Feasibility of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and training using a robotics-assisted tilt table in dependent-ambulatory stroke patients

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the feasibility of an augmented robotics-assisted tilt table (RATT) for incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and exercise training in dependent-ambulatory stroke patients. METHODS: Stroke patients (Functional Ambulation Category ≤ 3) underwent familiarization, an incremental exercise test (IET) and a constant load test (CLT) on separate days. A RATT equipped with force sensors in the thigh cuffs, a work rate estimation algorithm and real-time visual feedback to guide the exercise work rate was used. Feasibility assessment considered technical feasibility, patient tolerability, and cardiopulmonary responsiveness. RESULTS: Eight patients (4 female) aged 58.3 ± 9.2 years (mean ± SD) were recruited and all completed the study. For IETs, peak oxygen uptake (V'O2peak), peak heart rate (HRpeak) and peak work rate (WRpeak) were 11.9 ± 4.0 ml/kg/min (45 % of predicted V'O2max), 117 ± 32 beats/min (72 % of predicted HRmax) and 22.5 ± 13.0 W, respectively. Peak ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were on the range "hard" to "very hard". All 8 patients reached their limit of functional capacity in terms of either their cardiopulmonary or neuromuscular performance. A ventilatory threshold (VT) was identified in 7 patients and a respiratory compensation point (RCP) in 6 patients: mean V'O2 at VT and RCP was 8.9 and 10.7 ml/kg/min, respectively, which represent 75 % (VT) and 85 % (RCP) of mean V'O2peak. Incremental CPET provided sufficient information to satisfy the responsiveness criteria and identification of key outcomes in all 8 patients. For CLTs, mean steady-state V'O2 was 6.9 ml/kg/min (49 % of V'O2 reserve), mean HR was 90 beats/min (56 % of HRmax), RPEs were > 2, and all patients maintained the active work rate for 10 min: these values meet recommended intensity levels for bouts of training. CONCLUSIONS: The augmented RATT is deemed feasible for incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing and exercise training in dependent-ambulatory stroke patients: the approach was found to be technically implementable, acceptable to the patients, and it showed substantial cardiopulmonary responsiveness. This work has clinical implications for patients with severe disability who otherwise are not able to be tested.

Dynamic effect of high speed railway traffic loads on the ballast track settlement

The traditional ballast track structures are still being used in high speed railways lines with success, however technical problems or performance features have led to non-ballast track solution in some cases. A considerable maintenance work is needed for ballasted tracks due to the track deterioration. Therefore it is very important to understand the mechanism of track deterioration and to predict the track settlement or track irregularity growth rate in order to reduce track maintenance costs and enable new track structures to be designed. The objective of this work is to develop the most adequate and efficient models for calculation of dynamic traffic load effects on railways track infrastructure, and then evaluate the dynamic effect on the ballast track settlement, using a ballast track settlement prediction model, which consists of the vehicle/track dynamic model previously selected and a track settlement law. The calculations are based on dynamic finite element models with direct time integration, contact between wheel and rail and interaction with railway cars. A initial irregularity profile is used in the prediction model. The track settlement law is considered to be a function of number of loading cycles and the magnitude of the loading, which represents the long-term behavior of ballast settlement. The results obtained include the track irregularity growth and the contact force in the final interaction of numerical simulation

Estrogen alters behavior and forebrain c-fos expression in ovariectomized rats subjected to the forced swim test

Estrogen has been implicated in brain functions related to affective state, including hormone-related affective disorders in women. Although some reports suggest that estrogen appears to decrease vulnerability to affective disorders in certain cases, the mechanisms involved are unknown. We used the forced swim test (FST), a paradigm used to test the efficacy of antidepressants, and addressed the hypotheses that estrogen alters behavior of ovariectomized rats in the FST and the FST-induced expression of c-fos, a marker for neuronal activity, in the rat forebrain. The behaviors displayed included struggling, swimming, and immobility. One hour after the beginning of the test on day 2, the animals were perfused, and the brains were processed for c-fos immunocytochemistry. On day 1, the estradiol benzoate-treated animals spent significantly less time struggling and virtually no time in immobility and spent most of the time swimming. Control rats spent significantly more time struggling or being immobile during a comparable period. On day 2, similar behavioral patterns with still more pronounced differences were observed between estradiol benzoate and ovariectomized control groups in struggling, immobility, and swimming. Analysis of the mean number of c-fos immunoreactive cell nuclei showed a significant reduction in the estradiol benzoate versus control groups in areas of the forebrain relating to sensory, contextual, and integrative processing. Our results suggest that estrogen-induced neurochemical changes in forebrain neurons may translate into an altered behavioral output in the affective domain.

