A competência discursiva através dos gêneros textuais : uma experiência com o jornal de sala de aula

O presente estudo busca entender a relação entre a competência discursiva escrita e o trabalho com os gêneros textuais -postulado por Bronckart-, com o seu interacionismo sócio-discursivo. Como ferramenta metodológica da pesquisa foi efetuada a atividade de linguagem da produção de um jornal de sala de aula com alunos do ensino médio de duas escolas públicas de Porto Alegre. Através desse suporte textual, os alunos-escritores das duas escolas puderam praticar a língua escrita, trabalhando com gêneros textuais diversificados, buscando interagir sócio-discursivamente com seus colegas-leitores e com toda a comunidade escolar. A pesquisa aponta para a emersão de novos gêneros híbridos que surgiram em função da produção dos gêneros textuais jornalísticos no ambiente discursivo escolar, além de mostrar a importância do trabalho com projetos dentro da escola, visando a uma ação pedagógica legítima, notadamente, no que diz respeito ao ensino-aprendizagem da língua escrita.

A dispersão do sujeito em lugares discursivos marcados

Tomando os pressupostos da Análise de Discurso – AD fundada por Michel Pêcheux, a tese trata da formulação da noção de Lugar Discursivo – LD. Aplica essa noção no processo discursivo próprio ao Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST. Situa o Sem Terra como sujeito político que emerge sob o efeito da tensão entre duas lógicas. Sem Terra e MST estão colocados na relação com a manutenção do litígio provocador de uma nova ordem social. As demandas do MST objetivam deslocar a ordem social vigente e instituir outra baseada na lógica da solidariedade horizontal. A questão fundamental mostra a relação entre os lugares sociais e os processos discursivos. O interdiscurso acolhe o social sob a forma de pré-construídos que, na formação social, são tomados como marcos dos lugares. O LD é tratado como sentidos sedimentados que se colocam no processo de assujeitamento, dando forma discursiva ao lugar que interpela o sujeito junto com outros pré-construídos dispersos no interdiscurso. A diferença entre LD e posição-sujeito tem como base o fato de que a primeira é efeito da circulação dos discursos e a outra, da constituição e da formulação.O sujeito que se dispersa nos LD e nas posições-sujeito se sustenta na utopia da possível construção da nova ordem social.

Perfil discursivo e interativo de pessoas com doença de alzheimer

O discurso dos indivíduos com Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é descrito como desorganizado e vazio, apresentando um grande número de termos indefinidos e frases sem significado (Obler, Albert & Helm-Estabrooks, 1985). Além disso, estudos apontam a ausência de elementos importantes para a compreensão do discurso pelo interlocutor (Ripich & Terrel, 1988). Essas características discursivas refletem uma dificuldade evidente na produção do discurso, especialmente nos níveis pragmáticos e semânticos do processamento. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a coerência e os déficits no manejo do conhecimento de pessoas com DA em três tarefas de discurso, comparando as relações dessas características com habilidades cognitivas. Participaram do estudo 8 idosos com DA no estágio GDS 4, 10 com DA no estágio GDS 5 e 16 idosos do grupo controle sem DA. Os discursos foram analisados a partir de uma tarefa sem pistas informativas, uma tarefa com pistas informativas e uma tarefa com pistas visuais Os participantes foram avaliados com testes neuropsicológicos relacionados à compreensão verbal, memória semântica, memória episódica e memória de trabalho. Os resultados demonstraram que participantes com DA apresentaram escores de coerência global mais baixos do que idosos sem D.A. Idosos com DA também apresentaram maiores dificuldades de manejo do conhecimento do que idosos normais. As características discursivas de participantes com DA correlacionaram-se com suas habilidades cognitivas. Os grupos GDS 4 e GDS 5 diferiram com relação à coerência local (na tarefa com pistas visuais) e ao déficit no manejo do conhecimento (na tarefa com pistas informativas). Os desempenhos discursivos dos participantes com DA diferiram significativamente entre as tarefas autobiográficas e a tarefa com pistas visuais. Esses dados podem contribuir para ampliar e aprofundar os métodos de detecção precoce, avaliação e intervenção das desordens discursivas de pessoas com DA.

