Mudança estrutural e mercado de trabalho no Brasil

Structural changes and labor market in Brazil. In the present article, we attempt to identify the sources of the changes in the labor schooling level in the three main sectors of the Brazilian economy: manufacturing, services and agriculture. It was verified that, despite the changes in the product and employment among sectors, mainly in the 1990s, the relative demands for qualified workers has not experimented significant changes. Moreover, in the periods in which schooling has increased more, the workers' wage has decreased more. This fact suggests that the increase in labor qualification was mainly due to the increase of this factor supply. The structural changes had contributed, in general, in a marginal and negative way to labor force level of qualification demand in all the three sectors.

The Determinants of Personal Income Tax Progressivity Around the Globe

This paper utilizes a novel database collected by the authors to document features of the progressivity of personal income tax systems across 209 countries for the years 1980-2009. We measure progressivity in several ways. First, we associate it with the increase in effective average (marginal) tax rates between a wage of zero and ten times the average wage in a country. Second, we consider the curvature of the tax schedule expressed as the difference between the effective average (marginal) tax schedule from a wage of zero to ten times the average wage and a linear average tax schedule and, alternatively, the diference between the effective average (marginal) tax schedule from the minimum positive taxable income, to ten times the average wage as opposed to a linear average tax schedule. Moreover, the paper assesses patterns regarding the conditional correlation of country-specifc tax progressivity measures with a host of economic and political country-specific characteristics and find the labor supply elasticity and the income replacement rates for the unemployed to be key determinants of progressivity around the globe, in line with economic theory.

The Political Economy of Growth: A Review

This cursory literature review discusses the direct and indirect effects of institutions, governance, and democracy on economic growth, and the following conclusions are drawn. First, institutions and governance have a positive effect on growth. Even reforms that are less than comprehensive can stimulate, though not sustain, growth. Second, democracy neither promotes nor hampers growth directly. It secures stability and resilience in growth. It also exerts impacts on sources of growth but its net effect remains inconclusive. There remains unanswered the question of why institutions and governance matter but not democracy does not. The difference may be partly due to negative effects on investment and labor supply as well as the low credibility of young or partial democracies.

How does credit access affect children's time allocation? Evidence from rural India

Using a unique dataset obtained from rural Andhra Pradesh, India that contains direct observations of household access to credit and detailed time use, results of this study indicate that credit market failures lead to a substantial reallocation of time used by children for activities such as schooling, household chores, remunerative work, and leisure. The negative effects of credit constraints on schooling amount to a 60% decrease of average schooling time. However, the magnitude of decrease due to credit constraints is about half that of the increase in both domestic and remunerative child labor, the other half appearing to come from a reduction in leisure.

International real business cycles : a re-visit

It is well known that several quantitative properties of international real business cycle models with are at odds with the data. First, the cross-country correlations are much higher for consumption than for output, while in the data the opposite is true (the BKK puzzle). Second, cross-country correlations of employment and investment are negative, while in the data they are positive. This paper quantitatively shows that preferences with a zero income effect on labor supply help generate a correct cross-country correlation in employment even without any restrictions on financial markets. In a bond economy, a zero income effect in labor supply, combined with time-to-build investment, can generate a positive cross-country correlation in investment, and the BKK puzzle is also resolved when the inter-temporal elasticity of substitution in labor supply is low.

Análise de práticas de compras sustentáveis aplicada à indústria química brasileira.

