Non-invasive antidromic neurostimulation:A simple effective method for improving bladder storage

Patients with intractably diminished bladder storage function are encountered frequently by neurourologists, occasionally requiring reconstructive surgery for appropriate resolution. Although sacral neuromodulation is a recognized effective therapeutic modality, present techniques are technically demanding, invasive, and expensive. This study investigated the effect of non-invasive third sacral nerve (S3) stimulation on bladder activity during filling cystometry. One hundred forty-six patients underwent standard urodynamic filling cystometry that was then immediately repeated. Patients in the study group (n = 74) received antidromic transcutaneous sacral neurostimulation during the second fill and the control group (n = 72) underwent a second fill without neurostimulation. A statistically significant increase in bladder storage capacity without a corresponding rise in detrusor pressure was observed in the neurostimulated patients. This improvement in functional capacity is an encouraging finding that further supports the use of this non-invasive treatment modality in clinical practice. Neurourol. Urodynam. 20:73-84. 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Bladder interstitial cells:an updated review of current knowledge

The field of bladder research has been energized by the study of novel interstitial cells (IC) over the last decade. Several subgroups of IC are located within the bladder wall and make structural interactions with nerves and smooth muscle, indicating integration with intercellular communication and key physiological functions. Significant progress has been made in the study of bladder ICs' cellular markers, ion channels and receptor expression, electrical and calcium signalling, yet their specific functions in normal bladder filling and emptying remain elusive. There is increasing evidence that the distribution of IC is altered in bladder pathophysiologies suggesting that changes in IC may be linked with the development of bladder dysfunction. This article summarizes the current state of the art of our knowledge of IC in normal bladder and reviews the literature on IC in dysfunctional bladder.

Quantification of HER2 heterogeneity in breast cancer-implications for identification of sub-dominant clones for personalised treatment

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, at both an inter- and intra-tumoural level. Appreciating heterogeneity through the application of biomarkers and molecular signatures adds complexity to tumour taxonomy but is key to personalising diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The extent to which heterogeneity exists, and its interpretation remains a challenge to pathologists. Using HER2 as an exemplar, we have developed a simple reproducible heterogeneity index. Cell-to-cell HER2 heterogeneity was extensive in a proportion of both reported 'amplified' and 'non-amplified' cases. The highest levels of heterogeneity objectively identified occurred in borderline categories and higher ratio non-amplified cases. A case with particularly striking heterogeneity was analysed further with an array of biomarkers in order to assign a molecular diagnosis. Broad biological complexity was evident. In essence, interpretation, depending on the area of tumour sampled, could have been one of three distinct phenotypes, each of which would infer different therapeutic interventions. Therefore, we recommend that heterogeneity is assessed and taken into account when determining treatment options.

Embolização das artérias prostáticas no tratamento da hiperplasia benigna da próstata : estudo anátomo-clínico

