As empresas e a sua internacionalização

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Assessoria de Administração, sob orientação da Professora Doutora Raquel Susana da Costa Pereira

O Futuro dos Centros de Dados

Atualmente, as Tecnologias de Informação (TI) são cada vez mais vitais dentro das organizações. As TI são o motor de suporte do negócio. Para grande parte das organizações, o funcionamento e desenvolvimento das TI têm como base infraestruturas dedicadas (internas ou externas) denominadas por Centro de Dados (CD). Nestas infraestruturas estão concentrados os equipamentos de processamento e armazenamento de dados de uma organização, por isso, são e serão cada vez mais desafiadas relativamente a diversos fatores tais como a escalabilidade, disponibilidade, tolerância à falha, desempenho, recursos disponíveis ou disponibilizados, segurança, eficiência energética e inevitavelmente os custos associados. Com o aparecimento das tecnologias baseadas em computação em nuvem e virtualização, abrese todo um leque de novas formas de endereçar os desafios anteriormente descritos. Perante este novo paradigma, surgem novas oportunidades de consolidação dos CD que podem representar novos desafios para os gestores de CD. Por isso, é no mínimo irrealista para as organizações simplesmente eliminarem os CD ou transforma-los segundo os mais altos padrões de qualidade. As organizações devem otimizar os seus CD, contudo um projeto eficiente desta natureza, com capacidade para suportar as necessidades impostas pelo mercado, necessidades dos negócios e a velocidade da evolução tecnológica, exigem soluções complexas e dispendiosas tanto para a sua implementação como a sua gestão. É neste âmbito que surge o presente trabalho. Com o objetivo de estudar os CD inicia-se um estudo sobre esta temática, onde é detalhado o seu conceito, evolução histórica, a sua topologia, arquitetura e normas existentes que regem os mesmos. Posteriormente o estudo detalha algumas das principais tendências condicionadoras do futuro dos CD. Explorando o conhecimento teórico resultante do estudo anterior, desenvolve-se uma metodologia de avaliação dos CD baseado em critérios de decisão. O estudo culmina com uma análise sobre uma nova solução tecnológica e a avaliação de três possíveis cenários de implementação: a primeira baseada na manutenção do atual CD; a segunda baseada na implementação da nova solução em outro CD em regime de hosting externo; e finalmente a terceira baseada numa implementação em regime de IaaS.

Utilização de sensores de baixo custo na medição de monóxido de carbono no ar ambiente