No contexto organizacional, o departamento de suprimentos exerce papel fundamental na melhoria dos desempenhos sociais e ambientais de uma cadeia. Dentre as atividades desempenhadas pela função de suprimentos está a seleção de fornecedores na qual são definidos os critérios utilizados para a escolha de um fornecedor. Sendo assim, pode-se afirmar que a função de suprimentos é capaz de estender a sua cadeia requerimentos econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Como objeto desse trabalho foi selecionada a indústria química, uma vez que trata-se de uma indústria base para diversas outras atividades econômicas e com grande importância na economia brasileira. Além disso, é um segmento marcado por acidentes ambientais bem como programas de apoio ambiental e social mundialmente reconhecidos como o Responsible Care. Diante desse contexto, esse trabalho buscou propor um modelo conceitual de seleção de fornecedores que incorpore critérios sociais e ambientais para a indústria química. A partir da revisão de literatura, elaborou-se a proposta de um modelo conceitual capaz de abranger organizações compradoras em diferentes níveis de maturidade para incorporação de critérios sociais e ambientais em seu processo de seleção de fornecedores. A primeira etapa proposta no modelo consiste na utilização de ferramentas simples como listagens, nessa primeira etapa o objetivo é proteger a organização compradora de um comportamento não adequado por parte do fornecedor à legislação pertinente. A segunda etapa do modelo consiste no desenvolvimento de uma base gerencial, estabelecimento de critérios sociais e ambientais e utilização de certificações para seleção de fornecedores. Através do método survey, por correio eletrônico, entre abril a setembro do ano de 2015, objetivou-se compreender as atitudes dos responsáveis por formular e implementar as estratégias de compras em direção às compras sustentáveis. A pesquisa demonstrou que há descompasso entre estratégia e execução no sentido de incorporar as perspectivas sociais e ambientais em um processo de seleção de fornecedores. O estudo indicou que as organizações ainda se encontram em estágios iniciais de seleção do fornecedor e compras em se tratando da inclusão de uma perspectiva socioambiental. As ações apresentam-se mais em termos de políticas e documentações, do que em nível operacional.

Relative Concerns on Visible Consumption: A Source of Economic Distortions

Do relative concerns on visible consumption give rise to economic distortions? We re-examine the question posited by Arrow and Dasgupta (2009) building upon their general framework but recognizing that relative concerns can only apply to visible goods (e.g., cars, clothing, jewelry) and that households consume both visible and non-visible goods. Contrary to Arrow and Dasgupta (2009), the answer to this question turns to be always affirmative: the competitive equilibrium will always be different than the socially optimal one, since individuals do not take into account the negative externality they exert on others through the consumption of the visible good, while the social planner does. If one invokes separability assumptions, then the steady state competitive equilibrium consumption of non-visible goods will be strictly lower than the socially optimal one.

RED vs. REDD: Biofuel Policy vs. Forest Conservation. Factor Markets Working Document No. 41, May 2013

This paper assesses the complex interplay between global Renewable Energy Directives (RED) and the United Nations programme to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). We examine the interaction of the two policies using a scenario approach with a recursive-dynamic global Computable General Equilibrium model. The consequences of a global biofuel directive on worldwide land use, agricultural production, international trade flows, food prices and food security out to 2030 are evaluated with and without a strict global REDD policy. We address a key methodological challenge of how to model the supply of land in the face of restrictions over its availability, as arises under the REDD policy. The paper introduces a flexible land supply function, which allows for large changes in the total potential land availability for agriculture. Our results show that whilst both RED and REDD are designed to reduce emissions, they have opposing impacts on land use. RED policies are found to extend land use whereas the REDD policy leads to an overall reduction in land use and intensification of agriculture. Strict REDD policies to protect forest and woodland lead to higher land prices in all regions. World food prices are slightly higher overall with some significant regional increases, notably in Southern Africa and Indonesia, leading to reductions in food security in these countries. This said, real food prices in 2030 are still lower than the 2010 level, even with the RED and REDD policies in place. Overall this suggests that RED and REDD are feasible from a worldwide perspective, although the results show that there are some regional problems that need to be resolved. The results show that countries directly affected by forest and woodland protection would be the most economically vulnerable when the REDD policy is implemented. The introduction of REDD policies reduces global trade in agricultural products and moves some developing countries to a net importing position for agricultural products. This suggests that the protection of forests and woodlands in these regions reverses their comparative advantage as they move from being land-abundant to land-scarce regions. The full REDD policy setting, however, foresees providing compensation to these countries to cover their economic losses.

Informe de recursos humanos /

Description based on: 1971 1972 1973.

Estado de empleo de la población civil no institucional. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population.

Mode of access: Internet.

Rural manpower dilemmas /

"A reprint from the 1971 Manpower Report of the President."

La main-d'oeuvre dans les Guyanes

Bibliography: p. [183]-199.

Development assistance strategies and emigration pressure in Europe and America /

Includes bibliographical references (p. [14]-16).

Postsecondary education and the new workforce /

"PLLI 96-8005"--P. [4] of cover.

Outlook, 1990-2005 /

"May 1992."