Resumo: A hiperplasia benigna da próstata (HBP) tem elevada prevalência nos homens entre os 50 e 79 anos de idade, sendo ubiquitária com o envelhecimento. Devido à significativa morbi-mortalidade associada aos tratamentos médicos e cirúrgicos currentemente disponíveis, são necessárias novas tecnologias para melhorar os resultados e minimizar o desconforto dos doentes. Recentemente, estudos preliminares de experimentação animal e em 3 doentes tratados, sugeriram a embolização arterial prostática selectiva (EAPS) como hipótese terapêutica para a HBP. Decidimos investigar se a EAPS poderia ser um procedimento bem sucedido no tratamento da HBP gravemente sintomática. Para tal realizámos um estudo anátomo-radiológico e clínico em 63 doentes com recurso a uma terapêutica inovadora minimamente invasiva guiada pela imagem. Avaliámos 126 hemipélvis com recurso a Angio-RM, Angio-TC e Angiografia Digital de Subtracção, com o intuito de definir os padrões básicos de bifurcação das artérias ilíacas internas até agora apenas descritos em estudos cadavéricos. Estudámos ainda o suprimento vascular arterial prostático, identificando: 1 as artérias prostáticas; 2 origem e direcção; 3 os ramos intra-prostáticos; 4 anastomoses com outras artérias. Em relação aos resultados anatómicos, identificámos 181 artérias prostáticas, já que em 43.7% das hemipélvis existiam dois pedículos arteriais prostáticos com origens independentes. A origem mais frequente foi a artéria pudenda interna (39.7%), seguida do tronco comum glúteo-pudendo (21%) e da artéria vesical superior (18.2%). Origens menos frequentes foram a artéria obturadora (12.1%), as artérias glúteas inferior (3.9%)ou superior (1.7%), ramos rectais provenientes da artéria mesentérica inferior (1.7%) e a artéria pudenda acessória (1.7%). Identificaram-se anastomoses com as artérias adjacentes em 57.9% dos casos: com a terminação da artéria pudenda interna (41.6%),artérias prostáticas contra-laterais (18.2%) e homo-laterais (11.7%), com ramos rectais (15.6%) e com artérias vesicais (12.9%). Em relação ao estudo clínico tratámos 63 doentes (idades compreendidas entre 52 - 82 anos, média 69.5 anos) com HBP gravemente sintomática refractária à terapêutica médica há mais de 6 meses. Foi possível avaliação após o tratamento em 37 doentes: média de seguimento de 4.7 meses (variando entre 1 e 12 meses). A EAPS unilateral foi possível em todos os doentes, com embolização bilateral em 73% dos casos. A embolização bilateral não foi possível em 27% dos casos devido a tortuosidade, alterações ateroescleróticas e pequeno calibre das artérias ilíacas e/ou prostáticas. Em média houve uma melhoria do International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) de 10.8 pontos, da QoL de 1.5 pontos e do Internationl Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) de 2.1 pontos. Houve uma redução média do PSA de 30% (2.4 ng/mL), um aumento do pico de fluxo urinário (Qmax) de 3.1 - 3.85 mL/s e uma redução média do volume prostático de 21% (18.5 mL). Registou-se uma complicação major: pequena área de isquémia da parede vesical tratada cirurgicamente. Em 75% dos doentes tratados obteve-se sucesso clínico com franca melhoria dos sintomas, enquanto 25% dos doentes foram considerados insucesso clínico por se ter registado uma fraca ou ausente melhoria sintomática após a embolização. Os restantes doentes tratados estão sob controlo evolutivo, pararam toda a medicação prostática, sem qualquer caso de disfunção sexual associada com o tratamento. Este trabalho constitui o primeiro estudo anatómico descritivo in vivo das artérias prostáticas, conseguido devido à utilização de técnicas de imagem nunca usadas para este fim. O uso clínico dos dados anatómicos acima referidos permitiu a implementação de técnicas de Radiologia de Intervenção no tratatamento de uma doença de elevada prevalência. ------------------------------- ABSTRACT: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has high prevalence in men aged 50–79 years being ubiquitous with aging. Due to significant morbi-mortality associated with currently available medical and surgical treatments, there is the need for innovative technologies to continue to improve outcomes and minimize patient discomfort and morbidity. Recently, prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) was suggested as a treatmentoption for BPH based on preliminary results from animal studies and 3 treated patients. We decided to investigate if PAE might be a successful treatment option for severely symptomatic BPH patients. We performed a clinical and anatomical-radiological study in 63 patients with the use of an inovative image-guided minimally invasive technique. We evaluated 126 pelvic sides using Angio-MR or Angio-CT and Catheter Angiography before embolisation to treat symptomatic BPH. We aimed to define the main branching patterns of the male internal iliac arteries, so far only studied in the cadaver. We also evaluated the prostatic arterial supply, identifying: 1 the prostatic arteries; 2 origin and direction; 3 intra-prostatic branches; 4 anastomoses with surrounding arteries. Regarding the anatomical study we identified 181 prostatic arteries, because in 43.7% of pelvic sides 2 separate prostatic vascular pedicles were found. The most frequent origin was the internal pudendal artery (39.7%) with the common glutealpudendal trunk (21%) and superior vesical arteries (18.2%) the next commonest. Less frequent origins were the obturator artery (12.1%), the inferior (3.9%) or superior (1.7%) gluteal arteries, rectal branches from the inferior mesenteric artery (1.7%) and the accessory pudendal artery (1.7%). There were anastomoses with the surrounding arteries in 57.9% of cases: termination of the internal pudendal artery (41.6%), contralateral prostatic arteries (18.2%), same-side prostatic arteries (11.7%), rectal branches (15.6%), and vesical arteries (12.9%).Regarding the clinical study, we treated 63 patients aged 52–82 years (mean 69.5 years) who presented with symptomatic BPH refractory to medical treatment for at least 6 months. Follow-up evaluation (mean 4.7 months, range 1-12 months) was possible in 37 patients. PAE was achieved in all patients with bilateral embolization in 73%. In 27% PAE was performed unilaterally due to tortuosity, atherosclerotic changes and small size of iliac and prostatic arteries. There was a mean decrease in the IPSS of 10.8 points, a mean improvement in QoL of 1.5 points, and a mean increase in the sexual function score of 2.1 points. There was a mean PSA reduction of 30% (2.4 ng/mL), a Qmax increase of 3.1 to 3.85 mL/sec, and a mean prostate volume decrease of 21% (18.5 mL). There was one major complication: a small area of bladder wall ischemia treated by surgery. Overall, 75% of patients were considered clinical success with major improvement after PAE, while 25% of patients were considered clinical failure with little or no improvement after PAE. All remaining patients are under follow-up, stopped all prostatic medication, and reported no sexual dysfunction. This study is the first one to describe the radiological anatomy of the prostatic arteries, with the use of imaging techniques never used for this purpose before. The clinical use of the anatomical findings allowed the implementation of Interventional Radiology tehniques in the treatment of a disease with a high prevalence.

