Determination of the average ionization and thermodynamic regimes of xenon plasmas with an application to the characterization of blast waves launched in xenon clusters

Radiative shock waves play a pivotal role in the transport energy into the stellar medium. This fact has led to many efforts to scale the astrophysical phenomena to accessible laboratory conditions and their study has been highlighted as an area requiring further experimental investigations. Low density material with high atomic mass is suitable to achieve radiative regime, and, therefore, low density xenon gas is commonly used for the medium in which the radiative shock propagates. In this work the averageionization and the thermodynamicregimes of xenonplasmas are determined as functions of the matter density and temperature in a wide range of plasma conditions. The results obtained will be applied to characterize blastwaveslaunched in xenonclusters

Electromagnetic Instability Studies in Fusion Plasmas Edge

Este trabajo esta dedicado al estudio de las estructuras macroscópicas conocidas en la literatura como filamentos o blobs que han sido observadas de manera universal en el borde de todo tipo de dispositivos de fusión por confinamiento magnético. Estos filamentos, celdas convectivas elongadas a lo largo de las líneas de campo que surgen en el plasma fuertemente turbulento que existe en este tipo de dispositivos, parecen dominar el transporte radial de partículas y energía en la región conocida como Scrape-off Layer, en la que las líneas de campo dejan de estar cerradas y el plasma es dirigido hacia la pared sólida que forma la cámara de vacío. Aunque el comportamiento y las leyes de escala de estas estructuras son relativamente bien conocidos, no existe aún una teoría generalmente aceptada acerca del mecanismo físico responsable de su formación, que constituye una de las principales incógnitas de la teoría de transporte del borde en plasmas de fusión y una cuestión de gran importancia práctica en el desarrollo de la siguiente generación de reactores de fusión (incluyendo dispositivos como ITER y DEMO), puesto que la eficiencia del confinamiento y la cantidad de energía depositadas en la pared dependen directamente de las características del transporte en el borde. El trabajo ha sido realizado desde una perspectiva eminentemente experimental, incluyendo la observación y el análisis de este tipo de estructuras en el stellarator tipo heliotrón LHD (un dispositivo de gran tamaño, capaz de generar plasmas de características cercanas a las necesarias en un reactor de fusión) y en el stellarator tipo heliac TJ-II (un dispositivo de medio tamaño, capaz de generar plasmas relativamente más fríos pero con una accesibilidad y disponibilidad de diagnósticos mayor). En particular, en LHD se observó la generación de filamentos durante las descargas realizadas en configuración de alta _ (alta presión cinética frente a magnética) mediante una cámara visible ultrarrápida, se caracterizó su comportamiento y se investigó, mediante el análisis estadístico y la comparación con modelos teóricos, el posible papel de la Criticalidad Autoorganizada en la formación de este tipo de estructuras. En TJ-II se diseñó y construyó una cabeza de sonda capaz de medir simultáneamente las fluctuaciones electrostáticas y electromagnéticas del plasma. Gracias a este nuevo diagnóstico se pudieron realizar experimentos con el fin de determinar la presencia de corriente paralela a través de los filamentos (un parámetro de gran importancia en su modelización) y relacionar los dos tipos de fluctuaciones por primera vez en un stellarator. Así mismo, también por primera vez en este tipo de dispositivo, fue posible realizar mediciones simultáneas de los tensores viscoso y magnético (Reynolds y Maxwell) de transporte de cantidad de movimiento. ABSTRACT This work has been devoted to the study of the macroscopic structures known in the literature as filaments or blobs, which have been observed universally in the edge of all kind of magnetic confinement fusion devices. These filaments, convective cells stretching along the magnetic field lines, arise from the highly turbulent plasma present in this kind of machines and seem to dominate radial transport of particles and energy in the region known as Scrapeoff Layer, in which field lines become open and plasma is directed towards the solid wall of the vacuum vessel. Although the behavior and scale laws of these structures are relatively well known, there is no generally accepted theory about the physical mechanism involved in their formation yet, which remains one of the main unsolved questions in the fusion plasmas edge transport theory and a matter of great practical importance for the development of the next generation of fusion reactors (including ITER and DEMO), since efficiency of confinement and the energy deposition levels on the wall are directly dependent of the characteristics of edge transport. This work has been realized mainly from an experimental perspective, including the observation and analysis of this kind of structures in the heliotron stellarator LHD (a large device capable of generating reactor-relevant plasma conditions) and in the heliac stellarator TJ-II (a medium-sized device, capable of relatively colder plasmas, but with greater ease of access and diagnostics availability). In particular, in LHD, the generation of filaments during high _ discharges (with high kinetic to magnetic pressure ratio) was observed by means of an ultrafast visible camera, and the behavior of this structures was characterized. Finally, the potential role of Self-Organized Criticality in the generation of filaments was investigated. In TJ-II, a probe head capable of measuring simultaneously electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations in the plasma was designed and built. Thanks to this new diagnostic, experiments were carried out in order to determine the presence of parallel current through filaments (one of the most important parameters in their modelization) and to related electromagnetic (EM) and electrostatic (ES) fluctuations for the first time in an stellarator. As well, also for the first time in this kind of device, measurements of the viscous and magnetic momentum transfer tensors (Reynolds and Maxwell) were performed.

