Bilateral trade between New Zealand & the pacific alliance: perspectives and possibilities for further trade engagement

Due to the rapid and effective success of countries in the Pacific Rim for the last two decades, current world trade attention has been focussed on what appears to be the common vision of the ‘Pacific Century’. Reducing attention from the Atlantic and focusing it on the Pacific represents a new challenge for countries touching this ocean. The main Latin American economies bordering the pacific have taken upon this challenge with the creation of the Pacific Alliance in 2011. In this way, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru intend to penetrate and increase trade with the region by forming a coalition. The Pacific Alliance has attracted international attention, interest and support from nations around the world, counting 32 countries as observers; 7 are actually located in the region and six of them rank amongst the Top 15 world economies. As is expected, the possibility of closer trade engagement with big players such as China, India, Japan, South Korea or Australia absorb the main attention of media, governments and academics alike, leaving behind other feasible and possible opportunities unattended. That is precisely the case of New Zealand and its favourable commerce opportunities with the Pacific Alliance. The following document will study the major trends and variations in trade between New Zealand, the Pacific Alliance and its members between 2010 and 2014. Proving that mutual trade is most likely to keep on growing.

Dinâmica locacional das indústrias e a produção do espaço urbano em Poços de Caldas (MG)

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Reestruturação urbana e transformações na área central em cidades médias: o caso de São José do Rio Preto - SP

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

El sector industrial en Jujuy : Un análisis desde la teoría de la localización y la problemática del medio ambiente

La estructura productiva de Jujuy en los últimos cincuenta años se ha caracterizado por la transición desde una economía centrada en la producción primaria (predominante hasta comienzos de la década de 1960) hacia otra con preeminencia creciente del sector terciario (desde mediados de la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad). El sector secundario nunca llegó a ser el más importante en el contexto económico provincial. Sin embargo, en una desagregación mayor, es la industria uno de los sectores que más aporta al producto bruto geográfico en los últimos quince años, con la particularidad de encontrarse concentrada en unas pocas localidades de la provincia. En ese marco, el presente trabajo se propone comprender la ubicación de las industrias en el territorio jujeño a partir de las teorías de la localización, con un análisis particular del caso de Palpalá (por su diseño de parques industriales destinado a aprovechar las economías de escala) y de la problemática ambiental generada por el sector. Se pretende responder a algunos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué criterios fueron tomados en cuenta para decidir la ubicación de cada fábrica? ¿Cómo incidieron los cambios políticos en la radicación industrial en territorio jujeño? ¿Qué reconversiones se fueron logrando a partir de una industria básica como la siderúrgica? ¿Cómo fue resolviéndose la demanda de bienes finales e intermedios ante el crecimiento poblacional y la inserción/reinserción de la mano de obra? ¿Qué vinculaciones se observan entre la provincia y la región desde el punto de vista de la ocupación del espacio económico? ¿Qué problemas sobre los recursos naturales suscita la industrialización? ¿Cómo responden el Estado y la actividad privada en la prevención y solución de los inconvenientes ambientales? El análisis se realiza sobre la base de la transferencia de teoría a la situación real, entrevistas a informantes especializados y relevamiento de información en organismos estatales (para interiorizarse de aspectos político/económicos), interpretándose luego de modo interdisciplinar los datos relevados. Las respuestas a los distintos interrogantes van elaborándose a medida que se encuentran las relaciones entre las razones que la historia reciente registra y la respuesta social y productiva de los actores económicos de la provincia. En ese sentido, entre las conclusiones se destaca la escasez de aportes foráneos en la construcción del sector industrial local, la necesidad de políticas que incentiven al sector manufacturero a nivel regional, así como la importancia de que se desplieguen acciones con respecto al control de la contaminación, su prevención y la restauración de recursos naturales: agua, suelo, atmósfera y biomas

El sector industrial en Jujuy : Un análisis desde la teoría de la localización y la problemática del medio ambiente