O estudo do gênero pelo viés discursivo : refletindo sobre a dualidade masculino/feminino e sua relação com a escrita

Nesta pesquisa, proponho o estudo do gênero pelo viés discursivo, a fim de investigar a dualidade masculino/feminino e sua relação com a escrita. O percurso por este texto, fundamentado no referencial teórico da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa, leva à compreensão dos efeitos de sentido que o sujeito produz, ao buscar aprisionar a escrita em um estereótipo masculino/feminino. Analiso um corpus constituído por cartas de leitores, textos de opinião, (os quais denomino de textos-fonte), publicados em jornais gaúchos, desprovidos propositadamente da assinatura do autor. Incluo também os textos produzidos pelos participantes desta pesquisa, a partir da leitura que fizeram dos referidos textos-fonte, a fim de expressarem sua opinião sobre o que caracteriza uma escrita quanto ao gênero. As marcas encontradas, no referido corpus, colocam em xeque a lógica da exclusão, do “isso ou aquilo”, abrindo a possibilidade para a inclusão, ou seja, a escrita pode ser isso e também aquilo, visto que ela é aqui entendida como um mosaico de discursos, cuja constituição abriga a mescla. É, pois, sob o efeito da transparência, que se tem a ilusão de uma escrita em cuja materialidade encontra-se refletido, com nitidez, o gênero de quem a produziu. Com base nessa reflexão teórica, questiono a atribuição de uma identidade de gênero para a escrita.No desenvolvimento deste estudo, mobilizo noções teóricas específicas, sendo que, na primeira parte, apresento considerações sobre a temática da diferença, a partir de concepções culturais, filosóficas e psicanalíticas. Na segunda parte, passo às questões referentes à leitura, à escrita, priorizando a perspectiva discursiva que alicerça esta pesquisa. Na terceira parte, trago as considerações metodológicas que irão nortear as posteriores análises. Na quarta e última parte, são realizadas as análises propriamente ditas (o gesto de interpretação) e, posteriormente, as considerações finais. Os pontos de ancoragem decorrentes deste processo de análise apontam caminhos, que proporcionam compreender os movimentos de sentido produzidos, quando se trata de estabelecer uma possível relação gênero e escrita. Através do jogo de espelho acionado pelos sujeitos participantes desta tese, observo a maneira como eles, na escrita, vêem o outro por meio da imagem projetada daquilo que concebem como específico de um homem e de uma mulher. Pela materialidade da língua, o efeito de uma escrita feminina e masculina é produzido como algo idealizado, porém, simultaneamente, nessa tentativa de represar os sentidos no fluxo do discurso, são mobilizadas diferentes formações discursivas, posições sujeito, enfim, identidades plurais, dada a constituição heterogênea de todo discurso. Sendo assim, este estudo concebe a relação gênero e escrita enquanto um processo discursivo que, determinado pelo interdiscurso, traz consigo a marca indelével da heterogeneidade.

O ensino da língua: um processo discursivo

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Novos contextos de aprendizagem : processos de letramento a partir dos gêneros digitais