Impact of job insecurity on sexual desire: an exploratory analysis.

To explore, for the first time, the impact of job insecurity on sexual desire. Cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of 7247 individuals aged 20-64 years working as full or part-time employees in Switzerland. The logistic regression analysis showed that workers aged 20-49 years perceiving high levels of job insecurity are exposed to a significantly higher risk of decrease of sexual desire compared to the reference group. The risk is 53% higher among men (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.16-2.01) and 47% for woman (OR 1.47; 1.13-1.91). No increased risk was found for employees aged 50-64 years old. An increasing fear of job loss is associated with a deterioration in sexual desire. These first preliminary findings should promote further epidemiological and clinical prospective studies on the impact of job insecurity on intimate relationships and sexual dysfunction.

Identifying the psychosexual implications of radical radiation treatment in prostate cancer

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was any evidence of psychosexual morbidity among men who experienced radical radiation treatment for prostate cancer. With relatively little known or available retrospective data on the psychosexual implications of radical radiation treatment in men with prostate cancer, this study posited eight research questions which provided the basis for the research. Fifty men from Southern Ontario, between the ages of 52 to 78 years, were included in the study. They had been previously randomized to a clinical trial comparing radical radiation therapy by external beam radiation, or radical radiation using a combination of a temporary iridium implant plus external beam radiation, for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. Assessment of sexual functioning, drive, attitudes, body image, and sexual satisfaction was drawn from a multidimensional approach, since psychosexuality was viewed as having an impact on biological, psychological, and sociological domains of functioning. Medical chart reviews, semi-structured interviews, demographical profiles of each participant, and the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) were the methods used to collect data over a four-month period. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were incorporated in the design and evaluation of the study. Frequencies, contingency analysis, Pearson's coefficient of correlation, t-tests, and ANOVA comprised the quantitative analysis. Data obtained from audio-taped interviews were analyzed qualitatively, and used for offering further insight and for facilitating the quantitative aspect of the analysis. Overall, there was sufficient evidence to suggest psychosexual morbidity among men who were treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer. As well,there were a number of significant findings available to answer all of the posited research questions. The most significant findings were noted in post-treatment erectile ability and sexual activity. A post-treatment change in erectile ability was reported by eighty percent of men. Sixty percent of men noted a decrease in their ability to achieve an erection by reporting some morning stiffness only, penile rigidity insufficient for penetration, decreased control of erection, and loss of spontaneous erection. Other contributing factors associated with change in erectile status were: pain or altering sensation of orgasm, blood in ejaculate, pain and decreased amount of ejaculate, and penile numbness or pain. Eighty-two percent of men experienced a post-treatment change in sexual function, primarily due to the impact of decreasing erectile status. Only seven men reported that they experienced a decrease in desire mentally, whereas the vast majority did not experience any change in desire. Changes in foreplay, stress with optimal sexual positioning, and reduced spontaneity of sex, were other factors reported with the changes in sexual activity. The findings in this study broaden our understanding of what middle- to later-aged men feel and experience as they venture onward following treatment. This was the first study that evaluated available prospective data on pre-treatment erectile status and sexual activity. As well, this study was the first (with participant compliance rates of 100 percent) to have included an interview format to capture the views of such a large number of men. This study concluded with recommendations and implications for future research and practice as we move in the direction of understanding what is necessary for preserving psychosexual well being and enhancing quality of life in men treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Qualité de vie et communication entre soignant et soignée auprès de femmes atteintes de cancer du sein : approche longitudinale