La estructura productiva de Jujuy en los últimos cincuenta años se ha caracterizado por la transición desde una economía centrada en la producción primaria (predominante hasta comienzos de la década de 1960) hacia otra con preeminencia creciente del sector terciario (desde mediados de la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad). El sector secundario nunca llegó a ser el más importante en el contexto económico provincial. Sin embargo, en una desagregación mayor, es la industria uno de los sectores que más aporta al producto bruto geográfico en los últimos quince años, con la particularidad de encontrarse concentrada en unas pocas localidades de la provincia. En ese marco, el presente trabajo se propone comprender la ubicación de las industrias en el territorio jujeño a partir de las teorías de la localización, con un análisis particular del caso de Palpalá (por su diseño de parques industriales destinado a aprovechar las economías de escala) y de la problemática ambiental generada por el sector. Se pretende responder a algunos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué criterios fueron tomados en cuenta para decidir la ubicación de cada fábrica? ¿Cómo incidieron los cambios políticos en la radicación industrial en territorio jujeño? ¿Qué reconversiones se fueron logrando a partir de una industria básica como la siderúrgica? ¿Cómo fue resolviéndose la demanda de bienes finales e intermedios ante el crecimiento poblacional y la inserción/reinserción de la mano de obra? ¿Qué vinculaciones se observan entre la provincia y la región desde el punto de vista de la ocupación del espacio económico? ¿Qué problemas sobre los recursos naturales suscita la industrialización? ¿Cómo responden el Estado y la actividad privada en la prevención y solución de los inconvenientes ambientales? El análisis se realiza sobre la base de la transferencia de teoría a la situación real, entrevistas a informantes especializados y relevamiento de información en organismos estatales (para interiorizarse de aspectos político/económicos), interpretándose luego de modo interdisciplinar los datos relevados. Las respuestas a los distintos interrogantes van elaborándose a medida que se encuentran las relaciones entre las razones que la historia reciente registra y la respuesta social y productiva de los actores económicos de la provincia. En ese sentido, entre las conclusiones se destaca la escasez de aportes foráneos en la construcción del sector industrial local, la necesidad de políticas que incentiven al sector manufacturero a nivel regional, así como la importancia de que se desplieguen acciones con respecto al control de la contaminación, su prevención y la restauración de recursos naturales: agua, suelo, atmósfera y biomas

El sector industrial en Jujuy : Un análisis desde la teoría de la localización y la problemática del medio ambiente

La estructura productiva de Jujuy en los últimos cincuenta años se ha caracterizado por la transición desde una economía centrada en la producción primaria (predominante hasta comienzos de la década de 1960) hacia otra con preeminencia creciente del sector terciario (desde mediados de la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad). El sector secundario nunca llegó a ser el más importante en el contexto económico provincial. Sin embargo, en una desagregación mayor, es la industria uno de los sectores que más aporta al producto bruto geográfico en los últimos quince años, con la particularidad de encontrarse concentrada en unas pocas localidades de la provincia. En ese marco, el presente trabajo se propone comprender la ubicación de las industrias en el territorio jujeño a partir de las teorías de la localización, con un análisis particular del caso de Palpalá (por su diseño de parques industriales destinado a aprovechar las economías de escala) y de la problemática ambiental generada por el sector. Se pretende responder a algunos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué criterios fueron tomados en cuenta para decidir la ubicación de cada fábrica? ¿Cómo incidieron los cambios políticos en la radicación industrial en territorio jujeño? ¿Qué reconversiones se fueron logrando a partir de una industria básica como la siderúrgica? ¿Cómo fue resolviéndose la demanda de bienes finales e intermedios ante el crecimiento poblacional y la inserción/reinserción de la mano de obra? ¿Qué vinculaciones se observan entre la provincia y la región desde el punto de vista de la ocupación del espacio económico? ¿Qué problemas sobre los recursos naturales suscita la industrialización? ¿Cómo responden el Estado y la actividad privada en la prevención y solución de los inconvenientes ambientales? El análisis se realiza sobre la base de la transferencia de teoría a la situación real, entrevistas a informantes especializados y relevamiento de información en organismos estatales (para interiorizarse de aspectos político/económicos), interpretándose luego de modo interdisciplinar los datos relevados. Las respuestas a los distintos interrogantes van elaborándose a medida que se encuentran las relaciones entre las razones que la historia reciente registra y la respuesta social y productiva de los actores económicos de la provincia. En ese sentido, entre las conclusiones se destaca la escasez de aportes foráneos en la construcción del sector industrial local, la necesidad de políticas que incentiven al sector manufacturero a nivel regional, así como la importancia de que se desplieguen acciones con respecto al control de la contaminación, su prevención y la restauración de recursos naturales: agua, suelo, atmósfera y biomas

Location Determinants of New Firms: Does Skill Level of Human Capital Really Matter?

This paper is about the role played by stock of human capital on location decisions of new manufacturing plants. We analyse the effect of several skill levels (from basic school to PhD) on decisions about the location of plants in various industries and, therefore, of different technological levels. We also test whether spatial aggregation level biases the results and determine the most appropriate areas to be considered in analyses of these phenomena. Our main statistical source is the Register of Manufacturing Establishments of Catalonia (REIC), which has plant-level microdata on the locations of new manufacturing plants. Keywords: agglomeration economies, industrial location, human capital, count-data models, spatial econometrics.