Num mundo em constante transformação e cercado de novas tecnologias, é necessário que os estudantes desenvolvam habilidades que vão além do letramento alfabético, é urgente ser digitalmente letrado. No entanto, contrariando as mudanças aceleradas que acontecem na sociedade, a escola contemporânea insiste na manutenção do paradigma educacional adotado desde a Revolução Industrial, ancorado no modelo instrucionista da educação de massas. Considerando que o pleno domínio da língua é algo essencial para nos tornarmos cidadãos ativos, este estudo pretende investigar processos de letramento a partir dos gêneros textuais que circulam na sociedade, dando relevo aos gêneros digitais e suas contribuições ao desenvolvimento linguístico-cognitivo do educando. Como o desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura e escrita ainda é um problema nas escolas, e sendo os gêneros digitais pouco explorados nas aulas de língua materna, temos por objetivo analisar como práticas pedagógicas voltadas para a produção de gêneros textuais digitais e não digitais, nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa, contribuem para a formação de leitores e escritores proficientes no Ensino Fundamental. A pesquisa realizada foi de natureza etnográfica, pesquisa-ação, e aconteceu em uma turma do 8º ano de uma escola pública do município de Recife – PE/Brasil. Para coleta de dados utilizei a observação participante completa, a entrevista etnográfica semiestruturada e a análise documental. Os resultados obtidos apontam que os contextos criados para que os alunos se tornem cidadãos letrados facilitaram o debate e a interação, estimularam a autonomia e a aprendizagem colaborativa e promoveram a construção do conhecimento, sendo, mesmo que a nível micro, Inovação Pedagógica.

Já li muita coisa, então, eu posso inventar mais! A leitura literária e o desenvolvimento do pensamento criativo na infância

This study investigates the contributions of reading literature for the development of creative thinking in childhood. Its relevance consists in exploring practices that contemplate the creative thinking development in apprentices at school space and understanding the literature like a significant way to promote the creative thinking. The study is connected to the qualitaty strand. The exploratory observation and the intervention were adopted as research techniques. The field diary and the audio and video recording of the reading sections were adopted as methodological instruments. The research was conducted in the application s college from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, in a 1th grade class, with 18 students between 6 and 7 years old. During the intervention, 8 readind class happened, with varied strategies and literary genres. The reading sessions were conducted through the principles of scaffolding, defended by Graves and Graves (1995). The corpus is made of speaks episodes, whose encoding semantics allowed the grouping into two central categories: divergent thinking and coauthoring of literary reader. It was taken as a theoretical framework the studies of Amarilha (2011; 2006; 2001; 1991; 1993; 1994), Alencar (2001), Coelho (2000; 1997), Culler (1999), De Masi (2005), Gallo (2000), Guilford (1977), Iser (1996), Jouve (2002), Kneller (1978), Martínez (1997), Smith (2003), Stierle (1979), Vigotski (2009; 1998), Wechsler; Nakano (2003; 2002). The analysis points to the formation of creative individuals in the classroom, through the reading of literature. Reposition the literary education front of the new social demands. Resizes the function of school in children s development, considering the children s skill in exploring, testing hypotheses and making use of their creative thinking, in climate of freedom mental. It signals, in this way, the teacher like a mediator, promoting a favorable to the development of creative thinking environment, a stimulating atmosphere, which enhances the expression of creative thinking in community

Gêneros do discurso e escrita: o que as coleções didáticas de português (des)prestigiam no ensino da produção textual?