Fast calculation of LTE opacities for ICF plasmas

The accurate computation of radioactive opacities is needed in several research fields such as astrophysics, magnetic fusion or ICF target physics analysis, in which the radiation transport is an important feature to determine in detail. Radiation transport plays an important role in the transport of energy in dense plasma and it is strongly influenced by the variation of plasma opacity with density and temperature, as well as, photon energy. In this work we present some new features of the opacity code ATMED [1]. This code has been designed to compute the spectral radioactive opacity as well as the Rosseland and Planck means for single element and mixture plasmas. The model presented is fast, stable and reasonably accurate into its range of application and it can be a useful tool to simulate ICF experiments in plasma laboratory.

Plasmas Granulares

Los plasmas granulares son gases total o parcialmente ionizados que, además de iones electrones y átomos neutros, contienen partículas sólidas con carga eléctrica. Dichas partículas cargadas, de tamaño mesoscópico, dan lugar a nuevos fenómenos colectivos con una dinámica característica. Este tipo de plasmas aparecen en sistemas físicos tan diversos como son los reactores de fusión por confinamiento magnético, los sistemas de procesado de semiconductores o en medios astrofísicos. Se presenta una breve introducción divulgativa a esta nueva rama de la física de plasmas que ha tenido un desarrollo espectacular en los últimos años, haciendo énfasis en su carácter multidisciplinar

Synchrotron X-ray photoabsorption spectroscopy of plasmas

Theoretical X-ray opacities are used in numerous radiative transfer simulations of plasmas at different temperatures and densities, for example astrophysics, fusion, metrology and EUV and X-rays radiation sources. However, there are only a reduced number of laboratories working on the validation of those theoretical results empirically, in particular for high temperature plasmas (mayor que 1eV). One of those limitations comes from the use of broad band EUV- X ray sources to illuminate the plasma which, among other issues, present low reproducibility and repetition rate [1]. Synchrotron radiation facilities are a more appropriate radiation source in that sense, since they provide tunable, reproducible and high resolution photons. Only their ?low? photon intensity for these experiments has prevented researchers to use it for this purpose. However, as new synchrotron facilities improve their photon fluxes, this limitation not longer holds [2]. This work evaluates the experimental requirements to use third generation synchrotron radiation sources for the empirical measurement of opacities of plasmas, proposing a pausible experimental set-up to carry them out. Properties of the laser or discharge generated plasmas to be studied with synchrotron radiation will be discussed in terms of their maximum temperatures, densities and temporal evolution. It will be concluded that there are encouraging reasons to pursue these kind of experiments which will provide with an appropriate benchmark for theoretical opacities

Modelling of spectral properties and population kinetics studies of inertial fusión and laboratory astrophysical plasmas

Fundamental research and modelling in plasma atomic physics continue to be essential for providing basic understanding of many different topics relevant to high-energy-density plasmas. The Atomic Physics Group at the Institute of Nuclear Fusion has accumulated experience over the years in developing a collection of computational models and tools for determining the atomic energy structure, ionization balance and radiative properties of, mainly, inertial fusion and laser-produced plasmas in a variety of conditions. In this work, we discuss some of the latest advances and results of our research, with emphasis on inertial fusion and laboratory-astrophysical applications.