Creative Industries: a Preliminary Insight to their Location Determinants

This paper is about location decisions of Creative Industries and the role played by existent spatial distribution and agglomeration economies of these kinds of activities in order to analyse their location determinants. Our main statistical source is the REIC (Catalan Manufacturing Establishments Register), which has plant-level microdata on location of new plants. Using Count Data Models, our main results show that location determinants are quite similar between both industries and also both non-creative and creative firms are positively influenced by the specialisation level in Creative Industries of municipalities. Moreover, our results provide evidence that the unobserved ‘creative milieu’ has a limited impact on attracting firms. Keywords: creative industries, creative milieu, count data models, industrial location, agglomeration economies

Strategic outsourcing of R&D: The location-specific advantages of India to the pharmaceutical industry

Companies are increasingly under pressure to be more efficient both in terms of costs and overall performance and thus, they seek new ways to develop their products and innovate. For pharmaceutical industry it can take several decades to launch a new drug to the markets. Since pharmaceutical industry is one of the most research-intensive industries, is outsourcing one way to enhance the R&D processes of such companies. It is said that outsourcing to offshore locations is vastly more challenging and complicated than any other exporting activity or inter-company relationship that has evoked a lot of discussion. By outsourcing strategically, companies must also thoroughly focus on transaction costs and core competences. Today, the suppliers are looked for beyond national boundaries and furthermore, the location of the outsourcing activity must also be thoroughly considered. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyze what is known of strategic outsourcing of pharmaceutical R&D to India. In order to meet the purpose of the study, this study tries to answer three sub-questions set to it: first, what is strategic outsourcing, second, why pharmaceutical companies utilize strategic outsourcing of R&D and last, why pharmaceutical companies select India as the location for outsourcing their R&D. The study is a qualitative study. The purpose of the study was approached by a literature review with systematic elements and sub-questions were analyzed through different relevant theories, such as theory of transaction costs, core competences and location advantages. Applicable academic journal articles were comprehensively included in the study. The data was collected from electronic journal article databases using key words and almost only peer-reviewed, as new as possible articles were included. Also both the reference list of the included articles and article recommendations from professionals generated more articles for inclusion. The data was analyzed through thematization that resulted in themes that illuminate the purpose of the study and sub-questions. As an outcome of the analysis, each of the theory chapters in the study represents one sub-question. The literature used in this study revealed that strategic outsourcing of R&D is increasingly used in pharmaceutical industry and the major motives to practice it has to do with lowering costs, accessing skilled labor, resources and knowledge and enhancing their quality while speeding up the introduction of new drugs. Mainly for the above-mentioned motives India is frequently chosen as the target location for pharma outsourcers. Still, the literature is somewhat incomplete in this complex phenomenon and more research is needed.

Chapter 7 Clusters of Modern and Local Industries in Vietnam

Since the introduction of the Doi Moi ('renovation') economic reform in 1986, Vietnam has experienced a transformation of its economic management, from a central planning economy to a market-oriented economy. High economic growth, created by the liberalization of activities in all sectors of the economy, has changed the economic structure of the country, and the once agriculture-based and poverty-stricken land now generates a midlevel income and possesses many industrial bases. Economic growth has also changed the landscape of the country. Business complexes have been built in metropolises like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, and rice fields have been converted into industrial zones. As the number of enterprises increased, areas began to emerge where many enterprises agglomerated. Some of these 'clusters' were groups of cottage industry households, while many others were large-scale industrial clusters. As Porter [1998] argues, industrial clusters are the source of a nation's 'competitive advantage'. McCarty et al. [2005] indicate that in some key industries in Vietnam, some clusters of enterprises have been created, although the degree of agglomeration differs from one industry to another. Using industry census data from 2001, they include dot density maps for the 12 leading manufacturing industries in Vietnam. They show that most of the industries analyzed are clustered either in Hanoi or Ho Chi Minh City (or both). Among these 12 industries, the garments industry has the greatest tendency to cluster, followed by textile, rice, seafood, and paper industries. The fact that industrial clusters have begun to form in some areas could be a positive sign for Vietnam's future economic development. What is lacking in McCarty et al. [2005], however, is the identification of the participants in the industrial clusters. Some argue for the importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam's economic development (e.g. Nguyen Tri Thanh [2007], Tran Tien Cuong et al. [2008]), while others stress the impact of foreign direct investments (FDI) (for example, Tuan Bui [2009]). Adding information about the participants in the above cluster study (and in other studies of spatial patterns of location of enterprises) may broaden the scope for analysis of economic development in Vietnam. This study aims to reveal the characteristics of industrial clusters in terms of their participants and locations. The findings of the study may provide basic information for evaluating the effects of agglomeration and the robustness of the effects in the industrial clusters in Vietnam. Section 1 describes the characteristics of economic entities in Vietnam such as ownership, size of enterprise, and location. Section 2 examines qualitative aspects of industrial clusters identified in McCarty et al. [2005] and uses information on the size and ownership of clusters. Three key industries (garments, consumer electronics, and motor vehicle) are selected for the study. Section 3 identifies another type of cluster commonly seen in Vietnam, composed of local industries and called 'craft villages'. Many such villages have been developed since the early 1990s. The study points out that some of these villages have become industrialized (or are becoming industrialized) by introducing modern modes of production and by employing thousands of laborers.

