A study of populations of the anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus, based on meristic characters

ENGLISH: This study was undertaken to determine whether meristic characters indicate that more than one major population of anchovetas occurs in the range of the species from Mexico to Peru. Interest in this species lies in the fact that it is the principal bait fish used to catch yellowfin and skipjack tunas in the Eastern Pacific. Specimens examined were from collections made by California tuna fishing vessels at six major baiting localities covering nearly the entire range of the species, namely, Almejas Bay on the outer coast of Baja California, Guaymas and Ahome Point in the Gulf of California, Gulf of Fonseca, Gulf of Panama, and Gulf of Guayaquil. Four meristic characters were selected for study: vertebrae, dorsal fin rays, anal fin rays, and gill rakers on the first gill arch. Vertebral counts, using X-ray film, were taken from a total of 1,500 fish, 250 each from each of the six localities. For the other characters, 125 anchovetas were examined from each locality for a total of 750, the counts being made with the aid of a binocular microscope. Specimens were between 80 and 165 mm. standard length. SPANISH: Este estudio ha sido hecho con el propósito de determinar si los caracteres numéricos de las anchovetas indican que existe más de una población de este pez en la zona en que se encuentra la especie, comprendida entre México y Perú. El interés en dicha especie radica en el hecho de que éste es el pez de carnada usado principalmente para la pesca de los atunes "aleta amarilla" y "barrilete" en el Pacífico Oriental. Los especímenes que han sido examinados, se tomaron de las muestras recogidas por los barcos atuneros de California en seis de las mejores localidades en que se pesca la anchoveta, las cuales comprenden casi toda la zona en donde se encuentra la especie, a saber, Bahía de Almejas en la costa exterior de Baja California, Guaymas y Punta Ahorne en el Golfo de California, el Golfo de Fonseca, el Golfo de Panamá y el Golfo de Guayaquil. Cuatro caracteres numéricos fueron escogidos para su estudio: los que presentan 1) las vértebras, 2) los radios de la aleta dorsal, 3) los radios de la aleta anal y 4) las branquispinas del primer arco branquial. Mediante el uso de películas con rayos X, se contaron las vértebras en un total de 1,500 peces, es decir, 250 de cada una de las seis mencionadas localidades. En relación con los otros caracteres, se examinaron 125 anchovetas de cada área, o sea, un total de 750 ejemplares, habiendo sido hecho el conteo por medio de un microscopio binocular. Los especímenes tenían un largo standard entre 80 y 165 milímetros. (PDF contains 24 pages.)

The intestine as a diagnostic character in identifying certain clupeoids (Engraulididae, Clupeidae, Dussumieriidae) and as a morphometric character for comparing anchoveta (Centengraulis mysticetus) populations

ENGLISH: The several species of clupeoid fishes used as baitfish in the Eastern Pacific tuna fishery are, in some cases, sufficiently similar to make identification difficult. During a review of the anatomy of the intestine of clupeoid fishes it was observed that the morphology of the intestine is sometimes a useful character in the identification of systematic groups. The genera at least can be distinguished by means of the topographical anatomy of the intestines. This also may be a useful character because it is often found that a species occurs in the same area as another species that may be confused with it on external inspection, although it belongs to a different genus. SPANISH: La gran similitud morfológica de varias especies del órden Clupeoidea usadas como cebo en la pesquería de atún del Pacifíco Oriental, hace que su identificación sea en algunos casos difícil. Al realizar una revisión anatómica del intestino de los peces clupeoides, se observó que la morfología del mismo es a veces un carácter útil para la identificación de los diversos grupos sistemáticos. Al menos los géneros pueden ser distinguidos por medio de la anatomía topográfica de los intestinos. Esto también puede ser un carácter útil, puesto que a menudo dos especies pertenecientes a géneros diferentes y que ocupen la misma área, pueden ser confundidos si nos basamos solamente en la morfología externa. (PDF contains 24 pages.)

Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of the commercial marine fisheries

(PDF contains 33 pages)

The occurrence of two new plankton diatom populations in the English Lake District: Aulacoseira islandica

Samples of planktonic algae from major lakes in the English Lake District have been investigated over many years as part of a long-term monitoring programme set up by the Freshwater Biological Association and continued by the Institute For Ecology. Some lakes have been sampled regularly for long periods, others less frequently or only occasionally. Windermere north and south basins, and the neighbouring lakes Blelham Tarn and Esthwaite Water, have been under observation, mostly on a weekly basis, since the programme began in 1945. During this time diatoms have played a significant role in the population dynamics of these lakes.

