamente, possui mais vantagens. Conclui-se então que o uso de SCM apresenta-se como uma forte opção para aplicações no contexto das novas tecnologias de redes de acesso móvel.

Survivable Lightpath Provisioning in WDM Mesh Networks Under Shared Path Protection and Signal Quality Constraints

This paper addresses the problem of survivable lightpath provisioning in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) mesh networks, taking into consideration optical-layer protection and some realistic optical signal quality constraints. The investigated networks use sparsely placed optical–electrical–optical (O/E/O) modules for regeneration and wavelength conversion. Given a fixed network topology with a number of sparsely placed O/E/O modules and a set of connection requests, a pair of link-disjoint lightpaths is established for each connection. Due to physical impairments and wavelength continuity, both the working and protection lightpaths need to be regenerated at some intermediate nodes to overcome signal quality degradation and wavelength contention. In the present paper, resource-efficient provisioning solutions are achieved with the objective of maximizing resource sharing. The authors propose a resource-sharing scheme that supports three kinds of resource-sharing scenarios, including a conventional wavelength-link sharing scenario, which shares wavelength links between protection lightpaths, and two new scenarios, which share O/E/O modules between protection lightpaths and between working and protection lightpaths. An integer linear programming (ILP)-based solution approach is used to find optimal solutions. The authors also propose a local optimization heuristic approach and a tabu search heuristic approach to solve this problem for real-world, large mesh networks. Numerical results show that our solution approaches work well under a variety of network settings and achieves a high level of resource-sharing rates (over 60% for O/E/O modules and over 30% for wavelength links), which translate into great savings in network costs.

Optical Components for WDM Lightwave Networks

Recently, there has been growing interest in developing optical fiber networks to support the increasing bandwidth demands of multimedia applications, such as video conferencing and World Wide Web browsing. One technique for accessing the huge bandwidth available in an optical fiber is wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Under WDM, the optical fiber bandwidth is divided into a number of nonoverlapping wavelength bands, each of which may be accessed at peak electronic rates by an end user. By utilizing WDM in optical networks, we can achieve link capacities on the order of 50 THz. The success of WDM networks depends heavily on the available optical device technology. This paper is intended as a tutorial on some of the optical device issues in WDM networks. It discusses the basic principles of optical transmission in fiber and reviews the current state of the art in optical device technology. It introduces some of the basic components in WDM networks, discusses various implementations of these components, and provides insights into their capabilities and limitations. Then, this paper demonstrates how various optical components can be incorporated into WDM optical networks for both local and wide-area applications. Last, the paper provides a brief review of experimental WDM networks that have been implemented.

Dynamic Traffic Grooming Algorithms for Reconfigurable SONET Over WDM Networks

The emergence of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology provides the capability for increasing the bandwidth of synchronous optical network (SONET) rings by grooming low-speed traffic streams onto different high-speed wavelength channels. Since the cost of SONET add–drop multiplexers (SADM) at each node dominates the total cost of these networks, how to assign the wavelength, groom the traffic, and bypass the traffic through the intermediate nodes has received a lot of attention from researchers recently. Moreover, the traffic pattern of the optical network changes from time to time. How to develop dynamic reconfiguration algorithms for traffic grooming is an important issue. In this paper, two cases (best fit and full fit) for handling reconfigurable SONET over WDM networks are proposed. For each approach, an integer linear programming model and heuristic algorithms (TS-1 and TS-2, based on the tabu search method) are given. The results demonstrate that the TS-1 algorithm can yield better solutions but has a greater running time than the greedy algorithm for the best fit case. For the full fit case, the tabu search heuristic yields competitive results compared with an earlier simulated annealing based method and it is more stable for the dynamic case.