Introduction : De nos jours, les femmes atteintes de cancer du sein peuvent espérer une survie prolongée et un grand nombre d’entre elles peuvent même entrevoir la guérison. Alors que le dépistage précoce et les traitements rigoureux donnent espoir à de plus en plus de femmes, les chercheurs et les cliniciens doivent maintenant se pencher sur la qualité de vie de ces femmes à chaque phase clinique de la trajectoire de soins. Les difficultés physiques, fonctionnelles, psychologiques et sociales avec lesquelles les femmes vivent peuvent compromettre leur qualité de vie, d’où l’intérêt d’évaluer celle-ci. Peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés au changement longitudinal de la qualité de vie de ces femmes aux différents moments de la trajectoire de soins en oncologie : diagnostic, traitement et suivi. De plus, peu se sont demandés si la perception que les femmes ont de leur communication avec les professionnels de la santé influence leur qualité de vie le long de la trajectoire de soins. Objectifs principaux : 1) Décrire l’évolution de la qualité de vie liée à la santé des femmes atteintes de cancer du sein pendant le diagnostic, les traitements de radiothérapie et le suivi; 2) Décrire l’évolution de la perception que les femmes ont de leur communication avec les médecins, les infirmières et les technologues en radio-oncologie au cours des mêmes phases cliniques; 3) Examiner l’évolution de la relation entre la perception que les femmes ont de leur communication avec les professionnels de la santé et leur qualité de vie liée à la santé durant les phases citées précédemment. Méthodes : L’échantillon se composait de 120 femmes atteintes d’un cancer du sein précoce (stades I et II) qui parlaient le français, âgées de plus de 18 ans (55 ans ± 9,5) qui ont eu une chirurgie conservatrice. Les femmes ont complété des questionnaires à la période entourant le diagnostic (en moyenne six semaines après le diagnostic), à mi-chemin de la radiothérapie (en moyenne 27 semaines après le diagnostic) et de trois à quatre mois après la fin de la radiothérapie (en moyenne 48 semaines après le diagnostic). À chaque temps de mesure, elles ont complété six questionnaires d’une durée totale de 60 minutes au centre hospitalier ou à domicile : un sur les données sociodémographiques, un sur les renseignements médicaux, le MOS SSS, le EORTC QLQ-C30/BR23 et le MCCS. Résultats : Les analyses GEE montrent que la qualité de vie liée à la santé des femmes atteintes de cancer du sein change dans le temps. Elle diminue pendant la radiothérapie, sauf pour le fonctionnement émotionnel et cognitif. Les analyses démontrent aussi que certains facteurs cliniques, intrapersonnels et interpersonnels influencent leur qualité de vie. Précisément, plus les femmes avancent en âge et plus elles perçoivent qu’elles ont eu du soutien social le long de la trajectoire de soins, plus leur qualité de vie est meilleure pour les dimensions génériques et spécifiques du fonctionnement. De plus, celles qui présentent une tumeur de stade II et celles qui ont eu de la radiothérapie et l’hormonothérapie ont des scores plus élevés pour certaines dimensions de qualité de vie comparativement à celles dont le cancer se situe au stade I et à celles qui ont eu la chimiothérapie, la radiothérapie et l’hormonothérapie. Les résultats font état également d’une interaction entre le facteur « temps » et un facteur intrapersonnel pour le fonctionnement « rôle » et le fonctionnement sexuel des femmes. La perception que les femmes ont de leur communication avec les médecins et les autres professionnels de la santé change très peu avec le temps. Ainsi, les femmes se perçoivent plus compétentes dans la recherche d’information avec les radio-oncologues pendant la radiothérapie qu’avec les chirurgiens-oncologues au moment du diagnostic. Elles perçoivent aussi la vérification et la recherche d’information par les radio-oncologues pendant la radiothérapie plus satisfaisante que celle des chirurgiens-oncologues lors de l’annonce du diagnostic. Globalement, les femmes perçoivent leur communication avec les radio-oncologues et les chirurgiens-oncologues comme étant meilleure pendant la radiothérapie et au suivi qu’au moment du diagnostic avec les chirurgiens-oncologues. Les analyses GEE montrent aussi que certains facteurs cliniques (nature des traitements), intrapersonnels et interpersonnels (âge, niveau de scolarité et soutien social perçu) sont des facteurs susceptibles d’influencer la façon dont elles perçoivent leur communication avec les professionnels de la santé. Enfin, la perception des femmes quant à leurs compétences de communication à l’égard des médecins et des autres professionnels de la santé explique davantage leur qualité de vie liée à la santé que celle des compétences des professionnels de la santé. Donc, les femmes ont un meilleur score pour le fonctionnement « rôle », émotionnel et elles ont moins d’effets secondaires et de symptômes pendant la radiothérapie et au suivi lorsqu’elles se perçoivent compétentes envers les médecins (chirurgiens-oncologues et radio-oncologues) pour la recherche d’information et l’aspect socio-affectif d’un entretien aux temps précédents. De plus, l’âge des femmes, le soutien social perçu, le stade de la maladie et la nature des traitements ont une influence sur le lien entre leur qualité de vie et leur communication avec les professionnels de la santé. Enfin, une interaction est présente entre le facteur « temps » et un facteur clinique ou intrapersonnel pour les dimensions de qualité de vie suivantes : rôle, émotionnel et fonctionnement sexuel. Conclusion et retombées : Les résultats de la présente thèse soulignent l’importance d’évaluer de façon longitudinale la qualité de vie liée à la santé des femmes atteintes de cancer du sein à différents moments de la trajectoire de soins, particulièrement pendant la radiothérapie, et, pour les intervenants psychosociaux, de s’occuper des jeunes femmes diagnostiquées et de celles qui ne perçoivent pas recevoir un soutien social. Ainsi, de meilleures ressources psychosociales pourront être mises sur pied pour aider ces groupes de femmes. Les résultats montrent également qu’il est essentiel d’informer les chirurgiens-oncologues de l’importance d’établir une communication satisfaisante avec les femmes atteintes de cancer du sein lors de l’annonce du diagnostic afin de favoriser une perception positive par les femmes de leur communication avec les chirurgiens-oncologues. Enfin, les résultats obtenus soulignent les avantages pour les femmes atteintes de cancer du sein d’être proactives et de se sentir compétentes pour la recherche d’information et l’aspect socio-affectif d’une relation avec les chirurgiens-oncologues et les radio-oncologues dans le maintien d’une bonne qualité de vie liée à la santé.

