Improved capacity and stability of integrated Li and Mn rich layered-spinel Li1.17Ni0.25Mn1.08O3 cathodes for Li-ion batteries

A Li-rich layered-spinel material with a target composition Li1.17Ni0.25Mn1.08O3 (xLiLi1/3Mn2/3]O-2.(1 - x) LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, (x = 0.5)) was synthesized by a self-combustion reaction (SCR), characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and was studied as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. The Rietveld refinement results indicated the presence of monoclinic (LiLi1/3Mn2/3]O-2) (52%), spinel (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) (39%) and rhombohedral LiNiO2 (9%). The electrochemical performance of this Li-rich integrated cathode material was tested at 30 degrees C and compared to that of high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel cathodes. Interestingly, the layered-spinel integrated cathode material exhibits a high specific capacity of about 200 mA h g(-1) at C/10 rate as compared to 180 mA h g(-1) for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 in the potential range of 2.4-4.9 V vs. Li anodes in half cells. The layered-spinel integrated cathodes exhibited 92% capacity retention as compared to 82% for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel after 80 cycles at 30 degrees C. Also, the integrated cathode material can exhibit 105 mA h g(-1) at 2 C rate as compared to 78 mA h g(-1) for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Thus, the presence of the monoclinic phase in the composite structure helps to stabilize the spinel structure when high specific capacity is required and the electrodes have to work within a wide potential window. Consequently, the Li1.17Ni0.25Mn1.08O3 composite material described herein can be considered as a promising cathode material for Li ion batteries.

Effect of Sm3+-Gd3+ on structural, electrical and magnetic properties of Mn-Zn ferrites synthesized via combustion route

Nanocrystalline Mn0.4Zn0.6SmxGdyFe2-(x+y)O4 (x = y = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05) were synthesized by combustion route. The detailed structural studies were carried out through X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results confirms the formation of mixed spine phase with cubic structure due to the distortion created with co-dopants substitution at Fe site in Mn-Zn ferrite lattice. Further, the crystallite size increases with an increase of Sm3+-Gd3+ ions concentration while lattice parameter and lattice strain decreases. Furthermore, the effect of Sm-Gd co-doping in Mn-Zn ferrite on the room temperature electrical (dielectric studies) studies were carried out in the wide frequency range 1 GHz-5 GHz. The magnetic studies were carried out using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) under applied magnetic field of 1.5T and also room temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra's were recorded. From the results of dielectric studies, it shows that the real and imaginary part of permittivities are increasing with variation of Gd3+ and Sm3+ concentration. The magnetic studies reveal the decrease of remnant, saturation magnetization and coercivity with increasing of Sm3+-Gd3+ ion concentration. The g-value, peak-to-peak line width and spin concentration evaluated from EPR spectra correlated with cations occupancy. The electromagnetic properties clearly indicate that these materials are the good candidates which are useful at L and C band frequency. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Intrinsic large gap quantum anomalous Hall insulators in LaX (X = Br,Cl,I)

We report a theoretical prediction of a new class of bulk and intrinsic quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulators LaX (X=Br, Cl, and I) via relativistic first-principles calculations. We find that these systems are innate long-ranged ferromagnets which, with the help of intrinsic spin-orbit coupling, become QAH insulators. A low-energy multiband tight-binding model is developed to understand the origin of the QAH effect. Finally, integer Chern number is obtained via Berry phase computation for each two-dimensional plane. These materials have the added benefit of a sizable band gap of as large as similar to 25 meV, with the flexibility of enhancing it to above 75 meV via strain engineering. The synthesis of LaX materials will provide the impurity-free single crystals and thin-film QAH insulators for versatile experiments and functionalities.