Effectiveness of the postcoital test: randomised controlled trial

Objectives: To investigate the impact of the postcoital test on the pregnancy rate among subfertile couples and on the number of other diagnostic tests and treatments.

Efeito das farinhas de jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.) in natura e extrusada no metabolismo lipídico e parâmetros fermentativos em hamsters e resposta glicêmica em humanos após a extrusão

Introdução: A polpa farinácea do jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.) apresenta alto teor de fibra alimentar, em média 60 g/100 g, que são importantes para a redução do risco e controle de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). A extrusão termoplástica neutraliza aromas intensos, proporciona a formação de amido resistente, aumenta a fibra alimentar solúvel e melhora a textura do produto final. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito das farinhas de jatobá-do-cerrado in natura (FIN) e extrusada (FE) no metabolismo lipídico e parâmetros fermentativos em hamsters, bem como verificar a resposta glicêmica em humanos após a extrusão. Métodos: Processo de extrusão: velocidade de 200 rpm; matriz com 4 mm de diâmetro; taxa de compressão 3:1; alimentação constante de 70 gramas/minuto; temperatura de 150 °C; proporção farinha de jatobá-do-cerrado e amido de milho: 70:30 por cento e umidade a 25 por cento . Foi realizado um experimento animal com hamsters durante 21 dias, em que se analisou alguns parâmetros do metabolismo lipídico e colônico (fermentativos) dos animais, divididos em quatro grupos experimentais, se diferenciando pela dieta. As dietas controle (GC), in natura (GFI) e extrusada (GFE) eram hipercolesterolemizantes (13,5 por cento de gordura de coco e 0,1 por cento de colesterol) e a dieta referência (GR) com óleo de soja como fonte lipídica, não. Todas as dietas apresentavam 15 por cento de fibra alimentar, sendo que as dietas GR e GC tinham como fonte de fibra a celulose, e as dietas GFI e GFE tiveram as próprias fibras como fonte. A resposta glicêmica em humanos foi verificada por meio do ensaio do índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica da FE, com dez voluntários saudáveis que consumiram 25 gramas de carboidratos disponíveis do alimento teste (farinha extrusada) ou do pão branco como alimento controle. Resultados: Não foi observada diferença significativa entre o peso final, ingestão diária média e total, ganho de peso e CEA entre os animais dos quatro grupos. A concentração de triglicerídeos foi menor em 41 por cento e 38 por cento nos animais que receberam as dietas GFI e GFE, em relação aqueles que receberam a dieta GC, assim como também para o colesterol total (55 por cento e 47 por cento ), LDL-c (70 por cento e 53 por cento ) e não-HDL-c (63 por cento e 49 por cento ) séricos, lipídeos totais hepáticos (39 por cento e 45 por cento ) e o peso dos fígados dos animais também foi menor (21 por cento em ambos os grupos). Não houve diferença no colesterol hepático e excretado nas fezes dos animais dos quatro grupos. Os animais do GFE excretaram 57 por cento mais ácidos biliares nas fezes que os animais do GC. Com relação aos parâmetros fermentativos, observou-se maior excreção de fibras (1,24 ± 0,08 e 1,52 ± 0,09 gramas) nos animais dos grupos GR e GC respectivamente, em relação aos do GFI e GFE (0,50 e 0,48 gramas), porém o escore fecal (3,50 ± 0,19 e 3,38 ± 0,18) e o grau de fermentação (54 e 52 por cento ) foi maior nos animais dos grupos GFI e GFE. Houve uma maior produção de AGCC no ceco dos animais dos grupos GFI e GFE (80 e 57,5 µmol/g de ceco respectivamente) e maior diminuição do pH no conteúdo cecal nos animais do grupo GFI (7,49 ± 0,10), em relação ao GC (8,06 ± 0,13). Os ácidos acético e propiônico, estiveram presentes em maior quantidade no ceco dos animais dos grupos GFI (58,5 e 6,1 µmol/g de ceco) e GFE (42,5 e 6,6 µmol/g de ceco) e os animais do GFI produziram mais ácido butírico (15 µmol/g de ceco), em relação aos demais grupos. Quanto à resposta glicêmica da farinha pós extrusão, não houve diferença entre a área de resposta glicêmica da farinha extrusada e do pão branco, o índice glicêmico da farinha extrusada (glicose como controle) foi classificado como moderado, e a carga glicêmica (na porção de 30 gramas), baixa. Conclusão: As FIN e FE favoreceram a redução do colesterol total, LDL-c, não-HDL-c e dos triglicerídeos séricos, além da diminuição do acúmulo de lipídeos hepáticos. Foi observado também aumento expressivo na formação de AGCC e no grau de fermentação. A FE proporcionou um aumento na excreção de ácidos biliares nas fezes e apresentou índice glicêmico moderado e baixa carga glicêmica.