L’utilisation de la réadaptation par la réalité virtuelle pour traiter l’incontinence urinaire mixte de la femme âgée : une étude de faisabilité

But : Cette étude a comme objectif principal d’évaluer la faisabilité d’utiliser une combinaison de renforcement des muscles du plancher pelvien (MPP) et de réadaptation par la réalité virtuelle (RRV) (programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV) pour traiter l’incontinence urinaire mixte (IUM) de la femme âgée. La faisabilité est évaluée par le taux de participation et d’achèvement du programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV et du programme d’exercices à domicile. Les objectifs secondaires de cette étude sont 1) d’évaluer l’effet du programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV sur la sévérité des symptômes urinaires, sur les dimensions de la qualité de vie, sur la fonction musculaire des MPP et sur les fonctions cognitives, plus précisément le processus exécutif de coordination de deux tâches, 2) d’évaluer, suite à l’intervention, la satisfaction des participantes. Le volet qualitatif a, quant à lui, pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs ayant influencé la participation au programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients associés à l’ajout de la RRV au traitement conventionnel de renforcement des MPP. Méthode : Les participantes ont effectué deux évaluations pré-traitement (pré-1 et pré-2), ont assisté à 12 classes hebdomadaires d’entraînement MPP/RRV et ont effectué une évaluation post-traitement. Elles ont aussi complété un programme d’exercices des MPP à domicile. Finalement, suite à la dernière classe, elles ont participé à un groupe de discussion. Les évaluations pré-1 et pré-2 ont été effectuées à deux semaines d’intervalle et étaient nécessaires pour s’assurer de la stabilité des mesures en l’absence d’une intervention. Résultats : 24 femmes ont participé à l’étude. Les taux de participation aux classes d’exercices hebdomadaires et au programme d’exercices à domicile étaient de 91 % et de 92 % respectivement. Le taux d’achèvement au programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV était de 96 %. Le programme d’entraînement MPP/RRV s’est avéré efficace dans l’amélioration des symptômes urinaires, de la qualité de vie ainsi que de la capacité à coordonner deux tâches simultanées chez les femmes âgées avec de l’IUM; il tend également à améliorer la fonction musculaire du plancher pelvien de ces femmes. L’appréciation de la composante RRV, par les participantes, était de 9.8/10 et ces dernières l’ont identifiée comme un facilitateur à leur participation hebdomadaire au traitement. Conclusion : Ce projet de maîtrise a permis de démontrer qu’une combinaison de renforcement des MPP et de RRV est une approche de traitement acceptable pour les femmes âgées souffrant d’IUM puisqu’elles sont capables de suivre les exigences de ce programme d’entraînement.

