The illness experiences of African Americans residing in an inner city community, Houston, Texas

This dissertation documents health and illness in the context of daily life circumstances and structural conditions faced by African American families living in Clover Heights (pseudonym), an inner city public housing project in the Third Ward, Houston, Texas. Drawing from Kleinman's (1980) model of culturally defined health care systems and using the holistic-content approach to narrative analysis (Lieblich, Tuval- Mashiach, & Zilber, 1998) the purpose of this research was to explore the ways in which social and health policy, economic mobility, the inner city environment, and cultural beliefs intertwined with African American families' health related ideas, behaviors, and practices. I recruited six families using a convenience sampling method (Schensul, Schensul, & LeCompte, 1999) and followed them for fourteen months (2010–2011). Family was defined as a household unit, or those living in the same residence, short or long-term. Single, African American women ranging in age from 29–80 years headed all families. All but one family included children or grandchildren 18 years of age and younger, or children or other relative 18 years of age and older. I also recruited six residents with who I became acquainted over the course of the project. I collected data using traditional ethnographic methods including participant-observation, archive review, field notes, mapping, free-listing, in-depth interviews, and life history interviews. ^ Doing ethnography afforded the families who participated in this project the freedom to construct their own experiences of health and illness. My role centered on listening to, learning from, and interpreting participants' narratives, exploring similarities and differences within and across families' experiences. As the research progressed, a pattern concerning diagnosis and pharmacotherapy for children's behavioral and emotional problems, particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), emerged from my formal interactions with participants and my informal interactions with residents. The findings presented in this dissertation document this pattern, focusing on how mothers and families interpreted, organized, and ascribed meaning to their experiences of ADHD and PBD. ^ In the first manuscript presented here, I documented three mothers' narrative constructions of a child's diagnosis with and pharmacotherapy for ADHD or PBD. Using Gergen's (1997) relational perspective I argued that mothers' knowledge and experiences of ADHD and PBD were not individually constructed, but were linguistically and discursively constituted through various social interactions and relationships, including family, spirituality and faith, community norms, and expert systems of knowledge. Mothers' narratives revealed the complexity of children's behavioral and emotional problems, the daily trials of living through these problems, how they coped with adversity and developed survival strategies, and how they interacted with various institutional authorities involved in evaluating, diagnosing, and encouraging pharmaceutical intervention for children's behavior. The findings highlight the ways in which mothers' social interactions and relationships introduced a scientific language and discourse for explaining children's behavior as mental illness, the discordances between expert systems of knowledge and mothers' understandings, and how discordances reflected mothers' ‘microsources of power’ for producing their own stories and experiences. ^ In the second manuscript presented here, I documented the ways in which structural factors, including gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, coupled with a unique cultural and social standpoint (Collins, 1990/2009) influenced the strategies this group of African American mothers employed to understand and respond to ADHD or PBD. The most salient themes related to mother-child relationships coalesced around mothers' beliefs about the etiology of ADHD and PBD, ‘conceptualizing responsibility,’ and ‘protection-survival.’ The findings suggest that even though mothers' strategies varied, they were in pursuit of a common goal. Mothers' challenged the status quo, addressing children's behavioral and emotional problems in the ways that made the most sense to them, specifically protecting their children from further marginalization in society more so than believing these were the best options for their children.^

Establishing Culturally Sensitive Therapeutic Communities in Ghana for Individuals with Severe and Persistent Mental Illnesses

This paper makes a proposal for the establishment of therapeutic communities for people with severe and persistent mental illnesses in Ghana. It discusses the history and features of therapeutic communities, as well as the elements that make it compatible with the agenda of the new 2012 Ghana mental health bill. This paper also discusses the present state of mental health care in this West African country and how the establishment of therapeutic communities will promote recovery of people with severe and persistent mental illness, and change the perception of chronic mental illness in Ghana. A discussion of potential modifications of the therapeutic community is offered as well as justifications for maintaining other structural aspects should this establishment materialize in Ghana. The costs of setting up therapeutic communities in this third world country are addressed with the offered conclusion that costs far outweigh the benefits. Finally, given the endeavor of the proposed therapeutic communities to assist in deinstitutionalization of care, cautions are made in this paper to ensure that the trends experienced in the United States with deinstitutionalization are not replicated in Ghana. A proposal is made in the conclusion for Ghana to move past therapeutic communities when developmentally able- to community mental health centers which were in part established to account for some of the fallouts of deinstitutionalization by providing a comprehensive and extensive range of services for people with severe and persistent mental illness.

