Andrienne Pauline Macaire (1796-1855): una artista en los márgenes

Durante el siglo XIX diversos artistas europeos emprendieron el viaje hacia diferentes puntos del continente americano. Entre ellos, mucho se dedicaron a la litografía, logrando en ciertos casos un amplio éxito comercial. Este artículo examina la trayectoria de la artista ginebrina Andrienne Pauline Macaire (1796-1855), dueña junto a su esposo de un temprano emprendimiento litográfico en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Macaire puede ser considerada la primera artista profesional de renombre activa en esa ciudad. En efecto, es posible diferenciar su trayectoria de las de otras artistas contemporáneas, de las cuales se dispone de menos información y de las que han sobrevivido menos obras. En una primera parte del texto se analiza su inscripción en la literatura artística nacional. A continuación, se describe su formación en Ginebra y se estudia su importante actividad en Buenos Aires, estableciendo conexiones con el panorama artístico local. A lo largo del artículo se presentan obras y fuentes inéditas, o insuficientemente exploradas, a fin de justipreciar su carrera artística y de brindar elementos para futuras investigaciones.

Conservação dos recursos naturais na comunidade Santa Luzia, município de Tomé-Açu/Pará: uma experiência de produção com sustentabilidade na Amazônia através de sistemas agroflorestais.

Este trabalho analisou o processo de conservação dos recursos naturais na Amazônia Paraense por agricultores familiares que produzem em sistemas agroflorestais. Estudou-se a realidade produtiva de 18 famílias que possuem SAFs, por meio da aplicação de um questionário de caracterização dos seus agroecossistemas. Na comunidade Santa Luzia mantêm-se consideravelmente a vegetação natural devido o processo de aumento da implantação de SAFs, em que 94,4% das famílias que tem SAFs possuem áreas de reserva legal. Sistemas agroflorestais devem ser indicados para comunidades rurais da Amazônia para reduzir desmatamentos e queimadas durante o desenvolvimento de atividades agrícolas e florestais.

Resposta de diferentes genótipos de tomateiro micro-Tom à adubação com fertilizante organomineral.

Com a finalidade de determinar se a utilização do fertilizante organomineral (FOM) resulta em incremento de produção no tomateiro, realizou-se um experimento em em casa de vegetação com tomateiro 'Micro-Tom' WT (WILD TYPE) como genótipo controle e o mutante dgt (diageotropica) pouco sensível ao hormômio auxina (AIA).

Análise econômica de um sistema agroflorestal sucessional no município de Tomé-Açu, Pará.

O sistema agroflorestal (SAF) surgiu como um modelo alternativo de sistema de uso da terra entre os agricultores nipo-brasileiros do município em decorrência da disseminação de doenças nos pimentais. No entanto, estes sistemas de produção ainda suscitam dúvidas quanto ao desempenho financeiro do sistema em si e das culturas que a compõem, diante desta problemática, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a análise econômica de um sistema agroflorestal sucessional no município de Tomé-Açu, visando avaliar a viabilidade econômica do sistema. Os dados referentes aos custos de implantação e manutenção do sistema foram coletados e a partir da análise dos dados, verificou-se que a após o quarto ano de implantação do sistema, as receitas passaram a superar as despesas, sendo a maioria proveniente da cultura de pimenta-do-reino, seguida pela do açaí. Ao final do horizonte de planejamento, o sistema apresentou VPL de R$ 229.947,80. TIR de 57,57%, VAE de R$ 19.755,00 e uma RB/C de R$ 2,2, indicando a viabilidade econômica do sistema.

Frações lábeis da matéria orgânica do solo em cultivo de palma de óleo em sistemas agroflorestais em Tomé-Açu, Pará.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da variabilidade espacial do manejo do solo e a conversão de uma floresta sucessional em cultivos de palma de óleo (Elaeis guineensis) em sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) nas frações lábeis da matéria orgânica do solo em Tomé-Açu, PA. Foram avaliados dois SAFs com cultivo de palma de óleo, sendo um menos diversificado (leguminosas arbóreas) e outro mais diversificado (espécies frutíferas e florestais). Os SAFs foram comparados com uma floresta secundária de 20 anos. As amostras foram coletadas nas áreas influenciadas pela linha de palma de óleo (Palma, Pilha e Carreador) e na área influenciada pelas linhas de plantio das espécies dos SAFs. As frações foram separadas por diferença de densidade dos resíduos orgânicos através do método de fracionamento densimétrico com utilização de NaI (iodeto de sódio d=1,8 g cm-3). O teor das frações lábeis sofreu influencia do manejo de local de coleta e sistema de uso do solo. A conversão de floresta sucessional para cultivo de palma com SAFs diminui o teor das frações lábeis da matéria orgânica do solo.