Futures of automobile industry and challenges on sustainable development and mobility

Portugal had only very few foresight exercises on the automobile sector, and the most recent one was a survey held in a project on work organisation systems in the automobile industry, its recent historical paths and the special strategies of location of companies (the WorTiS project). This involved several teams with different disciplinary backgrounds and from two Portuguese universities. The provisional main results of the first round of a Delphi survey held in Portugal on the automotive sector were already published, but a further analysis was not yet done. This foresight survey was done under the WorTiS project, developed in 2004 by IET – Research Centre on Enterprise and Work Innovation (at FCT-UNL), and financed by the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology. Some of this experience on foresight analysis is also been transferred to other projects, namely the WORKS project on work organisation restructuring in the knowledge society that received the support from EC and still is running. The majority of experts considered having an average of less knowledge in almost all the scenario topics presented. This means that information on the automotive industry is not spread enough among academics or experts in related fields (regional scientists, innovation economists, engineers, sociologists). Some have a good knowledge but in very specialised fields. Others have expertise on foresight, or macroeconomics, or management sciences, but feel insecure on issues related with futures of automobile sector. Nevertheless, we considered specially the topics where the experts considered themselves to have some knowledge. There were no “irrelevant” topics considered as such by the expert panel. There are also no topics that are not considered a need for co-operation. The lack of technological infrastructures was not considered as a hindered factor for the accomplishment of any scenario. The experts’ panel considered no other international competence besides US, Japan or Germany in these topics. Special focus will be made in this paper on the topic 2. Public policy and automobile industries, and more specifically on the technological and/or research policies issues, where one can specify the automobile’s role in transport policies with further implications like environment, safety, energy, mobility.

Location model for CCA-treated - wood waste remediation units

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica

Spatial distribution of economic activities: an empirical approach usingself-organizing maps

The aim of this paper is to analyse the colocation patterns of industries and firms. We study the spatial distribution of firms from different industries at a microgeographic level and from this identify the main reasons for this locational behaviour. The empirical application uses data from Mercantile Registers of Spanish firms (manufacturers and services). Inter-sectorial linkages are shown using self-organizing maps. Key words: clusters, microgeographic data, self-organizing maps, firm location JEL classification: R10, R12, R34

Regulatory federalism in network industries

Report for the scientific sojourn at the UC Berkeley, USA, from march until july 2008. This document starts by surveying the literature on economic federalism and relating it to network industries. The insights and some new developments (which focus on the role of interjurisdictional externalities, multiple objectives and investment incentives) are used to analyze regulatory arrangements in telecommunications and energy in the EU and the US. In the long history of vertically integrated monopolies in telecommunications and energy, there was a historical trend to move regulation up in the vertical structure of government, at least form the local level to the state or nation-state level. This move alleviated the pressure on regulators to renege on the commitment not to expropriate sunk investments, although it did not eliminate the practice of taxation by regulation that was the result of multiple interest group action. Although central or federal policy making is more focused and especialized and makes it difficult for more interest groups to organize, it is not clear that under all conditions central powers will not be associated with underinvestment. When technology makes the introduction of competition in some segments possible, the possibilities for organizing the institutional architechture of regulation expand. The central level may focus on structural regulation and the location of behavioral regulation of the remaining monopolists may be resolved in a cooperative way or concentrated at the level where the relevant spillovers are internalized.

Tax differentials and agglomeration economies in intraregional firm location

This paper analyses empirically how differences in local taxes affect the intraregional location of new manufacturing plants. These effects are examined within the random profit maximization framework while accounting for the presence of different types of agglomeration economies (localization/ urbanization/ Jacobs¿ economies) at the municipal level. We look at the location decision of more than 10,000 establishments locating between 1996 and 2003 across more than 400 municipalities in Catalonia, a Spanish region. It is necessary to restrict the choice set to the local labor market and, above all, to control for agglomeration economies so as to identify the effects of taxes on the location of new establishments.