Adaptive Rückmeldungen im intelligenten Tutorensystem LARGO

Das intelligente Tutorensystem LARGO für die Rechtswissenschaften soll Jurastudenten helfen, Argumentationsstrategien zu lernen. Im verwendeten Ansatz werden Gerichtsprotokolle als Lernmaterialien verwendet: Studenten annotieren diese und erstellen graphische Repräsentationen des Argumentationsverlaufs. Das System kann dabei zur Reflexion über die von Anwälten vorgebrachten Argumente anregen und Lernende auf mögliche Schwächen in ihrer Analyse des Disputs hinweisen. Zur Erkennung von Schwächen verwendet das System Graphgrammatiken und kollaborative Filtermechanismen. Dieser Artikel stellt dar, wie in LARGO auf Basis der Bestimmung eines „Benutzungskontextes“ die Rückmeldungen im System benutzungsadaptiv gestaltet werden. Weiterhin diskutieren wir auf Basis der Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Studie mit dem System, welche mit Jurastudierenden an der University of Pittsburgh stattfand, in wie weit der automatisch bestimmte Benutzungskontext zur Vorhersage von Lernerfolgen bei Studenten verwendbar ist.

Semiotic Analysis in the Study of Social Work

Research and professional practices have the joint aim of re-structuring the preconceived notions of reality. They both want to gain the understanding about social reality. Social workers use their professional competence in order to grasp the reality of their clients, while researchers’ pursuit is to open the secrecies of the research material. Development and research are now so intertwined and inherent in almost all professional practices that making distinctions between practising, developing and researching has become difficult and in many aspects irrelevant. Moving towards research-based practices is possible and it is easily applied within the framework of the qualitative research approach (Dominelli 2005, 235; Humphries 2005, 280). Social work can be understood as acts and speech acts crisscrossing between social workers and clients. When trying to catch the verbal and non-verbal hints of each others’ behaviour, the actors have to do a lot of interpretations in a more or less uncertain mental landscape. Our point of departure is the idea that the study of social work practices requires tools which effectively reveal the internal complexity of social work (see, for example, Adams & Dominelli & Payne 2005, 294 – 295). The boom of qualitative research methodologies in recent decades is associated with much profound the rupture in humanities, which is called the linguistic turn (Rorty 1967). The idea that language is not transparently mediating our perceptions and thoughts about reality, but on the contrary it constitutes it was new and even confusing to many social scientists. Nowadays we have got used to read research reports which have applied different branches of discursive analyses or narratologic or semiotic approaches. Although differences are sophisticated between those orientations they share the idea of the predominance of language. Despite the lively research work of today’s social work and the research-minded atmosphere of social work practice, semiotics has rarely applied in social work research. However, social work as a communicative practice concerns symbols, metaphors and all kinds of the representative structures of language. Those items are at the core of semiotics, the science of signs, and the science which examines people using signs in their mutual interaction and their endeavours to make the sense of the world they live in, their semiosis. When thinking of the practice of social work and doing the research of it, a number of interpretational levels ought to be passed before reaching the research phase in social work. First of all, social workers have to interpret their clients’ situations, which will be recorded in the files. In some very rare cases those past situations will be reflected in discussions or perhaps interviews or put under the scrutiny of some researcher in the future. Each and every new observation adds its own flavour to the mixture of meanings. Social workers have combined their observations with previous experience and professional knowledge, furthermore, the situation on hand also influences the reactions. In addition, the interpretations made by social workers over the course of their daily working routines are never limited to being part of the personal process of the social worker, but are also always inherently cultural. The work aiming at social change is defined by the presence of an initial situation, a specific goal, and the means and ways of achieving it, which are – or which should be – agreed upon by the social worker and the client in situation which is unique and at the same time socially-driven. Because of the inherent plot-based nature of social work, the practices related to it can be analysed as stories (see Dominelli 2005, 234), given, of course, that they are signifying and told by someone. The research of the practices is concentrating on impressions, perceptions, judgements, accounts, documents etc. All these multifarious elements can be scrutinized as textual corpora, but not whatever textual material. In semiotic analysis, the material studied is characterised as verbal or textual and loaded with meanings. We present a contribution of research methodology, semiotic analysis, which has to our mind at least implicitly references to the social work practices. Our examples of semiotic interpretation have been picked up from our dissertations (Laine 2005; Saurama 2002). The data are official documents from the archives of a child welfare agency and transcriptions of the interviews of shelter employees. These data can be defined as stories told by the social workers of what they have seen and felt. The official documents present only fragmentations and they are often written in passive form. (Saurama 2002, 70.) The interviews carried out in the shelters can be described as stories where the narrators are more familiar and known. The material is characterised by the interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. The levels of the story and the telling of the story become apparent when interviews or documents are examined with the use of semiotic tools. The roots of semiotic interpretation can be found in three different branches; the American pragmatism, Saussurean linguistics in Paris and the so called formalism in Moscow and Tartu; however in this paper we are engaged with the so called Parisian School of semiology which prominent figure was A. J. Greimas. The Finnish sociologists Pekka Sulkunen and Jukka Törrönen (1997a; 1997b) have further developed the ideas of Greimas in their studies on socio-semiotics, and we lean on their ideas. In semiotics social reality is conceived as a relationship between subjects, observations, and interpretations and it is seen mediated by natural language which is the most common sign system among human beings (Mounin 1985; de Saussure 2006; Sebeok 1986). Signification is an act of associating an abstract context (signified) to some physical instrument (signifier). These two elements together form the basic concept, the “sign”, which never constitutes any kind of meaning alone. The meaning will be comprised in a distinction process where signs are being related to other signs. In this chain of signs, the meaning becomes diverged from reality. (Greimas 1980, 28; Potter 1996, 70; de Saussure 2006, 46-48.) One interpretative tool is to think of speech as a surface under which deep structures – i.e. values and norms – exist (Greimas & Courtes 1982; Greimas 1987). To our mind semiotics is very much about playing with two different levels of text: the syntagmatic surface which is more or less faithful to the grammar, and the paradigmatic, semantic structure of values and norms hidden in the deeper meanings of interpretations. Semiotic analysis deals precisely with the level of meaning which exists under the surface, but the only way to reach those meanings is through the textual level, the written or spoken text. That is why the tools are needed. In our studies, we have used the semiotic square and the actant analysis. The former is based on the distinctions and the categorisations of meanings, and the latter on opening the plotting of narratives in order to reach the value structures.