Monitoring fish populations in Lower Lough Erne, Northern Ireland: applicability of current methods and implications for future monitoring under the EC Water Framework Directive

The proposed EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) will require member states to monitor both biotic and abiotic components of lake environments. With adoption of the WFD some measurement of fish populations will also be required. This paper describes work carried out since 1971, and particularly since 1991, on the status of fish populations in Lower Lough Erne, Northern Ireland, with an emphasis on defining change over time due to human impacts on the lake. This offers a reasonable starting point from which to develop a monitoring programme suitable for the needs of the WFD in this lake. The implications for as yet unmonitored fish populations in lakes are also determined.

The influence of freestream turbulence, freestream nuclei populations and a drag-reducing polymer on cavitation inception on two axisymmetric bodies

The influence upon the basic viscous flow about two axisymmetric bodies of (i) freestream turbulence level and (ii) the injection of small amounts of a drag-reducing polymer (Polyox WSR 301) into the test model boundary layer was investigated by the schlieren flow visualization technique. The changes in the type and occurrence of cavitation inception caused by the subsequent modifications in the viscous flow were studied. A nuclei counter using the holographic technique was built to monitor freestream nuclei populations and a few preliminary tests investigating the consequences of different populations on cavitation inception were carried out.

Both test models were observed to have a laminar separation over their respective test Reynolds number ranges. The separation on one test model was found to be insensitive to freestream turbulence levels of up to 3.75 percent. The second model was found to be very susceptible having its critical velocity reduced from 30 feet per second at a 0.04 percent turbulence level to 10 feet per second at a 3.75 percent turbulence level. Cavitation tests on both models at the lowest turbulence level showed the value of the incipient cavitation number and the type of cavitation were controlled by the presence of the laminar separation. Cavitation tests on the second model at 0.65 percent turbulence level showed no change in the inception index, but the appearance of the developed cavitation was altered.

The presence of Polyox in the boundary layer resulted in a cavitation suppression comparable to that found by other investigators. The elimination of the normally occurring laminar separation on these bodies by a polymer-induced instability in the laminar boundary layer was found to be responsible for the suppression of inception.

Freestream nuclei populations at test conditions were measured and it was found that if there were many freestream gas bubbles the normally present laminar separation was elminated and travelling bubble type cavitation occurred - the value of the inception index then depended upon the nuclei population. In cases where the laminar separation was present it was found that the value of the inception index was insensitive to the free stream nuclei populations.

Predation and selection in copepod populations of Alpine waters [Translation from: Bollettino di Zoologia 21 541-545, 1954]

Zooplankton was studied in four alpine lakes in Switzerland, France and Italy. The presence the presence of the invertebrate predator Heterocope in three lakes was stated. It is then discussed why in three of these four lakes, the copepod Arctodiaptomus denticornis is present in the absence of Arctodiaptomus bacillifer, and vice versa respectively in the second and first parts of the lacustrine summer.

The fish populations of the River Avon, Hampshire, downstream of Salisbury, in 1987

The objective of this study is to describe the present statu s of the coarse fish populations of the River Avon, Hampshire. The study arose from a widespread concern among anglers and riparian owners that fish numbers had decreased since the early 1970's, and from a scarcity of accurate information on population densities on which to assess this complaint. It was realised at the outset that, without such information from earlier years, the survey would not reveal the extent of any decline in the fisheries. The result s of the survey are compared with available data from other rivers , chiefly the nearby R. Frome and R. Stour. They may be used to assess any futur e changes in population densities and growth rates, and to indicate promising areas for future research. The data were collected from a quantitative survey of twelve river sections along the fifty kilometres of river between Salisbury and Sopley, and a qualitative survey of three weir pools within the same area from 14 September to 9 October, 1987.

Variation in bacterial populations in time and space

Obtaining a reliable estimate of the bacterial population is one of the main problems facing the bacterial ecologist. The author discusses the various methods available and concludes that the observed variability in bacterial populations depends on the sampling interval used.