Nos últimos anos tem-se assistido à introdução de novos dispositivos de medição da poluição do ar baseados na utilização de sensores de baixo custo. A utilização menos complexa destes sistemas, possibilita a obtenção de dados com elevada resolução temporal e espacial, abrindo novas oportunidades para diferentes metodologias de estudos de monitorização da poluição do ar. Apesar de apresentarem capacidades analíticas distantes dos métodos de referência, a utilização destes sensores tem sido sugerida e incentivada pela União Europeia no âmbito das medições indicativas previstas na Diretiva 2008/50/CE, com uma incerteza expandida máxima de 25%. O trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito da disciplina de Projeto consistiu na escolha, caracterização e utilização em medições reais de um sensor de qualidade do ar, integrado num equipamento protótipo desenvolvido com esse fim, visando obtenção uma estimativa da incerteza de medição associada à utilização deste dispositivo através da aplicação da metodologia de demonstração de equivalência de métodos de medição de qualidade do ar definida pela União Europeia. A pesquisa bibliográfica realizada permitiu constatar que o monóxido de carbono é neste momento o parâmetro de qualidade do ar que permite ser medido de forma mais exata através da utilização de sensores, nomeadamente o sensor eletroquímico da marca Alphasense, modelo COB4, amplamente utilizado em projetos de desenvolvimento neste cotexto de monitorização ambiental. O sensor foi integrado num sistema de medição com o objetivo de poder ser utlizado em condições de autonomia de fornecimento de energia elétrica, aquisição interna dos dados, tendo em consideração ser o mais pequeno possível e de baixo custo. Foi utlizado um sistema baseado na placa Arduino Uno com gravação de dados em cartão de memória SD, baterias e painel solar, permitindo para além do registo das tensões elétricas do sensor, a obtenção dos valores de temperatura, humidade relativa e pressão atmosférica, com um custo global a rondar os 300 euros. Numa primeira fase foram executados um conjunto de testes laboratoriais que permitiram a determinação de várias características de desempenho em dois sensores iguais: tempo de resposta, a equação modelo do sensor, avaliação da repetibilidade, desvio de curto e longo termo, interferência da temperatura e histerese. Os resultados demonstraram um comportamento dos sensores muito linear, com um tempo de resposta inferior a um minuto e com uma equação modelo do sensor dependente da variação da temperatura. A estimativa da incerteza expandida laboratorial ficou, para ambos os sensores, abaixo dos 10%. Após a realização de duas campanhas reais de medição de CO em que os valores foram muito baixos, foi realizada uma campanha de quinze dias num parque de estacionamento subterrâneo que permitiu a obtenção de concentrações suficientemente elevadas e a comparação dos resultados dos sensores com o método de referência em toda a gama de medição (0 a 12 mol.mol-1). Os valores de concentração obtidos pelos dois sensores demonstraram uma excelente correlação com o método de referência (r2≥0,998), obtendo-se resultados para a estimativa da incerteza expandida de campo inferiores aos obtidos para a incerteza laboratorial, cumprindo o objetivo de qualidade de dados definido para as medições indicativas de incerteza expandida máxima de 25%. Os resultados observados durante o trabalho realizado permitiram confirmar o bom desempenho que este tipo de sensor pode ter no âmbito de medições de poluição do ar com um caracter mais indicativo.

Modelling lean and green supply chain

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Industrial

Development of an ambient assisted living ecosystem

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

A harmonização fiscal europeia

With this dissertation we aim to analyze the most relevant aspects of the excise duties harmonized regime, considering Community origins, but having also in attention all legal specifications of its implementation in Portugal. The legal regime of excise duties is presented as an ambitious theme, considering the challenge of different branches of law that influence this subject, such as Tax, Economic and Community laws, the inescapable influence of customs procedures, or regarding environmental objectives. In the European context, the harmonization of excise duties was seen as a condition for the implementation of the internal market, contributing to undo secular tax barriers between Member States and, since so, ensure fair competition and free movement of services and goods. Along with VAT, the excise duties harmonization process could represent a potential European tax system, essential for a full and integrated single market. In this context, it is essential to pay special attention to specific characteristics of excise duties regime, such as ‘duty suspension arrangement’ applicable during the production phase, storage and movement in certain conditions. The growing importance of excise duties, as for revenue or extra-fiscal purposes, recommends new academic studies on this subject, seeking new opportunities and challenges.

Segurança privada

This work aims to reflect on the way as the security has come to evolue, fitting new private actors who now play functions, long ago private the public beings. This new situation raises issues of privatization of public authority, which puts into question the ius imperii and rights of citizens. Although private security is a growing reality, and that it needed to study.

A harmonização fiscal europeia

With this dissertation we aim to analyze the most relevant aspects of the excise duties harmonized regime, considering Community origins, but having also in attention all legal specifications of its implementation in Portugal. The legal regime of excise duties is presented as an ambitious theme, considering the challenge of different branches of law that influence this subject, such as Tax, Economic and Community laws, the inescapable influence of customs procedures, or regarding environmental objectives. In the European context, the harmonization of excise duties was seen as a condition for the implementation of the internal market, contributing to undo secular tax barriers between Member States and, since so, ensure fair competition and free movement of services and goods. Along with VAT, the excise duties harmonization process could represent a potential European tax system, essential for a full and integrated single market. In this context, it is essential to pay special attention to specific characteristics of excise duties regime, such as ‘duty suspension arrangement’ applicable during the production phase, storage and movement in certain conditions. The growing importance of excise duties, as for revenue or extra-fiscal purposes, recommends new academic studies on this subject, seeking new opportunities and challenges.