Survivable Traffic Grooming With Path Protection at the Connection Level in WDM Mesh Networks

Survivable traffic grooming (STG) is a promising approach to provide reliable and resource-efficient multigranularity connection services in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. In this paper, we study the STG problem in WDM mesh optical networks employing path protection at the connection level. Both dedicated-protection and shared-protection schemes are considered. Given network resources, the objective of the STG problem is to maximize network throughput. To enable survivability under various kinds of single failures, such as fiber cut and duct cut, we consider the general shared-risklink- group (SRLG) diverse routing constraints. We first resort to the integer-linear-programming (ILP) approach to obtain optimal solutions. To address its high computational complexity, we then propose three efficient heuristics, namely separated survivable grooming algorithm (SSGA), integrated survivable grooming algorithm (ISGA), and tabu-search survivable grooming algorithm (TSGA). While SSGA and ISGA correspond to an overlay network model and a peer network model, respectively, TSGA further improves the grooming results from SSGA and ISGA by incorporating the effective tabu-search (TS) method. Numerical results show that the heuristics achieve comparable solutions to the ILP approach, which uses significantly longer running times than the heuristics.

Dynamic Routing in Translucent WDM Optical Networks: The Intradomain Case

Translucent wavelength-division multiplexing optical networks use sparse placement of regenerators to overcome physical impairments and wavelength contention introduced by fully transparent networks, and achieve a performance close to fully opaque networks at a much less cost. In previous studies, we addressed the placement of regenerators based on static schemes, allowing for only a limited number of regenerators at fixed locations. This paper furthers those studies by proposing a dynamic resource allocation and dynamic routing scheme to operate translucent networks. This scheme is realized through dynamically sharing regeneration resources, including transmitters, receivers, and electronic interfaces, between regeneration and access functions under a multidomain hierarchical translucent network model. An intradomain routing algorithm, which takes into consideration optical-layer constraints as well as dynamic allocation of regeneration resources, is developed to address the problem of translucent dynamic routing in a single routing domain. Network performance in terms of blocking probability, resource utilization, and running times under different resource allocation and routing schemes is measured through simulation experiments.

Priority-based Lambda Scheduler

Optical networks provide a new dimension to meet the demands of exponentially growing traffic. Optical packet switching requires a good switch architecture, which eliminates the O/E/O conversion as much as possible. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) provides a breakthrough to exploit the huge bandwidth of the optical fiber. Different applications have different requirements, which necessitate employing differentiated services. This paper presents the idea of a priority-based λ-scheduler, where the packets are differentiated into different classes and services are provided accordingly. For example, class 0 can correspond to non real time applications like email and ftp, while class 1 can correspond to real-time audio and video communications. The architecture is based on that of the λ-scheduler and hence it has the added advantage of reduced component cost by using WDM internally.

Same-Destination-Intermediate Grouping vs. End-to-End Grouping for Waveband Switching in WDM Mesh Networks

We investigate waveband switching (WBS) with different grouping strategies in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) mesh networks. End-to-end waveband switching (ETEWBS) and same-destination-intermediate waveband switching (SD-IT-WBS) are analyzed and compared in terms of blocking probability and cost savings. First, an analytical model for ETEWBS is proposed to determine the network blocking probability in a mesh network. For SD-IT-WBS, a simple waveband switching algorithm is presented. An analytical model to determine the network blocking probability is proposed for SD-IT-WBS based on the algorithm. The analytical results are validated by comparing with simulation results. Both results match well and show that ETE-WBS slightly outperforms SD-IT-WBS in terms of blocking probability. On the other hand, simulation results show that SD-IT-WBS outperforms ETE-WBS in terms of cost savings.