Confined crystallization of nanolayered poly(ethylene terephthalate) using X-ray diffraction methods

The development of crystalline lamellae in ultra-thin layers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET confined between polycarbonate (PC) layers in an alternating assembly is investigated as a function of layer thickness by means of X-ray diffraction methods. Isothermal crystallization from the glassy state is in-situ followed by means of small-angle X-ray diffraction. It is found that the reduced size of the PET layers influences the lamellar nanostructure and induces a preferential lamellar orientation. Two lamellar populations, flat-on and edge-on, are found to coexist in a wide range of crystallization temperatures (Tc = 117–150 °C) and within layer thicknesses down to 35 nm. Flat-on lamellae appear at a reduced crystallization rate with respect to bulk PET giving rise to crystals of similar dimensions separated by larger amorphous regions. In addition, a narrower distribution of lamellar orientations develops when the layer thickness is reduced or the crystallization temperature is raised. In case of edge-on lamellae, crystallization conditions also influence the development of lamellar orientation; however, the latter is little affected by the reduced size of the layers. Results suggest that flat-on lamellae arise as a consequence of spatial confinement and edge-on lamellae could be generated due to the interactions with the PC interface. En este trabajo se investiga mediante difracción de rayos X a ángulos bajos (SAXS) y a ángulos altos (WAXS), la cristalización de láminas delgadas de Polietilén tereftalato (PET) confinadas entre láminas de Policarbonato (PC), tomando como referencia PET sin confinar. El espesor de las capas de PET varía entre 35nm y 115 nm. Se realizaron medidas de difracción a tres temperaturas de cristalización (117ºC, 132ºC y 150ºC) encontrándose que el reducido espesor de las capas de PET influye en la estructura lamelar que se desarrolla, induciendo una orientación preferente de las láminas. Se integró la intensidad difractada alrededor del máximo en SAXS para obtener una representación de la intensidad en función del ángulo acimutal. Mediante análisis de mínimos cuadrados se separó la curva experimental obtenida en tres contribuciones diferentes: una función Gausiana que describe la distribución de las orientaciones de las lamelas, una función lorenziana asociada a los máximos meridionales (asociados a las interfases PET-PC) y un background constante. Por otra parte la cantidad de material cristalizado se estimó asumiendo que la intensidad del background en el barrido acimutal, una vez restado el background del primer difractograma (sin máximos en SAXS) se asocia con la contribución del material isotrópico que resta en la muestra cristalizada. Se observa la coexistencia de dos poblaciones de lamelas: flat-on y edge-on. A medida que el espesor de las láminas de PET disminuye la población de las lamelas flat-on experimenta los siguientes cambios: 1) la distribución de orientación se estrecha, 2) la fracción de material cristalizado orientado aumenta, 3) la cinética de cristalización se ralentiza y 4) el largo espaciado aumenta es decir las regiones amorfas entre lamelas aumentan su tamaño. Parece demostrarse que es en las primeras etapas del crecimiento lamelar cuando la restricción espacial fuerza a las lamelas a esta orientación tipo flat-on frente a la orientación edge-on.

Stopping of α particles from the core in corona plasmas

In the laser fusion reactor design, the protection of first wall and the final optics from high energy ions is the key issue. So, it is necessary to predict the precise energy spectra of ions.In the previous reactor designs, the ion energy spectra were provided by the classical ion transport codes. However, this poster shows that the α particle spectrum is significantly modified by the anomalous process in ablated plasmas.

Improved heuristic drift elimination with magnetically-aided dominant directions (MiHDE) for pedestrian navigation in complex buildings