Development of folate-targeted liposomes for rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (área de especialização em Biologia Celular e Saúde).

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after heart explantation: a proposal on how to deal with hyperacute rejection of heart transplant

Purpose: In extreme situations, such as hyperacute rejection of heart transplant or major bleeding per-operating complications, an urgent heart explantation might be the only means of survival. The aim of this experimental study was to improve the surgical technique and the hemodynamics of an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) support through a peripheral vascular access in an acardia model. Methods: An ECMO support was established in 7 bovine experiments (59±6.1 kg) by the transjugular insertion to the caval axis of a self-expanded cannula, with return through a carotid artery. After baseline measurements of pump flow and arterial and central venous pressure, ventricular fibrillation was induced (B), the great arteries were clamped, the heart was excised and right and left atria remnants, containing the pulmonary veins, were sutured together leaving an atrial septal defect (ASD) over the cannula in the caval axis. Measurements were taken with the pulmonary artery (PA) clamped (C) and anastomosed with the caval axis (D). Regular arterial and central venous blood gases tests were performed. The ANOVA test for repeated measures was used to test the null hypothesis and a Bonferroni t method for assessing the significance in the between groups pairwise comparison of mean pump flow. Results: Initial pump flow (A) was 4.3±0.6 L/min dropping to 2.8±0.7 L/min (P B-A= 0.003) 10 minutes after induction of ventricular fibrillation (B). After cardiectomy, with the pulmonary artery clamped (C) it augmented not significantly to 3.5±0.8 L/min (P C-B= 0.33, P C-A= 0.029). Finally, PA anastomosis to the caval axis was followed by an almost to baseline pump flow augmentation (4.1±0.7 L/min, P D-B= 0.009, P D-C= 0.006, P D-A= 0.597), permitting a full ECMO support in acardia by a peripheral vascular access. Conclusions: ECMO support in acardia is feasible, providing new opportunities in situations where heart must urgently be explanted, as in hyperacute rejection of heart transplant. Adequate drainage of pulmonary circulation is pivotal in order to avoid pulmonary congestion and loss of volume from the normal right to left shunt of bronchial vessels. Furthermore, the PA anastomosis to the caval axis not only improves pump flow but it also permits an ECMO support by a peripheral vascular access and the closure of the chest.

Targeting mitochondria in the infection strategy of the hepatitis C virus.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces a state of oxidative stress more pronounced than that observed in many other inflammatory diseases. Here, we propose a temporal sequence of events in the HCV-infected cell whereby the primary alteration consists of a release of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by uptake into mitochondria. This ensues successive mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and a progressive metabolic adaptive response. Evidence is provided for a positive feed-back mechanism between alterations of calcium and redox homeostasis. This likely involves deregulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition and induces progressive dysfunction of cellular bioenergetics. Pathogenetic implications of the model and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention are discussed. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaptation and therapy.

The de facto independence of regulatory agencies and its consequences for policy making and regulatory outcomes