Representações sobre a doença mental por parte dos cuidadores formais, em instituições de apoio e acolhimento a pessoas idosas: a realidade transfronteiriça entre Portugal e Espanha

Segundo (Lage; 2005) o cuidador informal sempre existiu ao longo da história da humanidade, ao séc. XX a família tinha um papel muito importante, após o sec. XX a família e o cuidar informal foi substituído pela medicina e pelo cuidador formal. O aumento do envelhecimento populacional, o aumento da esperança média de vida e a desertificação trouxeram um conjunto de preocupações e responsabilidades, às famílias e às entidades sociais e da saúde, devido aos cuidados que são necessários prestar às pessoas idosas dependentes e com doença mental, devido à crise dos sistemas sociais, de saúde e financeiro das entidades governamentais, a maioria dos casos de doença mental e idosos foram como que obrigados a recorrer aos cuidos informais para fazer face as despesas. Com o presente estudo, de caráter qualitativo, procuramos conhecer os estigmas que existem face a doença mental em dois países transfronteiriços, Portugal e Espanha. A amostra da população selecionada é constituída por quarenta cuidadores formais em instituição de acolhimento e apoio a pessoas idosas, em que quarto instituições distintas, duas em Portugal e duas em Espanha. Os cuidadores inquiridos referiram que há pouca procura por parte dos doentes mentais a estas instituições, uma vez que requerem mais cuidados presenciais e equipas direcionadas aos problemas específicos, embora todos tenham uma formação abrangente, mas é mais difícil cuidar deste tipo de clientes.

Substance abuse and mental health statistics sourcebook /

Prepared by Beatrice A. Rouse of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.

Caring for people with severe mental disorders : a national plan of research to improve services.

"Printed 1991"--P. [4] of cover.

Primary prevention in mental health : an annotated bibliography /

Mode of access: Internet.

Primary prevention in mental health : an annotated bibliography : 1983-1991 /

Includes index.

Private health insurance : access to individual market coverage may be restricted for applicants with mental disorders : report to congressional requesters /

"GAO-02-339."

Mental health in Kansas: hospital treatment and community services.

Mode of access: Internet.

Mental and emotional disorders : mental health insurance study report /

Pursuant to 20 ILCS 1405/1405-30, the Illinois Division of Insurance was to conduct a study of mandates contained in 215 ILCS 5/370c covering the years 2002 through 2004. This study analyzed the cost and benefits dervived from the implementation of the coverage requirements for treatment of mental disorders and 'serious mental illness," as defined within Section 370c of the Illinois Insurance Code.

On overwork and premature mental decay: its treatment.

Mode of access: Internet.

Mental health : culture, race, and ethnicity : executive summary : a supplement to Mental health : a report of the Surgeon General.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 21).

Tracing Hybrid Collectives of Illness, War, and Medicine in Twentieth- and Twenty-First Century Narratives of Illness

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Mental health recovery and occupational therapy in Australia and New Zealand

Every individual with mental illness has the right to be safe and cared for. Most people will receive the love and care from their families and friends, but they will also expect mental-health professionals, occupational therapists and the community to work together to provide the necessary services to support their recovery from mental illness. This article highlights the development of the recovery approach for people with mental illness in Australia and New Zealand. The implications of recovery concepts for occupational therapy, in the areas of individualized approach, participation of service users and carers, person-centred assessment and intervention, intersectoral links and mental-health promotion, are discussed. There are a number of key areas requiring further research and debate, notably the most effective means of implementing and evaluating recovery-focused interventions.

Partnerships in mental health: Addressing barriers to social inclusion

Current trends in mental health services emphasize working in partnership with consumers and other government and non-government community organizations for improvement in quality of life for service users. People with a mental illness experience social exclusion, thereby limiting their ability to participate fully in community life. Occupational therapists have a substantial role to play in helping service users to overcome barriers to their community inclusion. Partnerships need to be formed to increase access to community resources and participation in activities that are enjoyed by other members of the community. Such partnerships have a health promotion emphasis and foster the relationship between mental-health services and the wider community, thus shifting the focus from direct occupational therapy service delivery to community-based rehabilitation interventions.This article describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an Australian healthy lifestyle course devised to meet the identified rehabilitation goals of people with mental illness to lose weight, get fit, commence vocational study and get a job. The course was run in partnership between mental health consumers, occupational therapists from the St George Mental Health Rehabilitation Service and staff and students from the Sutherland College of Technical and Further Education.