Through the examination of official indicators, it can be observed that writing is pointed out as one of the main problems concerning formal basic education. However, this teaching-learning object is one of the central objectives at school, having an essential role in different curricular components as well as in the interaction demands required by society. Such paradox indicates, therefore, the relevance of investigations which analyze the intrinsic elements of child development as written text producer. Hence, the main purpose of this research consists of analyzing the treatment given to the types of discourse and the teaching situations in which the written text are produced, concerning Portuguese language didactic material collections approved by Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD 2010) the Brazilian program of didactic book and worked at elementary school. Such materials correspond to the collections adopted in municipal education system schools from Natal, RN which were below the official education indicator IDEB 2009. Thus, the questions that guide this work are: 1. During writing production lessons, is the diversity of types of discourse effectively worked on didactic collections? 2. Which are the types of discourse and the social spheres prioritized when teaching writing production? 3. How is the situation addressed in the production of the written text should be produced? For this research, we retook the authors Bakhtin, Bunzen, Faraco, Freire, Rodrigues, Rojo, Schneuwly e Dolz and we made a list of all types of discourse and spheres contemplated in the propositions of the writing production in didactical books, concerning the eight collections which compounds the first moment of analysis. Then, we verified how the situation of production is oriented by examining two didactic collections if and how they express the elements referring to the social-historical, functional and linguistic-discursive context of the text to be produced. The data obtained indicate: lack of diversification of types of discourse in the collection that compounds the Aggregate Sample of the research; the conception of a diversity based on the didactic of visiting; the recognition of all canonical and hegemonic types of text as one of the privileged objects of study; the centralization on the standard variety of the language and the devaluation of the representative types of cultural diversity; the shortage of productions which retrace to written language related to different technologies of communication and information; and the little emphasis on the types of discourse related to public language practices. As for the situations of production, it is observed the predominance of the school as a producer of dialogic relationships, whose propositions present, for example, text addressees, enunciative positions, support and contexts of restricted circulation, especially at school. Two divergent situations are observed among the collections: the lack of a work in which the situation of production is under the perspective of the types of discourse as object of teaching-learning; the concept of the types of discourse as object of reflection, presenting a differentiated didactic orientation towards the situation of production. This research contributes, therefore, with a mapping of the existence and the treatment of the types of discourse on propositions of writing production in didactic books; with the critical analysis of the approach of written activities, considering the elements of the historical-social, functional and linguistic-discursive context; thus, through teaching, research and public policies, use and selection of didactic material for the area

A leitura como instrumento facilitador da compreensão matemática

This research builds on a qualitative approach and proposes action research to develop, implement and evaluate a strategy grounded in the teaching of geometry reading from different text types, in order to enhance the understanding of mathematical concepts by students in the 6th grade of elementary school. The teaching of mathematics, strengthened by a reading practice that fosters a greater understanding of science, because it would contribute to the expansion of vocabulary, acquire a higher level of reasoning, interpretation and understanding, providing opportunities thus a greater contextualization of the student, making out the role of mere spectator to the builder of mathematical knowledge. As a methodological course comply with the following steps: selecting a field of intervention school, the class-subject (6 years of elementary school) and teacher-collaborator. Then there was a diagnostic activity involving the content of geometry - geometric solids, flat regions and contours - with the class chosen, and it was found, in addition to the unknown geometry, a great difficulty to contextualize it. From the analysis of the answers given by students, was drawn up and applied three interventional activities developed from various text (legends, poems, articles, artwork) for the purpose of leading the student to realize, through reading these texts, the discussions generated from these questions and activities proposed by the present mathematics in context, thus getting a better understanding and interaction with this discipline as hostility by most students. It was found from the intervention, the student had a greater ability to understand concepts, internalize information and use of geometry is more consistent and conscientious, and above all, learning math more enjoyable

Obras complementares: um elo entre a leitura e os conteúdos matemáticos

The Federal Government through its Plans and Programs invests in various policies intended to achieve the main goal of the millennium, provide basic education for all. Among them, we highlight in this paper The National Textbook Program, with emphasis on Complementary Works. These works are presented through different genres, such as poems, poetry, short stories, parables, novels, literature, educational materials etc.. providing a range of possible teaching work. However, little is known about the levels of education of teachers as intended. Based on the discussions and studies in this direction, sparked concerns us in the process of teaching and learning in math classes. This made us pay attention to a possibility of study where reading could be included in this process. In this sense, the present study aims at investigating the potential of conceptual and didactic use of Complementary Works on developing the skills of reading and writing mathematics of the first three years of elementary school, and from there, propose a courseware with guidelines for use of these works by teachers of 1st to 3rd year of elementary school. For this, we outline the issues of reading and understanding of mathematical interests as those of our study. In this sense, the proposal was built from the bibliographic works that address the contributions of reading for learning mathematical content, like Machado (2001), Nacarato (2009); Dantas (2011), Smole and Diniz ( 2001). As a result, we created the Guidance for the use of Complementary Works for Teachers to Teach Mathematics with a view to support the practice of teachers and future teachers who teach mathematics. Supported the use of Complementary Works, especially those distributed in public schools by the National Textbook - PNLD and have mathematical content, this guide is intended to present some of the possible use of this feature in math classes. (Education Observatory - Capes / INEP. Ed. 038-2010. TELL Research Group - UFRN - PPGED / PPGEL / PPGECNM - PROPESQ)