Joint Computing and Network Resource Scheduling in a Lambda Grid Network

Data-intensive Grid applications require huge data transfers between grid computing nodes. These computing nodes, where computing jobs are executed, are usually geographically separated. A grid network that employs optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology and optical switches to interconnect computing resources with dynamically provisioned multi-gigabit rate bandwidth lightpath is called a Lambda Grid network. A computing task may be executed on any one of several computing nodes which possesses the necessary resources. In order to reflect the reality in job scheduling, allocation of network resources for data transfer should be taken into consideration. However, few scheduling methods consider the communication contention on Lambda Grids. In this paper, we investigate the joint scheduling problem while considering both optical network and computing resources in a Lambda Grid network. The objective of our work is to maximize the total number of jobs that can be scheduled in a Lambda Grid network. An adaptive routing algorithm is proposed and implemented for accomplishing the communication tasks for every job submitted in the network. Four heuristics (FIFO, ESTF, LJF, RS) are implemented for job scheduling of the computational tasks. Simulation results prove the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solution.

Minimizing the Number of Optical Amplifiers Needed to Support a Multi-Wavelength Optical LAN/MAN

Optical networks based on passive star couplers and employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDhf) have been proposed for deployment in local and metropolitan areas. Amplifiers are required in such networks to compensate for the power losses due to splitting and attenuation. However, an optical amplifier has constraints on the maximum gain and the maximum output power it can supply; thus optical amplifier placement becomes a challenging problem. The general problem of minimizing the total amplifier count, subject to the device constraints, is a mixed-integer non-linear problem. Previous studies have attacked the amplifier placement problem by adding the “artificial” constraint that all wavelengths, which are present at a particular point in a fiber, be at the same power level. In this paper, we present a method to solve the minimum amplifier- placement problem while avoiding the equally powered- wavelength constraint. We demonstrate that, by allowing signals to operate at different power levels, our method can reduce the number of amplifiers required in several small to medium-sized networks.

Joint Computing and Network Resource Scheduling in a Lambda Grid Network

Data-intensive Grid applications require huge data transfers between grid computing nodes. These computing nodes, where computing jobs are executed, are usually geographically separated. A grid network that employs optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology and optical switches to interconnect computing resources with dynamically provisioned multi-gigabit rate bandwidth lightpath is called a Lambda Grid network. A computing task may be executed on any one of several computing nodes which possesses the necessary resources. In order to reflect the reality in job scheduling, allocation of network resources for data transfer should be taken into consideration. However, few scheduling methods consider the communication contention on Lambda Grids. In this paper, we investigate the joint scheduling problem while considering both optical network and computing resources in a Lambda Grid network. The objective of our work is to maximize the total number of jobs that can be scheduled in a Lambda Grid network. An adaptive routing algorithm is proposed and implemented for accomplishing the communication tasks for every job submitted in the network. Four heuristics (FIFO, ESTF, LJF, RS) are implemented for job scheduling of the computational tasks. Simulation results prove the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solution.

Virtual Topology Reconfiguration of Wavelength-routed Optical WDM Networks

The bandwidth requirements of the Internet are increasing every day and there are newer and more bandwidth-thirsty applications emerging on the horizon. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is the next step towards leveraging the capabilities of the optical fiber, especially for wide-area backbone networks. The ability to switch a signal at intermediate nodes in a WDM network based on their wavelengths is known as wavelength-routing. One of the greatest advantages of using wavelength-routing WDM is the ability to create a virtual topology different from the physical topology of the underlying network. This virtual topology can be reconfigured when necessary, to improve performance. We discuss the previous work done on virtual topology design and also discuss and propose different reconfiguration algorithms applicable under different scenarios.

A Graph Model for DynamicWaveband Switching in WDM Mesh Networks

We investigate the problem of waveband switching (WBS) in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) mesh network with dynamic traffic requests. To solve the WBS problem in a homogeneous dynamic WBS network, where every node is a multi-granular optical cross-connect (MG-OXC), we construct an auxiliary graph. Based on the auxiliary graph, we develop two heuristic on-line WBS algorithms with different grouping policies, namely the wavelength-first WBS algorithm based on the auxiliary graph (WFAUG) and the waveband-first WBS algorithm based on the auxiliary graph (BFAUG). Our results show that the WFAUG algorithm outperforms the BFAUG algorithm.