Novo procedimento para a realização de análise capwap no ensaio de carregamento dinâmico em estacas pré-moldadas.

Desde a década de 1980 diversos autores apresentaram correlações entre provas de carga estática e ensaios de carregamento dinâmico em estacas. Para uma boa correlação é fundamental que os testes sejam bem executados e que atinjam a ruptura segundo algum critério, como o de Davisson, por exemplo, além de levar em conta o intervalo de tempo entre a execução da prova de carga estática e do ensaio dinâmico, face ao efeito \"set up\". Após a realização do ensaio dinâmico realiza-se a análise CAPWAP que permite a determinação da distribuição do atrito lateral em profundidade, a carga de ponta e outros parâmetros dos solos tais como quakes e damping. A análise CAPWAP é realizada por tentativas através do procedimento \"signal matching\", isto é, o melhor ajuste entre os sinais de força medido pelos sensores e o calculado. É relativamente fácil mostrar que a mesma solução pode ser obtida através de dados de entrada diferentes. Isso significa que apesar de apresentarem cargas mobilizadas próximas o formato da curva da simulação de prova de carga estática, obtida pelo CAPWAP, assim como a distribuição do atrito lateral, podem ser diferentes, mesmo que as análises apresentem \"match quality\" (MQWU) satisfatórios. Uma forma de corrigir o formato da curva simulada do CAPWAP, assim como a distribuição do atrito lateral, é através da comparação com provas de carga estática (PCE). A sobreposição das duas curvas, a simulada e a \"real\", permite a determinação do quake do fuste através do trecho inicial da curva carga-recalque da prova de carga estática, que por sua vez permite uma melhor definição da distribuição do atrito lateral e da reação de ponta. Neste contexto surge o conceito de \"match quality de recalques\" (MQR). Quando a PCE não está disponível, propõe-se efetuar um carregamento estático utilizando o peso próprio do martelo do bate-estaca (CEPM). Mostra-se, através de dois casos de obra, em que estavam disponíveis ensaios de carregamento dinâmico e PCEs, que esse procedimento permite obter uma melhor solução do ponto de vista físico, isto é consistente com as características do subsolo e com a curva carga-recalque da PCE, e não apenas matemático, através da avaliação do \"match quality\" (MQWU).

On the development of advanced techniques for mixed-elastohydrodynamic lubrification modelling of journal and sliding bearing systems.