Magnetic structures and magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied by neutron powder diffraction

The magnetic structures and the magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied using neutron powder diffraction are reported. Magnetic phase transitions are identified at T-N(Fe/Mn) approximate to 295K where a paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice, T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K where a spin-reorientation transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice and T-N(R) approximate to 2K where Tb-ordering starts to manifest. At 295 K, the magnetic structure of the Fe/Mn sublattice in TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 belongs to the irreducible representation Gamma(4) (G(x)A(y)F(z) or Pb'n'm). A mixed-domain structure of (Gamma(1) + Gamma(4)) is found at 250K which remains stable down to the spin re-orientation transition at T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K. Below 26K and above 250 K, the majority phase (>80%) is that of Gamma(4). Below 10K the high-temperature phase Gamma(4) remains stable till 2K. At 2 K, Tb develops a magnetic moment value of 0.6(2) mu(B)/f.u. and orders long-range in F-z compatible with the Gamma(4) representation. Our study confirms the magnetic phase transitions reported already in a single crystal of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 and, in addition, reveals the presence of mixed magnetic domains. The ratio of these magnetic domains as a function of temperature is estimated from Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction data. Indications of short-range magnetic correlations are present in the low-Q region of the neutron diffraction patterns at T < T-SR(Fe/Mn). These results should motivate further experimental work devoted to measure electric polarization and magnetocapacitance of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Magnetic structures and magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied by neutron powder diffraction

The magnetic structures and the magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied using neutron powder diffraction are reported. Magnetic phase transitions are identified at T-N(Fe/Mn) approximate to 295K where a paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice, T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K where a spin-reorientation transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice and T-N(R) approximate to 2K where Tb-ordering starts to manifest. At 295 K, the magnetic structure of the Fe/Mn sublattice in TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 belongs to the irreducible representation Gamma(4) (G(x)A(y)F(z) or Pb'n'm). A mixed-domain structure of (Gamma(1) + Gamma(4)) is found at 250K which remains stable down to the spin re-orientation transition at T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K. Below 26K and above 250 K, the majority phase (>80%) is that of Gamma(4). Below 10K the high-temperature phase Gamma(4) remains stable till 2K. At 2 K, Tb develops a magnetic moment value of 0.6(2) mu(B)/f.u. and orders long-range in F-z compatible with the Gamma(4) representation. Our study confirms the magnetic phase transitions reported already in a single crystal of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 and, in addition, reveals the presence of mixed magnetic domains. The ratio of these magnetic domains as a function of temperature is estimated from Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction data. Indications of short-range magnetic correlations are present in the low-Q region of the neutron diffraction patterns at T < T-SR(Fe/Mn). These results should motivate further experimental work devoted to measure electric polarization and magnetocapacitance of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Na2M2(SO4)(3) (M = Fe, Mn, Co and Ni): towards high-voltage sodium battery applications

Sodium-ion-based batteries have evolved as excellent alternatives to their lithium-ion-based counterparts due to the abundance, uniform geographical distribution and low price of Na resources. In the pursuit of sodium chemistry, recently the alluaudite framework Na2M2(SO4)(3) has been unveiled as a high-voltage sodium insertion system. In this context, the framework of density functional theory has been applied to systematically investigate the crystal structure evolution, density of states and charge transfer with sodium ions insertion, and the corresponding average redox potential, for Na2M2(SO4)(3) (M = Fe, Mn, Co and Ni). It is shown that full removal of sodium atoms from the Fe-based device is not a favorable process due to the 8% volume shrinkage. The imaginary frequencies obtained in the phonon dispersion also reflect this instability and the possible phase transition. This high volume change has not been observed in the cases of the Co- and Ni-based compounds. This is because the redox reaction assumes a different mechanism for each of the compounds investigated. For the polyanion with Fe, the removal of sodium ions induces a charge reorganization at the Fe centers. For the Mn case, the redox process induces a charge reorganization of the Mn centers with a small participation of the oxygen atoms. The Co and Ni compounds present a distinct trend with the redox reaction occurring with a strong participation of the oxygen sublattice, resulting in a very small volume change upon desodiation. Moreover, the average deintercalation potential for each of the compounds has been computed. The implications of our findings have been discussed both from the scientific perspective and in terms of technological aspects.