Are primary and secondary provoked vestibulodynia two different entities? A comparison of pain, psychosocial and sexual characteristics.

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is suspected to be the most frequent cause of vulvodynia in premenopausal women. Based on the onset of PVD relative to the start of sexual experience, PVD can be divided into primary (PVD1) and secondary PVD (PVD2). Studies comparing these PVD subgroups are inconclusive as to whether differences exist in sexual and psychosocial functioning. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the pain, sexual and psychosocial functioning of a large clinical and community-based sample of premenopausal women with PVD1 and PVD2. Methods A total of 269 women (n = 94 PVD1; n = 175 PVD2) completed measures on sociodemographics, pain, sexual, and psychosocial functioning. Main Outcome Measures Dependent variables were the 0–10 pain numerical rating scale, McGill–Melzack Pain Questionnaire, Female Sexual Function Index, Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Painful Intercourse Self-Efficacy Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait Subscale, Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire, Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale—Revised, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale-Revised. Results At first sexual relationship, women with PVD2 were significantly younger than women with PVD1 (P < 0.01). The average relationship duration was significantly longer in women with PVD2 compared with women with PVD1 (P < 0.01). Although women with PVD1 described a significantly longer duration of pain compared with women with PVD2 (P < 0.01), no significant subtype differences were found in pain intensity during intercourse. When controlling for the sociodemographics mentioned earlier, no significant differences were found in sexual, psychological, and relational functioning between the PVD subgroups. Nevertheless, on average, both groups were in the clinical range of sexual dysfunction and reported impaired psychological functioning. Conclusions The findings show that there are no significant differences in the sexual and psychosocial profiles of women with PVD1 and PVD2. Results suggest that similar psychosocial and sex therapy interventions should be offered to both subgroups of PVD.

Provoked vestibulodynia : mediators of the associations between partner responses, pain, and sexual satisfaction.

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a chronic, recurrent vulvo-vaginal pain condition affecting 12% of the general population, and is associated with sexual dysfunction, psychological distress, and reduced quality of life. There is growing interest in the role of interpersonal variables in PVD, which have been widely neglected. In a sample of 175 couples, the present study examined the mediating roles of partner and participant catastrophizing and self-efficacy in the association between solicitous partner responses and pain intensity, and that of dyadic adjustment in the association between solicitous and negative partner responses and sexual satisfaction. Couples completed measures of partner responses, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, dyadic adjustment, and depression. Women also completed measures of pain, sexual satisfaction, and sexual function. Controlling for depression and solicitousness perceived by the other member of the couple, catastrophizing and self-efficacy partially mediated the association between higher solicitous responses and higher pain during intercourse, accounting for 26 and 25% of the variance in this association for participant and partner-perceived responses, respectively. For both participant and partners, only pain catastrophizing was a unique mediator. Controlling for depression, sexual function and partner-perceived responses, dyadic adjustment partially mediated the association between higher participant-perceived solicitous responses and higher sexual satisfaction, and between higher participant-perceived negative responses and lower sexual satisfaction, accounting for 26% of the variance in each association. The current findings suggest that catastrophizing and dyadic adjustment may constitute a route by which partner responses exacerbate pain and increase or decrease sexual satisfaction in PVD couples.

A model of Distributed Ayurvedic Diagnosis and Therapy System for Hridroga Using Agents

Diagnosis of Hridroga (cardiac disorders) in Ayurveda requires the combination of many different types of data, including personal details, patient symptoms, patient histories, general examination results, Ashtavidha pareeksha results etc. Computer-assisted decision support systems must be able to combine these data types into a seamless system. Intelligent agents, an approach that has been used chiefly in business applications, is used in medical diagnosis in this case. This paper is about a multi-agent system named “Distributed Ayurvedic Diagnosis and Therapy System for Hridroga using Agents” (DADTSHUA). It describes the architecture of the DADTSHUA model .This system is using mobile agents and ontology for passing data through the network. Due to this, transport delay can be minimized. It is a system which will be very helpful for the beginning physicians to eliminate his ambiguity in diagnosis and therapy. The system is implemented using Java Agent DEvelopment framework (JADE), which is a java-complaint mobile agent platform from TILab.