The present thesis is focused on the development of a thorough mathematical modelling and computational solution framework aimed at the numerical simulation of journal and sliding bearing systems operating under a wide range of lubrication regimes (mixed, elastohydrodynamic and full film lubrication regimes) and working conditions (static, quasi-static and transient conditions). The fluid flow effects have been considered in terms of the Isothermal Generalized Equation of the Mechanics of the Viscous Thin Films (Reynolds equation), along with the massconserving p-Ø Elrod-Adams cavitation model that accordingly ensures the so-called JFO complementary boundary conditions for fluid film rupture. The variation of the lubricant rheological properties due to the viscous-pressure (Barus and Roelands equations), viscous-shear-thinning (Eyring and Carreau-Yasuda equations) and density-pressure (Dowson-Higginson equation) relationships have also been taken into account in the overall modelling. Generic models have been derived for the aforementioned bearing components in order to enable their applications in general multibody dynamic systems (MDS), and by including the effects of angular misalignments, superficial geometric defects (form/waviness deviations, EHL deformations, etc.) and axial motion. The bearing exibility (conformal EHL) has been incorporated by means of FEM model reduction (or condensation) techniques. The macroscopic in fluence of the mixedlubrication phenomena have been included into the modelling by the stochastic Patir and Cheng average ow model and the Greenwood-Williamson/Greenwood-Tripp formulations for rough contacts. Furthermore, a deterministic mixed-lubrication model with inter-asperity cavitation has also been proposed for full-scale simulations in the microscopic (roughness) level. According to the extensive mathematical modelling background established, three significant contributions have been accomplished. Firstly, a general numerical solution for the Reynolds lubrication equation with the mass-conserving p - Ø cavitation model has been developed based on the hybridtype Element-Based Finite Volume Method (EbFVM). This new solution scheme allows solving lubrication problems with complex geometries to be discretized by unstructured grids. The numerical method was validated in agreement with several example cases from the literature, and further used in numerical experiments to explore its exibility in coping with irregular meshes for reducing the number of nodes required in the solution of textured sliding bearings. Secondly, novel robust partitioned techniques, namely: Fixed Point Gauss-Seidel Method (PGMF), Point Gauss-Seidel Method with Aitken Acceleration (PGMA) and Interface Quasi-Newton Method with Inverse Jacobian from Least-Squares approximation (IQN-ILS), commonly adopted for solving uid-structure interaction problems have been introduced in the context of tribological simulations, particularly for the coupled calculation of dynamic conformal EHL contacts. The performance of such partitioned methods was evaluated according to simulations of dynamically loaded connecting-rod big-end bearings of both heavy-duty and high-speed engines. Finally, the proposed deterministic mixed-lubrication modelling was applied to investigate the in fluence of the cylinder liner wear after a 100h dynamometer engine test on the hydrodynamic pressure generation and friction of Twin-Land Oil Control Rings.

A methodology for evacuation route planning inside buildings using geospatial technology

Evacuation route planning is a fundamental task for building engineering projects. Safety regulations are established so that all occupants are driven on time out of a building to a secure place when faced with an emergency situation. As an example, Spanish building code requires the planning of evacuation routes on large and, usually, public buildings. Engineers often plan these routes on single building projects, repeatedly assigning clusters of rooms to each emergency exit in a trial-and-error process. But problems may arise for a building complex where distribution and use changes make visual analysis cumbersome and sometimes unfeasible. This problem could be solved by using well-known spatial analysis techniques, implemented as a specialized software able to partially emulate engineer reasoning. In this paper we propose and test an easily reproducible methodology that makes use of free and open source software components for solving a case study. We ran a complete test on a building floor at the University of Alicante (Spain). This institution offers a web service (WFS) that allows retrieval of 2D geometries from any building within its campus. We demonstrate how geospatial technologies and computational geometry algorithms can be used for automating the creation and optimization of evacuation routes. In our case study, the engineers’ task is to verify that the load capacity of each emergency exit does not exceed the standards specified by Spain’s current regulations. Using Dijkstra’s algorithm, we obtain the shortest paths from every room to the most appropriate emergency exit. Once these paths are calculated, engineers can run simulations and validate, based on path statistics, different cluster configurations. Techniques and tools applied in this research would be helpful in the design and risk management phases of any complex building project.