The impact of Cow Green Reservoir on invertebrate populations in the River Tees

Cow Green is a new reservoir situated in Pennine moorland. It has an area of 312 ha, a capacity of 40 . 9 x 10 SUP-6 m SUP-3 and a maximum depth of 22 . 8 m. The function of the reservoir is to regulate flow in the River Tees to provide industrial Teesside with sufficient water during the dry spells. Invertebrate studies were carried out in the Tees to monitor changes resulting from the construction of the reservoir both in the flooded basin and below the dam. The overall effect of the reservoir on the Tees has been to increase the numbers and biomass of certain taxa, but generally not at the expense of previous fauna. Some of the positive effects, ie. increase in number and biomass, and maintenance of faunal diversity, may in part be attributable to the presence of the rapids and waterfall. Turbulence resulting from this rapid flow over heterogeneous bottom is sufficient to prevent clogging of interstitial spaces by silt and to maintain the variety of ecological niches necessary for a diverse fauna.

Effects of Cow Green Reservoir upon downstream fish populations

Post impoundment observations on the fish populations of the River Tees, downstream from the Cow Green Reservoir were made between 1971 and 1980. Both bullhead (Cottus gobio L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) population densities increased in the river after impoundment but changes in growth rate were small. Investigations into the stomach contents of the two species reflects the results of other work on increases of benthos in the river. Following regulation there was an increase in the quantity of Ephemerella ignita found in trout stomachs while in the bullhead, regulation caused an increase in the importance of Mollusca and a decrease in importance of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.

Modelling Lipid Competition Dynamics in Heterogeneous Protocell Populations

Recent experimental work in the field of synthetic protocell biology has shown that prebiotic vesicles are able to 'steal' lipids from each other. This phenomenon is driven purely by asymmetries in the physical state or composition of the vesicle membranes, and, when lipid resource is limited, translates directly into competition amongst the vesicles. Such a scenario is interesting from an origins of life perspective because a rudimentary form of cell-level selection emerges. To sharpen intuition about possible mechanisms underlying this behaviour, experimental work must be complemented with theoretical modelling. The aim of this paper is to provide a coarse-grain mathematical model of protocell lipid competition. Our model is capable of reproducing, often quantitatively, results from core experimental papers that reported distinct types vesicle competition. Additionally, we make some predictions untested in the lab, and develop a general numerical method for quickly solving the equilibrium point of a model vesicle population.

The juvenile salmonid populations of the River Lune catchment, 1981 to 1985

The aim of this study was to assess the status of the juvenile salmonid populations of the River Lune and its tributaries. There was special emphasis on juvenile salmon stocks in view of the implementation of a net limitation order in 1980. The number of licensed instruments were reduced as follows: (1) Drift, hang or whammel nets - from 12 to 10 (2) Draft or seine nets - from 3 to 1 (3) Heave or haaf nets - from 4 6 to 2 6 For the purpose of this report, the River Lune system has been divided into 13 subcatchments and these are examined with a view to detecting any trends in the data such as subcatchment productivity, partitioning between salmon and trout nursery streams, and whether the restrictions on salmon fishing had any discernible effects on juvenile salmon productivity. The effect of flow and instream obstructions on salmonid densities are also investigated as these have been shown to be important factors affecting abundance. Throughout the study period a programme of enhancement stocking took place primarily with salmon ova and fry. The possible impact of this on the results of the surveys has been assessed. The distribution and abundance of juvenile salmon was found to be relatively consistent in each of the 13 subcatchments studied over the 1981-1985 period.

A summary report on juvenile salmonid populations of the River Lune catchment, 1981 to 1991

This report summarises the fisheries electrofishing survey work undertaken on the River Lune, England, in the period 1981-85 and 1991. As part of a long term monitoring programme by the National Rivers Authority, juvenile surveys, with the emphasis on salmonids, have been carried out on the River Lune on a number of occasions since 1981. The latest survey in 1991 now gives the opportunity to assess what, if any, changes have occurred in the juvenile populations across the last 11 years and how future fisheries management may impact on the River Lune as a fishery. The areas of trout and salmon, fry and parr production will be considered in detail, as will adult trout populations. Water quality issues will be mentioned briefly as will habitat issues, where they are deemed to be important in affecting fish densities.