Magnetic structures and magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied by neutron powder diffraction

The magnetic structures and the magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied using neutron powder diffraction are reported. Magnetic phase transitions are identified at T-N(Fe/Mn) approximate to 295K where a paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice, T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K where a spin-reorientation transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice and T-N(R) approximate to 2K where Tb-ordering starts to manifest. At 295 K, the magnetic structure of the Fe/Mn sublattice in TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 belongs to the irreducible representation Gamma(4) (G(x)A(y)F(z) or Pb'n'm). A mixed-domain structure of (Gamma(1) + Gamma(4)) is found at 250K which remains stable down to the spin re-orientation transition at T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K. Below 26K and above 250 K, the majority phase (>80%) is that of Gamma(4). Below 10K the high-temperature phase Gamma(4) remains stable till 2K. At 2 K, Tb develops a magnetic moment value of 0.6(2) mu(B)/f.u. and orders long-range in F-z compatible with the Gamma(4) representation. Our study confirms the magnetic phase transitions reported already in a single crystal of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 and, in addition, reveals the presence of mixed magnetic domains. The ratio of these magnetic domains as a function of temperature is estimated from Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction data. Indications of short-range magnetic correlations are present in the low-Q region of the neutron diffraction patterns at T < T-SR(Fe/Mn). These results should motivate further experimental work devoted to measure electric polarization and magnetocapacitance of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Magnetic structures and magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied by neutron powder diffraction

The magnetic structures and the magnetic phase transitions in the Mn-doped orthoferrite TbFeO3 studied using neutron powder diffraction are reported. Magnetic phase transitions are identified at T-N(Fe/Mn) approximate to 295K where a paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice, T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K where a spin-reorientation transition occurs in the Fe/Mn sublattice and T-N(R) approximate to 2K where Tb-ordering starts to manifest. At 295 K, the magnetic structure of the Fe/Mn sublattice in TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 belongs to the irreducible representation Gamma(4) (G(x)A(y)F(z) or Pb'n'm). A mixed-domain structure of (Gamma(1) + Gamma(4)) is found at 250K which remains stable down to the spin re-orientation transition at T-SR(Fe/Mn) approximate to 26K. Below 26K and above 250 K, the majority phase (>80%) is that of Gamma(4). Below 10K the high-temperature phase Gamma(4) remains stable till 2K. At 2 K, Tb develops a magnetic moment value of 0.6(2) mu(B)/f.u. and orders long-range in F-z compatible with the Gamma(4) representation. Our study confirms the magnetic phase transitions reported already in a single crystal of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3 and, in addition, reveals the presence of mixed magnetic domains. The ratio of these magnetic domains as a function of temperature is estimated from Rietveld refinement of neutron diffraction data. Indications of short-range magnetic correlations are present in the low-Q region of the neutron diffraction patterns at T < T-SR(Fe/Mn). These results should motivate further experimental work devoted to measure electric polarization and magnetocapacitance of TbFe0.5Mn0.5O3. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Gal(1-x)Mn(1-x)Sb Grown on GaSb with Mass-Analyzed Low-Energy Dual Ion Beam Deposition

The Ga1-xMnxSb samples were fabricated by the implantation of Mn ions into GaSb (1 0 0) substrate with mass-analyzed low-energy dual ion beam deposition system, and post-annealing. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile of the Ga1-xMnxSb samples showed

Validación de diferentes opciones de manejo para el control de la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix B y Br.) en la finca Santa Ana, El Mombacho, Nicaragua