Criterios de selección para manejo inicial médico vs quirúrgico en pacientes con incontinencia urinaria mixta

Objetivos: para mejorar los pobres resultados del manejo inicial de las pacientes con incontinencia urinaria mixta, hemos diseñado un estudio que busca identificar los criterios de selección para el manejo inicial (médico o quirúrgico) en esas pacientes. El estudio busca establecer la tasa de éxito y la tasa de falla de acuerdo a características clínicas, urodinámicas y al puntaje de calidad de vida. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico, prospectivo, incluyendo todas las pacientes con incontinencia urinaria mixta del Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana. Todas las pacientes firmaron consentimiento informado y fueron asignadas a un tipo de manejo de acuerdo a criterio del médico tratante y de las guías de manejo del Departamento de Urología. Se realizaron evaluaciones clínicas y urodinámicas iniciales, posteriormente se estableció el score de calidad de vida por cuestionario. El seguimiento se realizó midiendo la respuesta al tratamiento con la variación del score de calida de vida a los 15 días postratamiento, un mes y a los tres meses. Resultados: se encontró que el porcentaje de éxito entre las mujeres con incontinencia urinaria mixta llevadas a cirugía fue superior. Dentro de este grupo de pacientes el éxito fue superior cuando se encontró cistocele grado II o superior al examen físico y con valores bajos de VLPP. El score de calidad de vida fue mejorado con cualquier tipo tratamiento. No se encontró correlación entre la presencia de contracciones involuntarias y el éxito del tratamiento médico o quirúrgico. Conclusiones: En paciente con incontinencia urinaria mixta, son criterios de selección para tratamiento quirúrgico inicial la presencia de un cistocele GII o mayor y un valor de VLPP inferior a 60 cmH2O. La actividad involuntaria del detrusor no se correlaciona con el éxito final del tratamiento.

Diabetes gestacional como factor de riesgo para incontinencia urinaria: revisión sistemática de la literatura

La diabetes mellitus es una de las patologías frecuentes durante el embarazo, existe literatura que la ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de aparición de incontinencia urinaria en el postparto patología que de manera clara afecta la calidad de vida de las mujeres, pero a la fecha la literatura no es concluyente. Con la presente revisión sistemática se pretendió evaluar la evidencia relacionada con la diabetes gestacional como causa de incontinencia urinaria en el postparto.

La incontinencia urinaria en el cáncer de próstata: diseño de un programa de rehabilitación

Este trabajo presenta el diseño e implementación de un programa progresivo de rehabilitación basado en los ejercicios musculares del suelo pélvico, incorporando el trabajo muscular de fuerza contrarresistencia. El disenño del estudio es casi experimental.La muestra es de 33 participantes en fase de tratamiento. Las variables de estudio son las antropométricas, las relacionadas con la evolución de la incontinencia urinaria(IU (intensidad, dificultad, frecuencia y limitación de las actividades),la obesidad, fatiga y dolor,la fuerza muscular y la calidad de vida(CdV). Para evaluar el cambio intrasujeto se tomaron medidas pretest(semana 0)y postest(semana24. En el análisis estadístico se utilizan las pruebas t Student-Fisher, Wilcoxon oU de Mann Whitney y el test del w2. El análisis se realiza con el programa SPSS versión 15. El nivel de significación escogido es del 5%. Al finalizar las 24 semanas del programa se identifica una disminución significativa de las variables antropométricas índice de cintura cadera (p¼0,003), perímetro de cintura(pr0,001) y porcentaje de masa de grasa(pr0,001); de las variables de IU: intensidad(pr0,0001), frecuencia y dificultad y su relación con la limitación de las actividades (pr0,0001), así como la relación existente entre la mejora de IU y la mejora de la CdV(p¼0,039). Queda científicamente demostrada la eficacia del programa progresivo de fuerza para disminuir la IU. La mejora de la CdV del hombre mayor con cáncer de prósstata viene mediada por la mejora de la continencia urinaria

