County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on sections 2 and 3 of the tap drain at Marshville by George Stanford

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on sections 2 and 3 of the tap drain at Marshville by George Stanford, signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.1, July, 1856.

County of Welland estimate of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook, signed by S.D. Woodruff

County of Welland estimate of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook, signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.11, July, 1856.

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Andrew Mains

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Andrew Mains, signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.9, Aug., 1856.

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook, signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.12, Aug., 1856.

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on section no. 4 of the tap drain at Marshville by Brown and Hershall

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on section no. 4 of the tap drain at Marshville by Brown and Hershall, signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.1, Sept., 1856.

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Andrew Mains

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Andrew Mains (copy), signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.10, Sept., 1856.

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook, signed by S.D. Woodruff

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook, signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.14, Oct., 1856.

County of Welland final estimate of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Andrew Mains, unsigned

County of Welland final estimate of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Andrew Mains, unsigned. There is a note stating that some of the work is not complete. Estimate no.13, Dec., 1856.

County of Welland estimate of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook

County of Welland estimate of work done on the main drain of the marsh lands by Alexander Cook, unsigned. This sheet is quite water damaged. Text is slightly affected. Estimate no.22, June, 1857.

Chart of land drainage for the Welland Canal final estimate of work done on sections no.1, 2 and 3

Chart of land drainage for the Welland Canal final estimate of work done on sections no.1, 2 and 3 on the road below lock no. 2 leading to Port Dalhousie. Work commenced Nov. 1846 and finished July 1847. Road work and the waste weir no.1 to Port Dalhousie work commenced Aug. 1847 and finished Sept. 1847, Nov.1, 1847.

Palm oil, land rights and ecosystem services in Gbarpolu County, Liberia

As part of the rebuilding efforts following the long civil war, the Liberian government has renegotiated long-term contracts with international investors to exploit natural resources. Substantial areas of land have been handed out in large-scale concessions across Liberia during the last five years. While this may promote economic growth at the national level, such concessions are likely to have major environmental, social and economic impacts on local communities, who may not have been consulted on the proposed developments. This report examines the potential socio-economic and environmental impacts of a proposed large-scale oil palm concession in Bopolu District, Gbarpolu County in Liberia. The research provided an in-depth mapping of current resource use, livelihoods and ecosystems services, in addition to analysis of community consultation and perceptions of the potential impacts of the proposed development. This case study of a palm oil concession in Liberia highlights wider policy considerations regarding large-scale land acquisitions in the global South: • Formal mechanisms may be needed to ensure the process of Free, Prior, Informed Consent takes place effectively with affected communities and community land rights are safeguarded. • Rigorous Environmental and Social Impact Assessments need to be conducted before operations start. Accurate mapping of customary land rights, community resources and cultural sites, livelihoods, land use, biodiversity and ecosystems services is a critical tool in this process. • Greater clarity and awareness-raising of land tenure laws and policies is needed at all levels. Good governance and capacity-building of key institutions would help to ensure effective implementation of relevant laws and policies. • Efforts are needed to improve basic services and infrastructure in rural communities and invest in food crop cultivation in order to enhance food security and poverty alleviation. Increasing access to inputs, equipment, training and advice is especially important if male and female farmers are no longer able to practice shifting cultivation due to the reduction/ loss of customary land and the need to farm more intensively on smaller areas of land.

The Impact of Land Use Patterns and Watershed Characteristics on China Lake, Kennebec County, Maine

China Lake is located in Kennebec County, Maine. Since 1983 the lake has suffered from yearly algal blooms as a result of the addition of excess nutrients. The nutrient load was amplified by erosion within the watershed. Erosion varies widely depending on a number of factors, including the slope of the land, the type of soil, and the way the land is being used. Certain land use types have a high potential to add nutrients to the environment, while others may help absorb excess nutrients and prevent erosion and runoff into the lake. A comprehensive examination of the China Lake watershed was completed using GIS to calculate the erosion potential for the entire area, taking into account past and present land use patterns. This information will help the towns around the lake to make informed decisions about future development and land management.

Land use and thermal comfort in the county of Ourinhos, SP

This study aims to analyze the thermal comfort in urban areas for different land uses. The ENVImet microclimatic model has been used for urban boundary layer simulation, providing the following thermal comfort indexes: PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfaction). The chosen area covers the central area in the city of Ourinhos, located in southeastern Brazilian city, with subtropical climate. Four simulations were accomplished: an area with real buildings and vegetation on site, a “grassy” area where buildings have been replaced by grass in the central area, another grassy area, known as “grass/tree”, with additional trees in, and a final area called “Park” also grassy, where trees were added all over the area. The structures which showed thermal comfort within the ISO 7730 standards were the grassy area with no trees at 9 a.m., and a paved area, as well as the park area at 3 p.m. Other situations have presented values of PMV and PPD off the limits required by the rules; they were very close to those values. The only point that presented a far cry from the comfort required was the spot in the asphalt at 9 a.m. The other situations showed PMV and PPD values not far from the limits of comfort. Only the point on the asphalt showed values far from the limit of comfort at 9 a.m.

Rotational Grazing Demonstrations with Beef Cows on CRP Land in Adams County, 2001

Two rotational-grazing systems, a 13-paddock and a 4-paddock, have been demonstrated on CRP land near Corning, Iowa since 1991 and this report summarizes the 2001 production data. Establishment of this project was to show economically feasible grass alternatives to row crops and CRP for steeply sloping (9% - 14% slope), highly-erodible land (HEL). Stocking rates were 1.57 and 1.72 acres per pair on the 13- and 4-paddock systems, respectively. In a 119 day grazing season calves gained 2.23 and 2.27 lbs/day for the 13- and 4-paddock systems, while cows gained 51.4 and 113.4 lbs, respectively. While some system hay growth was utilized to stave off drought conditions, there was a net hay gain of 11 and 5.5 bales of hay for the 13- and 4-paddock systems, respectively