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo buscar nuevas alternativas de manejo para el control de la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix B & BR.) con el uso de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) y oxicloruro de cobre, como complemento al manejo de la sombra, para buscar como disminuir la incidencia de la roya y determinar el mejor momento para la aplicación tomando en cuenta los porcentajes de ésta enfermedad. Para ello se escogió la finca Santa Ana ubicada en el cerro Mombacho (Nicaragua) a 750 metros sobre el nivel del mar. De junio de 1994 a febrero de 1995 se realizaron quincenalmente muestreos aleatorios por conglomerados para roya, mancha de hierro (Cercospora coffeicola B & CK.) y antracnosis (Colletotrichum sp), así como se registraron todas las labores de manejo que realizó el productor. Se establecieron 4 opciones: 2 con cobre: una en forma calendarizado y otra con 10 por ciento de incidencia acumulada, una tercera opc1on usando Bt y por último una parcela testigo. Con los datos obtenidos se elaboraron curvas de incidencia simple y acumulada. Las proporciones de incidencia fueron transformadas a monolitos y lógitos para la realización de regresión simple y poder calcular la velocidad de crecimiento de la epidemia, se calculó el área bajo la curva de la epidemia y las X máximas alcanzadas, se realizaron análisis de varianza para establecer diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos y las repeticiones. De manera general la epidemia de roya se hace evidente en agosto y septiembre manteniéndose siempre en aumento, alcanzando los máximos valores en enero y febrero. De los tratamientos en estudio podemos decir que las aplicaciones de cobre calendarizado y con 10 por ciento de incidencia acumulada, presentaron la menor incidencia para la epidemia de roya, sin embargo en el cobre de aplicación calendarizada el efecto de cobre se observa mejor por lo que presenta el mejor comportamiento. En el caso de Bt no se logró determinar su efecto a nivel de campo, a la dosis empleada y en el momento aplicado, su comportamiento fue similar al testigo, quien presentó los mayores porcentajes de acumulados. Para el caso de mancha de hierro se observó una menor incidencia bajo el efecto de aplicaciones calendarizadas. La epidemia de antracnosis no se consideró un problema grave, debido a que los acumulados finales no sobre pasaron el nivel considerado riesgoso (15 por ciento).

Comportamiento epidemiológico de la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix B. y Br.) bajo diferentes alternativas de manejo

En la hacienda Santa Rosa, localizada en el municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Carazo, a una altura de 475 metros sobre el nivel del mar se estudió el comportamiento epidemiológico de la roya del Café (Hemileia vastatrix B. & Br.) en el ciclo 1994- 1995, bajo la influencia de diferentes alternativas de manejO, así como el efecto de dichas opciones sobre la mancha de hierro (CeiCOspora caffeicola B. & Ck.) y antracnosis (Colletotrichum sp), además se realizó un análisis de presupuesto parcial para la evaluación de las alternativas de manejo de roya. Se evaluaron 8 tratamientos cada uno con tres repeticiones, en cada tratamiento se llevó a cabo un muestreo aleatorizado dirigido que duro 10 meses (muetreos cada 2 semanas), cada tratamiento contó con 10 surcos de 27 plantas, de los cuales se tomaron al azar 5 surcos, con 5 conglomerados de 3 plantas cada uno. En las plantas seleccionadas (al azar), se tomaron 4 bandolas, dos en el estrato superior y dos en el estrato inferior en donde se midieron las siguientes variables: número de hojas totales, incidencia foliar de roya, mancha de hierro y antracnosis. Se realizó también un muestreo de nemátodos y se registraron las labores agronómicas ocurridas durante el ciclo. Los datos recabados fueron usados para observar el comportamiento de la roya bajo diferentes opciones de manejo y efectuar diversas evaluaciones y comparaciones entre los tratamientos, además se estudiaron los niveles de productividad de los tratamientos. De manera general los porcentajes de afectación de la epidemia fueron elevados. La epidemia inició su desarrollo a fines de agosto, sus puntos máximos se dieron en diciembre. El alto nivel de afectación y el precoz desarrollo de la roya estuvo directamente relacionado con el clima, de un ciclo a otro los niveles de afectación varían por ende su importancia y su control. Por medio de las lecturas de incidencia se puede determinar el momento oportuno para realizar aplicaciones. Para hacer de un producto o práctica un arma útil para el control de una enfermedad el momento de aplicación es fundamental. Las aplicaciones de cobre resultaron ser las más efectivas y económicas para el control de la roya, siempre y cuando se tome en cuenta el momento de aplicación.