Lady Nugent and Tom Cringle on the veranda : early nineteenth century observations on a Caribbean architectural feature

This study of the veranda as seen through the eyes of Lady Maria Nugent and Michael Scott, alias Tom Cringle, clearly demonstrates the important role that the piazza, as it was then more commonly known, played in the life of early nineteenth century Caribbean colonial society. The popularity of the veranda throughout the region, in places influenced by different European as well as African cultures, and among all classes of people, suggests that the appeal of this typical feature was based on something more than architectural fashion. A place of relative comfort in hot weather, the veranda is also a space at the interface of indoors and outdoors which allows for a wide variety of uses, for solitary or small or large group activities, many of which were noted by Nugent and Scott. Quintessentially, the veranda is a place in which to relax and take pleasure, not least of which is the enjoyment of the prospect, be it a panoramic view, a peaceful garden or a lively street scene. Despite the great changes in the nature of society, in the Caribbean and in many other parts of the world, the veranda and related structures such as the balcony continue to play at least as important a role in daily life as they did two centuries ago. The veranda of today’s Californian or Australian bungalow, and the balcony of the apartment block in the residential area of the modern city are among the contemporary equivalents of the lower and upper piazzas of Lady Nugent’s and Tom Cringle’s day.

National numeracy tests : a graphic tells a thousand words

Mandatory numeracy tests have become commonplace in many countries, heralding a new era in school assessment. New forms of accountability and an increased emphasis on national and international standards (and benchmarks) have the potential to reshape mathematics curricula. It is noteworthy that the mathematics items used in these tests are rich in graphics. Many of the items, for example, require students to have an understanding of information graphics (e.g., maps, charts and graphs) in order to solve the tasks. This investigation classifies mathematics items in Australia’s inaugural national numeracy tests and considers the effect such standardised testing will have on practice. It is argued that the design of mathematics items are more likely to be a reliable indication of student performance if graphical, linguistic and contextual components are considered both in isolation and in integrated ways as essential elements of task design.

Gender effects in orientation on primary students’ performance on items rich in graphics

This study investigated the longitudinal performance of 378 students who completed mathematics items rich in graphics. Specifically, this study explored student performance across axis (e.g., numbers lines), opposed-position (e.g., line and column graphs) and circular (e.g., pie charts) items over a three-year period (ages 9-11 years). The results of the study revealed significant performance differences in the favour of boys on graphics items that were represented in horizontal and vertical displays. There were no gender differences on items that were represented in a circular manner.

Evaluation of separation management algorithms in Class G airspace

Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in support of government applications has already seen significant growth and the potential for use of UAVs in commercial applications is expected to rapidly expand in the near future. However, the issue remains on how such automated or operator-controlled aircraft can be safely integrated into current airspace. If the goal of integration is to be realized, issues regarding safe separation in densely populated airspace must be investigated. This paper investigates automated separation management concepts in uncontrolled airspace that may help prepare for an expected growth of UAVs in Class G airspace. Not only are such investigations helpful for the UAV integration issue, the automated separation management concepts investigated by the authors can also be useful for the development of new or improved Air Traffic Control services in remote regions without any existing infrastructure. The paper will also provide an overview of the Smart Skies program and discuss the corresponding Smart Skies research and development effort to evaluate aircraft separation management algorithms using simulations involving realworld data communication channels, and verified against actual flight trials. This paper presents results from a unique flight test concept that uses real-time flight test data from Australia over existing commercial communication channels to a control center in Seattle for real-time separation management of actual and simulated aircraft. The paper also assesses the performance of an automated aircraft separation manager.

Mandates: An Australian example at the Queensland University of Technology

This presentation describes a situation where an open access mandate was developed and implemented at an institutional level, in this case, an Australian University. Some conclusions are drawn about its effect over a five year period of implementation.

Managing the winds of change

Environmental impacts caused during Australia's comparatively recent settlement by Europeans are evident. Governments (both Commonwealth and States) have been largely responsible for requiring landholders – through leasehold development conditions and taxation concessions – to conduct clearing that is now perceived as damage. Most governments are now demanding resource protection. There is a measure of bewilderment (if not resentment) among landholders because of this change. The more populous States, where most overall damage has been done (i.e. Victoria and New South Wales), provide most support for attempts to stop development in other regions where there has been less damage. Queensland, i.e. the north-eastern quarter of the continent, has been relatively slow to develop. It also holds the largest and most diverse natural environments. Tree clearing is an unavoidable element of land development, whether to access and enhance native grasses for livestock or to allow for urban developments (with exotic tree plantings). The consequences in terms of regulations are particularly complex because of the dynamic nature of vegetation. The regulatory terms used in current legislation – such as 'Endangered' and 'Of concern' – depend on legally-defined, static baselines. Regrowth and fire damage are two obvious causes of change. A less obvious aspect is succession, where ecosystems change naturally over long timeframes. In the recent past, the Queensland Government encouraged extensive tree-clearing e.g. through the State Brigalow Development Scheme (mostly 1962 to 1975) which resulted in the removal of some 97% of the wide-ranging mature forests of Acacia harpophylla. At the same time, this government controls National Parks and other reservations (occupying some 4% of the State's 1.7 million km2 area) and also holds major World Heritage Areas (such as the Great Barrier Reef and the Wet Tropics Rainforest) promulgated under Commonwealth legislation. This is a highly prescriptive approach, where the community is directed on the one hand to develop (largely through lease conditions) and on the other to avoid development (largely by unusable reserves). Another approach to development and conservation is still possible in Queensland. For this to occur, however, a more workable and equitable solution than has been employed to date is needed, especially for the remote lands of this State. This must involve resident landholders, who have the capacity (through local knowledge, infrastructure and daily presence) to undertake most costeffectively sustainable land-use management (with suitable attention to ecosystems requiring special conservation effort), that is, provided they have the necessary direction, encouragement and incentive to do so.