Rowing Biomechanics: Technique Changes with an Increase of Power Demand

The sport of rowing has become more popular in the past decade. While it is a relatively low impact sport, injuries can occur, specifically to the ribs (Karlson K. A., 1998) and more often in female athletes (Hickey, Fricker, & McDonald , 1997). It has been proposed that as the athlete rows, applying a cyclical load to the body, the mid trapezius fatigues and is unable to resist the force produced during the drive phase (Warden S. J., Gutschlag, Wajswelner, & Crossley, 2002). Once this happens, the scapulae are then pulled anterio-laterally which increases the compression force on the ribs, increasing the risk of injury. The rowing motion of 12 female varsity and club rowers was tracked as they completed a fatiguing rowing test on a rowing ergometer. Results showed that the curvature of thoracic spine changed throughout the rowing cycle but did not change with increasing power level. The transverse shoulder angle decreased (the upper back was less straight) as power level increased (R2=-0.69±19), suggesting that the scapula moved anterio-laterally. This may be that as it tired, the mid-trapezius was unable to hold the scapulae in position. The decreasing transverse shoulder angle when the power level is increased indirectly supports the fatiguing of the retractor muscles as a mechanism of injury. It would be valuable to understand the limitations of each athlete and to be able to prescribe the optimal training zone to reduce the risk of injury.

On a resampling approach for tests on the number of clusters with mixture model-based clustering of tissue samples

We consider the problem of assessing the number of clusters in a limited number of tissue samples containing gene expressions for possibly several thousands of genes. It is proposed to use a normal mixture model-based approach to the clustering of the tissue samples. One advantage of this approach is that the question on the number of clusters in the data can be formulated in terms of a test on the smallest number of components in the mixture model compatible with the data. This test can be carried out on the basis of the likelihood ratio test statistic, using resampling to assess its null distribution. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated on simulated data and on some microarray datasets, as considered previously in the bioinformatics literature. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Observation of crack initiation during hot tearing

While the general mechanisms of hot tearing are understood, i.e. the inability of liquid to feed imposed strain on the mushy material, work continues on improving the understanding of the mechanisms at play. A hot tear test rig that measures the temperature and load imposed on the mushy zone during solidification has been successfully used to study hot tearing. The mould has now been modified to incorporate a window above the hot spot region to allow observation of hot tear formation and growth. Combining information from visual observation with load and temperature data has led to a better understanding of the mechanism of hot tearing. Tests were carried out on an Al-0.5 wt-% Cu alloy. It was found that load development began at about 90% solid and a hot tear formed a short time later, at between 93% and 96% solid. Hot tearing started at a very low load.

TiN-based coatings on fuel cladding tubes for advanced nuclear reactors

Titanium nitride (TiN) thin films are coated on HT-9 and MA957 fuel cladding tubes and bars to explore their mechanical strength, thermal stability, diffusion barrier properties, and thermal conductivity properties. The ultimate goal is to implement TiN as an effective diffusion barrier to prevent the inter-diffusion between the nuclear fuel and the cladding material, and thus lead to a longer lifetime of the cladding tubes. Mechanical tests including hardness and scratch tests for the samples before and after thermal cycle tests show that the films have a high hardness of 28GPa and excellent adhesion properties despite the thermal treatment. Thermal conductivity measurements demonstrate that the thin TiN films have very minimal impact on the overall thermal conductivity of the MA957 and HT-9 substrates, i.e., the thermal conductivity of the uncoated HT-9 and MA957 substrates was 26.25 and 28.44 W m-1 K-1, and that of the coated ones was 26.21 and 28.38W m-1 K-1, respectively. A preliminary Ce diffusion test on the couple of Ce/TiN/HT-9 suggests that TiN has excellent material compatibility and good diffusion barrier properties.