O gênero crônica na sala de aula do ensino médio

In this work we present the results of a research that aims to study the chronicle gender produced in a class of native language. The texts were written by students of a high-school class, under the orientation of the teacher who conducted a didactic sequence in order to explore this gender. In our analysis we observed aspect such as the structure of the general structure of the texts, types of speech and linguistic sequences, some mechanisms of textualization and the characteristics of the gender. In order to attain that, we adopted the theoretical presuppositions of Textual Linguistics and of the Socio-discursive Interactionism, grounding the study of texts and gender in Bronckart (2003; 2006) and Koch (2002; 2004). As a background of the Chronicle Gender we used the studies of Coutinho (1987); Moisés (2003); Sá (2005); Bender; Laurito (1993); Melo (1994); Cândido et al. (1992) among others. The corpus, made up of 15 texts, showed that the narrative is the most used linguistic sequence in the producing of the texts, the discursive world prevailing in the narrative and some instances of the world of exposing. As for the gender characteristics, the daily life was used in order to amuse the reader and make him to reflect upon the daily life. Humor, irony, social criticism and colloquial language were also observed in the texts produced by the students. Although some texts presented the characteristics of the gender, explored in the classroom, some were typically school narratives. That make us believe that a work with textual production under the approach of a text gender is viable, but it is not consolidated yet in many schools as the main object of the central teaching of the Portuguese language. This make us defend a better systematization of the teaching contents having as the main point the reading practice and text production in order to contribute for the growing of the students´ discursive potentialities and, therefore, their effective participation in the language social practices

Ave! Mossoró! : os mecanismos discursivos sobre o episódio da resistência ao bando de Lampião

This thesis has as objective the interdiscursive relations in the process of language construction in use in the poetic and in the journalistic spheres, with the purpose of perceiving how the genre news is constituted in different fields of social activity, as well as to analyze the argumentative processes that structure the written discourses about the resistance episode to the group of Lampião in Mossoró in the year of 1927. The corpus of the research is constituted by the news of the period informed in the printed newspapers: Correio do povo and O Nordeste, both from Mossoró/RN, and the narratives presented in the cordéis de acontecido : Mossoró in the resistance to the group of Lampião; Lampião in Mossoró in 1927, and Mossoró attacking to the group of Lampião, all potiguar poets. The analysis of the texts had as theoretical background the studies of: The texts analysis had as theoretical background The Discourse Analysis; The Argumentation Theory and the studies about Discourse Genres. We focused our discussion in the emphasis given to the news in the discursive perspective of the social-historic memory constructed in the cordéis, from ideological values (political, economical, religious etc.) that pass to be a fundamental element in the constitution of the image of the resistance. Methodologically, this is a documental research, since it makes use essentially of the written document. Regarding to the nature of the data, the research is characterized as a qualitative one. In the analysis, we considered the argumentative techniques adopted in the defense of the thesis, the meaning effects suggested, and the genres mentioned, that revealed to us the manner in which the episode was informed by the newspapers and the cordéis. That way, we affirm, based on the positions assumed by the announcers of the genres analyzed who defended clearly positions in favor of the defense of Mossoró, that the relation between both is captured interdiscursively, since they are asked by the same ideology, and converge to the same discursive formation, defending identical positions, and structuring their discussions with resembling argumentative techniques, reason by which take us to believe that the discourse presented in that social activity demonstrates and develops traces of a manipulation of the subject. In this case, the discursive construction of the text points towards determining standard of repetition, since the linguistic context is characterized in the journalistic field, and in the poetic field assuming, in the first instance, a local expression