New scientific paradigms for probiotics and prebiotics

The inaugural meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) was held May 3 to May 5 2002 in London, Ontario, Canada. A group of 63 academic and industrial scientists from around the world convened to discuss current issues in the science of probiotics and prebiotics. ISAPP is a non-profit organization comprised of international scientists whose intent is to strongly support and improve the levels of scientific integrity and due diligence associated with the study, use, and application of probiotics and prebiotics. In addition, ISAPP values its role in facilitating communication with the public and healthcare providers and among scientists in related fields on all topics pertinent to probiotics and prebiotics. It is anticipated that such efforts will lead to development of approaches and products that are optimally designed for the improvement of human and animal health and well being. This article is a summary of the discussions, conclusions, and recommendations made by 8 working groups convened during the first ISAPP workshop focusing on the topics of: definitions, intestinal flora, extra-intestinal sites, immune function, intestinal disease, cancer, genetics and genomics, and second generation prebiotics. Humans have evolved in symbiosis with an estimated 1014 resident microorganisms. However, as medicine has widely defined and explored the perpetrators of disease, including those of microbial origin, it has paid relatively little attention to the microbial cells that constitute the most abundant life forms associated with our body. Microbial metabolism in humans and animals constitutes an intense biochemical activity in the body, with profound repercussions for health and disease. As understanding of the human genome constantly expands, an important opportunity will arise to better determine the relationship between microbial populations within the body and host factors (including gender, genetic background, and nutrition) and the concomitant implications for health and improved quality of life. Combined human and microbial genetic studies will determine how such interactions can affect human health and longevity, which communication systems are used, and how they can be influenced to benefit the host. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.1 The probiotic concept dates back over 100 years, but only in recent times have the scientific knowledge and tools become available to properly evaluate their effects on normal health and well being, and their potential in preventing and treating disease. A similar situation exists for prebiotics, defined by this group as non-digestible substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect on the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria. Prebiotics function complementary to, and possibly synergistically with, probiotics. Numerous studies are providing insights into the growth and metabolic influence of these microbial nutrients on health. Today, the science behind the function of probiotics and prebiotics still requires more stringent deciphering both scientifically and mechanistically. The explosion of publications and interest in probiotics and prebiotics has resulted in a body of collective research that points toward great promise. However, this research is spread among such a diversity of organisms, delivery vehicles (foods, pills, and supplements), and potential health targets such that general conclusions cannot easily be made. Nevertheless, this situation is rapidly changing on a number of important fronts. With progress over the past decade on the genetics of lactic acid bacteria and the recent, 2,3 and pending, 4 release of complete genome sequences for major probiotic species, the field is now armed with detailed information and sophisticated microbiological and bioinformatic tools. Similarly, advances in biotechnology could yield new probiotics and prebiotics designed for enhanced or expanded functionality. The incorporation of genetic tools within a multidisciplinary scientific platform is expected to reveal the contributions of commensals, probiotics, and prebiotics to general health and well being and explicitly identify the mechanisms and corresponding host responses that provide the basis for their positive roles and associated claims. In terms of human suffering, the need for effective new approaches to prevent and treat disease is paramount. The need exists not only to alleviate the significant mortality and morbidity caused by intestinal diseases worldwide (especially diarrheal diseases in children), but also for infections at non-intestinal sites. This is especially worthy of pursuit in developing nations where mortality is too often the outcome of food and water borne infection. Inasmuch as probiotics and prebiotics are able to influence the populations or activities of commensal microflora, there is evidence that they can also play a role in mitigating some diseases. 5,6 Preliminary support that probiotics and prebiotics may be useful as intervention in conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, allergy, cancer (especially colorectal cancer of which 75% are associated with diet), vaginal and urinary tract infections in women, kidney stone disease, mineral absorption, and infections caused by Helicobacter pylori is emerging. Some metabolites of microbes in the gut may also impact systemic conditions ranging from coronary heart disease to cognitive function, suggesting the possibility that exogenously applied microbes in the form of probiotics, or alteration of gut microecology with prebiotics, may be useful interventions even in these apparently disparate conditions. Beyond these direct intervention targets, probiotic cultures can also serve in expanded roles as live vehicles to deliver biologic agents (vaccines, enzymes, and proteins) to targeted locations within the body. The economic impact of these disease conditions in terms of diagnosis, treatment, doctor and hospital visits, and time off work exceeds several hundred billion dollars. The quality of life impact is also of major concern. Probiotics and prebiotics offer plausible opportunities to reduce the morbidity associated with these conditions. The following addresses issues that emerged from 8 workshops (Definitions, Intestinal Flora, Extra-Intestinal Sites, Immune Function, Intestinal Disease, Cancer, Genomics, and Second Generation Prebiotics), reflecting the current scientific state of probiotics and prebiotics. This is not a comprehensive review, however the study emphasizes pivotal knowledge gaps, and recommendations are made as to the underlying scientific and multidisciplinary studies that will be required to advance our understanding of the roles and impact of prebiotics, probiotics, and the commensal microflora upon health and disease management.