The main problem of pedestrian dead-reckoning (PDR) using only a body-attached inertial measurement unit is the accumulation of heading errors. The heading provided by magnetometers in indoor buildings is in general not reliable and therefore it is commonly not used. Recently, a new method was proposed called heuristic drift elimination (HDE) that minimises the heading error when navigating in buildings. It assumes that the majority of buildings have their corridors parallel to each other, or they intersect at right angles, and consequently most of the time the person walks along a straight path with a heading constrained to one of the four possible directions. In this article we study the performance of HDE-based methods in complex buildings, i.e. with pathways also oriented at 45°, long curved corridors, and wide areas where non-oriented motion is possible. We explain how the performance of the original HDE method can be deteriorated in complex buildings, and also, how severe errors can appear in the case of false matches with the building's dominant directions. Although magnetic compassing indoors has a chaotic behaviour, in this article we analyse large data-sets in order to study the potential use that magnetic compassing has to estimate the absolute yaw angle of a walking person. Apart from these analysis, this article also proposes an improved HDE method called Magnetically-aided Improved Heuristic Drift Elimination (MiHDE), that is implemented over a PDR framework that uses foot-mounted inertial navigation with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF is fed with the MiHDE-estimated orientation error, gyro bias corrections, as well as the confidence over that corrections. We experimentally evaluated the performance of the proposed MiHDE-based PDR method, comparing it with the original HDE implementation. Results show that both methods perform very well in ideal orthogonal narrow-corridor buildings, and MiHDE outperforms HDE for non-ideal trajectories (e.g. curved paths) and also makes it robust against potential false dominant direction matchings.

Similarities between ion waves in plasmas and gravity waves in incompressible fluids

Some similarities between ion waves in plasmas and gravity waves in incompressible fluids are investigated. It is shown that for zero ion temperature the ion-wave dispersion relation is similar to that of gravity waves in a stratified liquid between rigid, horizontal walls; for large wavelength the ion waves behave as the surface gravity waves of shallow-water theory. The general character of the pattern of ion waves arising in steady plasma flows is analyzed for arbitrary ion temperature, wavelength, and acoustic mach number (which is based on the ion-acoustic speed), and is compared to the pattern of surface gravity waves in steady water flows when surface tension is taken into account.

Self-similar motion of laser fusion plasmas. Absorption in an unbounded plasma

The one-dimensional motion generated in a cold, infinite, uniform plasma of density na by the absorption, in a certain plane, of a linear pulse of energy per unit time and area = 4>0t/r, 0< t< r, is considered, the analysis allows for thermal conduction and viscosity of ions and electrons, their energy exchange, and an electron heat flux limiter The resulting motion is self-similar and governed by a single nondimensional parameter a«(n0 2T/0)2/3 Detailed asymptotic results are obtained for both a < l and a > l , the general behavior of the solution for arbitrary a is discussed The analysis can be extended to the case of a plasma initially occupying a half-space, and throws light on how to optimize the hydrodynamics of laser fusion plasmas Known approximate results corresponding to motion of a plasma submitted to constant irradiation (<()) are recovered in the present work under appropriate limiting processes

Self-similar motion of laser half-space plasmas. I. Deflagration regime

The one-dimensional self-similar motion of an initially cold, half-space plasma of electron density 0,produced by the (anomalous) absorption of a laser pulse of irradiation = (j>0f/T(0< (< T) at the critical density nc(«c/«0=eoKe)213, where k, m, are Boltzmann's constant and the ion mass, and Ke X (electron temperature)5'2 = heat conductivity. If a >e- 4 ' 3 , a deflagration wave separates an isentropic compression with a shock bounding the undisturbed plasma, and an isentropic expansion flow to the vacuum. The structures of these three regions are completely determined; in particular, the Chapman-Jouguet condition is proved and the density behind the deflagration is found. The deflagration-compression thickness ratio is large (small) for a^e- 5 ' 3(a>e- 5 ' 3 ) . The compression to expansion ratio for both energy and thickness is 0(e"2). For Z,- large, a deflagration exists even if a~e~413. Condition a>e~4'3 may be applied to pulses that are not linear.

Self-similar motion of laser half-space plasmas. II. Thermal waves and intermediate regimes

The one-dimensional self-similar motion of an initially cold, half-space plasma of electron density n,produced by the (anomalous) absorption of a laser pulse of irradiation

€~4'3, a qualitative discussion of how plasma behavior changes with a, is given.

Self-similar expansion of laser plasmas with nonlocal heat flux

A previous hydrodynamic model of the expansion of a laser-produced plasma, using classical (Spitzer) heat flux, is reconsidered with a nonlocal heat flux model. The nonlocal law is shown to be valid beyond the range of validity of the classical law, breaking down ultimately, however, in agreement with recent predictions.