Efecto de formulaciones comerciales de bacillus thuringiensis sobre el desarrollo de la roya del cafeto causada por hemileia vastatrix Berk y Br

Con el fin de buscar alternativas no químicas para el manejo ecológico de la enfermedad roya de café causada por el hongo Hemileia vastatrix, Berk. & Br. Se evaluó el efecto de Bacillus thuringiensis como inhibidor del desarrollo el hongo H. vastatrix. El estudio se realizó en el invernadero del Centro Experimental del Café el Norte- UNICAFE, Matagalpa. Las plantas de café fueron asperjadas con dos productos comerciales a base de B. thuringiensis ( Dipel y Javelin) en 3 dosis: 5,10, y 20 g/lt de agua. Las aplicaciones de B. thurigiensis se realizaron 72 horas antes de la inoculación de la suspensión de uredosporas de H. vastatrix. Los registros de la incidencia y severidad de la roya se llevaron en tres pares de hojas en cada planta previamente marcadas. La lectura de datos se realizó cada dos días hasta los 15 días después de la inoculación (DDI) del patógeno, posteriormente las lecturas fueron distanciadas cada cinco días hasta los 60 DDI. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: número de pústulas, severidad, periodo de incubación, periodo de latencia, porcentaje de protección e índice de esporulación. Las aplicaciones del B. thuringiensis disminuyeron significativamente el número de Pústulas de roya y el área foliar afectada en comparación con el testigo. El periodo de incubación y latencia fue mayor con las aplicaciones B. thuringiensis, el efecto dependió de los productos y las dosis aplicadas. Mayor dosis provocó el mayor grado de protección. En las plantas no tratadas un mayor número de lesiones lograron producir esporas, especialmente en las hojas más jóvenes, mientras que las aplicaciones de B. thuringiensis disminuyeron la cantidad de lesiones que logran esporularse. Las aplicaciones de B. thuringiensis disminuyeron el índice de infección por la reducción del inoculo inicial, provocando un retraso significativo en la enfermedad de la roya de café. Sin embargo, una vez iniciado la enfermedad no afectó el desarrollo de ésta

Investigation of Mn-Implanted n-Type Ge

Mn+ irons were implanted to n-type Ge(1 1 1) single crystal at room temperature with an energy of 100 keV and a dose of 3 x 10(16) cm(-2). Subsequently annealing was performed at 400degreesC for 1 h under flowing nitrogen gas. X-ray diffraction measurements show that as-implanted sample is amorphous and the structure of crystal is restored after annealing. Polycrystalline germanium is formed in annealed sample. There are no new phases found except germanium. The samples surface morphologies indicate that annealed sample has island-like feature while there is no such kind of characteristic in as-implanted sample. The elemental composition of annealed sample was analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy. It shows that manganese ions are deeply implanted into germanium substrate and the highest manganese atomic concentration is 8% at the depth of 120 nm. The magnetic properties of samples were investigated by an alternating gradient magnetometer. The annealed sample shows ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature.

Epidemiología de la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix B. y Br.) en las zonas norte y pacífico de Nicaragua

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el desarrollo de la roya del café bajo condiciones de campo a diferentes altitudes, determinar el efecto de los factores climáticos sobre su desarrollo y determinar los periodos criticas de sus epidemias. Para ello se eligieron 4 fincas de las zonas cafetaleras de Nicaragua: tres fincas en la VI regj_ón.y una en la IV reg.ton. Se realizaron lecturas semanales de incidencia y severidad de roya¡ se realizaron lecturas diarias de temperatura, humedad relativa y precipitación. Se elaboraron para la incidencia y severidad curvas acumulativas las cuales fueron transformadas a lógitos para construir las curvas linearizadas y de esta manera calcular las tasas de incremento de la enfermedad. Las epidemias se comenzaron a desarrollar a partir de los meses de agosto, septiembre y octubre alcanzando sus valores máximos en los meses de diciembre, enero y febrero respectivamente. La variable ambiental de mayor influencia sobre el desarrollo de la enfermedad fue la temperatura. La precipitación influyó aportando el agua liquida favorable para la germinación de las esporas. Las aplicaciones de fungicidas cdpricos aminoraron el desarrollo de la enfermedad, pero no lograron detener la epidemia principalmente cuando los valores de incidencia alcanzaron el 10%.