The effect of spectral filters on reading speed and accuracy following stroke

Purpose - The aim of the study was to determine the effect of optimal spectral filters on reading performance following stroke. Methods - Seventeen stroke subjects, aged 43-85, were considered with an age-matched Control Group (n = 17). Subjects undertook the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test on three occasions: (i) using an optimally selected spectral filter; (ii) subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 used an optimal filter, whereas Group 2 used a grey filter, for two-weeks. The grey filter had similar photopic reflectance to the optimal filters, intended as a surrogate for a placebo; (iii) the groups were crossed over with Group 1 using a grey filter and Group 2 given an optimal filter, for two weeks, before undertaking the task once more. An increase in reading speed of >5% was considered clinically relevant. Results - Initial use of a spectral filter in the stroke cohort, increased reading speed by ~8%, almost halving error scores, findings not replicated in controls. Prolonged use of an optimal spectral filter increased reading speed by >9% for stroke subjects; errors more than halved. When the same subjects switched to using a grey filter, reading speed reduced by ~4%. A second group of stroke subjects used a grey filter first; reading speed decreased by ~3% but increased by ~4% with an optimal filter, with error scores almost halving. Conclusions - The present study has shown that spectral filters can immediately improve reading speed and accuracy following stroke, whereas prolonged use does not increase these benefits significantly. © 2013 Spanish General Council of Optometry.

The effect of bilingual representation in prose reading on explicit and implicit memory

Chinese-English bilingual students were randomly assigned to three reading conditions: In the English-English (E-E) condition (n = 44), a text in English was read twice; in the English-Chinese (E-C) condition (n = 30), the English text was read first and its Chinese translation was read second; in the Chinese-English (C-E) condition (n = 30), the Chinese text was read first and English second. An expected explicit memory test on propositions in the format of sentence verification was given followed by an unexpected implicit memory test on unfamiliar word-forms.^ Analyses of covariance were conducted with explicit and implicit memory scores as the dependent variables, reading condition (bilingual versus monolingual) as the independent variable, and TOEFL reading score as the covariate.^ The results showed that the bilingual reading groups outperformed the monolingual reading group on explicit memory tested by sentence-verification but not on implicit memory tested by forced-choice word-identification, implying that bilingual representation facilitates explicit memory of propositional information but not implicit memory of lexical forms. The findings were interpreted as consistent with separate bilingual memory-storage models and the implications of such models in the study of cognitive structures were discussed in relationship to issues of dual coding theory, multiple memory systems, and the linguistic relativity philosophy. ^

Development and verification of control and protection strategies in hybrid AC/DC power systems for smart grid applications

Modern power networks incorporate communications and information technology infrastructure into the electrical power system to create a smart grid in terms of control and operation. The smart grid enables real-time communication and control between consumers and utility companies allowing suppliers to optimize energy usage based on price preference and system technical issues. The smart grid design aims to provide overall power system monitoring, create protection and control strategies to maintain system performance, stability and security. This dissertation contributed to the development of a unique and novel smart grid test-bed laboratory with integrated monitoring, protection and control systems. This test-bed was used as a platform to test the smart grid operational ideas developed here. The implementation of this system in the real-time software creates an environment for studying, implementing and verifying novel control and protection schemes developed in this dissertation. Phasor measurement techniques were developed using the available Data Acquisition (DAQ) devices in order to monitor all points in the power system in real time. This provides a practical view of system parameter changes, system abnormal conditions and its stability and security information system. These developments provide valuable measurements for technical power system operators in the energy control centers. Phasor Measurement technology is an excellent solution for improving system planning, operation and energy trading in addition to enabling advanced applications in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC). Moreover, a virtual protection system was developed and implemented in the smart grid laboratory with integrated functionality for wide area applications. Experiments and procedures were developed in the system in order to detect the system abnormal conditions and apply proper remedies to heal the system. A design for DC microgrid was developed to integrate it to the AC system with appropriate control capability. This system represents realistic hybrid AC/DC microgrids connectivity to the AC side to study the use of such architecture in system operation to help remedy system abnormal conditions. In addition, this dissertation explored the challenges and feasibility of the implementation of real-time system analysis features in order to monitor the system security and stability measures. These indices are measured experimentally during the operation of the developed hybrid AC/DC microgrids. Furthermore, a real-time optimal power flow system was implemented to optimally manage the power sharing between AC generators and DC side resources. A study relating to real-time energy management algorithm in hybrid microgrids was performed to evaluate the effects of using energy storage resources and their use in mitigating heavy load impacts on system stability and operational security.