Propaganda e discurso ideológico: um estudo dos slogans das campanhas de incentivo à leitura

Considérant que le Brésil est un pays considéré comme «non- lecteurs», nous avons essayé de trouver des solutions pour inverser cette situation d'exclusion sociale à travers des campagnes et des projets. Le slogan était le moyen de la propagande a proposé à cet effet. En étant un peu éclairante, il a été considéré qu'ils étaient peut-être inséré dans un contexte idéologique, en passant, qui faisait alors partie de l'objet d'études en question et, en conséquence, l'objectif était d'étudier comment, dans niveau discursif, les relations sociales de l'idéologie et du pouvoir dans ces dessins slogans verbaux et des campagnes publicitaires pour encourager la lecture. Nous avons utilisé comme instrument de collecte de données en 2007 slogans projets (sept) et l'intensification des campagnes de publicité dans les années 1995 à 2006, peu après la création de la descendance en 1992, où son fonctionnement a été analysé et discours idéologique, en cherchant à identifier les états effets de sens proposé. Nous avons utilisé pour soutenir la perspective de recherche d'analyse du discours de l'école française, affiliée à Pêcheux. Afin de sens les effets sens des tests a été fait une semi-ouverte aux enseignants qui traitent directement avec l'enseignement de la lecture de l'Institut de l'Enseignement Supérieur du Président-Kennedy, situé à Natal / RN. On été appliqués 100 questionnaires, parmi lesquels 60 d‟entre eux utilisés pour l‟analyse. La recherche a démontré par l'analyse, que la façon d'encourager les gens à lire se déplace à travers le modèle principal de la compréhension de la lecture à laquelle les slogans ont été utilisés, en les intégrant dans un discours dominant, qui ne contribue pas de manière significative à l'augmentation le nombre de lecteurs dans le pays. Grâce à l'analyse des slogans et la réception des sujets de recherche, nous nous rendons compte de la diversité et l'idéologie sont présents en elles, révélant tout le temps, la compréhension de la lecture comme une surface pratique, ne mettre en lumière certaines de ses fonctions Importantes au sein d‟um contexte éducatif plus large

A tirinha cômica em questão: atividades de leitura no livro didático de língua portuguesa

You can see nowadays a more constant questioning about the validity and effectiveness of the practices of teaching reading currently introduced in elementary school. The intelligibilities generated from many voices, and built on the border between many consciences, it can contribute to understand and to some extent, alleviate skewed or outdated understandings about the teaching of reading and its goals in the school environment. By understanding the dynamics of these practices, which always need to be modified because of new social demands, we recognize the validity of working with the prospect of reading in its historical, social and dialogic dimension (Bakhtin, 1981, 2003). The Portuguese language textbook (LDP), in turn, being one of the fundamental bases of reading in school, makes a justified and necessary active production of knowledge about the theoretical and methodological conceptions that underlie the work with reading and on how that work is effectively routed. Our aim in this essay is precisely analyze reading activities in four Portuguese textbooks (Teacher s Manuals) for the 6th grade of elementary school, focusing on the proposed activities from a specific discursive genre, in this case, the comic strip. Through this research, we retrieve and list the goals that guide the development of reading activities in the LDP, and then verify a compliance or not of these objectives in directing the activities. Finally, we describe how the reading practices that involve the strip in the textbook can legitimize or reject the reading as an area of construction and circulation of meanings between socio-historically located subjects. We take account of studies on the nature and constitution of language (BAKHTIN, 1981, 2003, 2010; BAKHTIN/ VOLOSHINOV, 2006; SOUZA, 2002; GERALDI, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2006; ROJO, 2008a, 2008b, among others), as well especific studies about the activities in Portuguese textbooks (MARCUSCHI, 2010; BELMIRO, 2006; MENDONÇA, 2006, among others)