This dissertation focuses on the practice of regulatory governance, throughout the study of the functioning of formally independent regulatory agencies (IRAs), with special attention to their de facto independence. The research goals are grounded on a "neo-positivist" (or "reconstructed positivist") position (Hawkesworth 1992; Radaelli 2000b; Sabatier 2000). This perspective starts from the ontological assumption that even if subjective perceptions are constitutive elements of political phenomena, a real world exists beyond any social construction and can, however imperfectly, become the object of scientific inquiry. Epistemologically, it follows that hypothetical-deductive theories with explanatory aims can be tested by employing a proper methodology and set of analytical techniques. It is thus possible to make scientific inferences and general conclusions to a certain extent, according to a Bayesian conception of knowledge, in order to update the prior scientific beliefs in the truth of the related hypotheses (Howson 1998), while acknowledging the fact that the conditions of truth are at least partially subjective and historically determined (Foucault 1988; Kuhn 1970). At the same time, a sceptical position is adopted towards the supposed disjunction between facts and values and the possibility of discovering abstract universal laws in social science. It has been observed that the current version of capitalism corresponds to the golden age of regulation, and that since the 1980s no government activity in OECD countries has grown faster than regulatory functions (Jacobs 1999). Following an apparent paradox, the ongoing dynamics of liberalisation, privatisation, decartelisation, internationalisation, and regional integration hardly led to the crumbling of the state, but instead promoted a wave of regulatory growth in the face of new risks and new opportunities (Vogel 1996). Accordingly, a new order of regulatory capitalism is rising, implying a new division of labour between state and society and entailing the expansion and intensification of regulation (Levi-Faur 2005). The previous order, relying on public ownership and public intervention and/or on sectoral self-regulation by private actors, is being replaced by a more formalised, expert-based, open, and independently regulated model of governance. Independent regulation agencies (IRAs), that is, formally independent administrative agencies with regulatory powers that benefit from public authority delegated from political decision makers, represent the main institutional feature of regulatory governance (Gilardi 2008). IRAs constitute a relatively new technology of regulation in western Europe, at least for certain domains, but they are increasingly widespread across countries and sectors. For instance, independent regulators have been set up for regulating very diverse issues, such as general competition, banking and finance, telecommunications, civil aviation, railway services, food safety, the pharmaceutical industry, electricity, environmental protection, and personal data privacy. Two attributes of IRAs deserve a special mention. On the one hand, they are formally separated from democratic institutions and elected politicians, thus raising normative and empirical concerns about their accountability and legitimacy. On the other hand, some hard questions about their role as political actors are still unaddressed, though, together with regulatory competencies, IRAs often accumulate executive, (quasi-)legislative, and adjudicatory functions, as well as about their performance.

Pharmacological Approaches to Antitrypanosomal Chemotherapy

There is an urgent need for new drugs for the chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Progress has been made in the identification and characterization of novel drug targets for rational chemotherapy and inhibitors of trypanosomatid glycosomal enzymes, trypanothione reductase, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, cysteine proteases and of the purine and sterol biosynthetic pathways. However, less attention has been paid to the pharmacological aspects of drug design or to the use of drug delivery systems in the chemotherapy of African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. A review of research on pharmacology and drug delivery systems shows that there are new opportunities for improving the chemotherapy of these diseases.

The population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi: expanded analysis of 54 strains using eight polymorphic CA-repeat microsatellites

Recently we cloned and sequenced the first eight Trypanosoma cruzi polymorphic microsatellite loci and studied 31 clones and strains to obtain valuable information about the population structure of the parasite. We have now studied 23 further strains, increasing from 11 to 31 the number of strains obtained from patients with chronic Chagas disease. This expanded set of 54 strains and clones analyzed with the eight microsatellites markers confirmed the previously observed diploidy, clonal population organization and very high polymorphism of T. cruzi. Moreover, this new study disclosed two new features of the population genetic structure of T. cruzi. The first was the discovery that, similarly to what we had previously shown for strains isolated from insect vectors, mammals and humans with acute disease, isolates from patients in the chronic phase of Chagas disease could also be multiclonal, albeit at a reduced proportion. Second, when we used parsimony to display the genetic relationship among the clonal lineages in an unrooted Wagner network we observed, like before, a good correlation of the tree topography with the classification in three clusters on the basis of single locus analysis of the ribosomal RNA genes. However, a significant new finding was that now the strains belonging to cluster 2 split in two distant sub-clusters. This observation suggests that the evolutionary history of T. cruzi may be more complex than we previously thought.

Questions et réponses sur l'utilisation du rivaroxaban (Xarelto) dans la pratique [Questions and answers regarding the use of rivaroxaban in daily practice].

Several new oral anticoagulants are now on the Swiss market and the general practitioner faces new challenges regarding the management of these new drugs. This consensus document aims to answer to the most frequently asked questions regarding rivaroxaban and covers different topics such as indications, initiation of treatment, drug-drug interactions and perioperative management.