Zur Inhaltsstruktur von Rechtsnormen: Modalitäten und Normtypen

Rechtsnormen als Texte – Versuch einer Zusammenführung von Rechtstheorie und Linguistik: Rechtstheoretiker sind sich zwar bewusst, dass Recht wesentlich Sprache ist; diese Voraussetzung wird aber in der konkreten Analyse von Rechtsnormen und ihrer Struktur nur selten systematisch berücksichtigt; zumeist wird von der konkreten sprachlichen Form abgesehen oder der einzelne Satz wird als formale Größe absolut gesetzt. Dazu werden auch meist wichtige Erkenntnisse der Linguistik kaum berücksichtigt, etwa grundlegende Differenzierungen wie jene zwischen Satz und Text bzw. Grammatik und Äußerung oder Ausdruck und Inhalt. Dieser Beitrag versucht, Rechtsnormen als geschriebene Texte sui generis, d. h. als sprachliche Objekte, ernst zu nehmen und aus einem textlinguistischen Blickwinkel zu betrachten, durchaus im Horizont der Rechtstheorie und deren Erkenntnisinteresse, und die grundlegenden Eigenschaften von Rechtsnormen aus dieser zweifachen Perspektive deutlicher zu klären, etwa in Bezug auf die innere Struktur von Rechtsnormen, auf eine Typologie von Rechtsnormen, die Bedeutung von einzelnen Normen, das Verhältnis von innerer Struktur und äusserer Form oder die Adressatenfrage.

Real-Time Passive Capturing of the GSM Radio

This paper addresses the problem of service development based on GSM handset signaling. The aim is to achieve this goal without the participation of the users, which requires the use of a passive GSM receiver on the uplink. Since no tool for GSM uplink capturing was available, we developed a new method that can synchronize to multiple mobile devices by simply overhearing traffic between them and the network. Our work includes the implementation of modules for signal recovery, message reconstruction and parsing. The method has been validated against a benchmark solution on GSM downlink and independently evaluated on uplink channels. Initial evaluations show up to 99% success rate in message decoding, which is a very promising result. Moreover, we conducted measurements that reveal insights on the impact of signal power on the capturing performance and investigate possible reactive measures.

Collective Referential Intentionality in the Semantics of Dialogue

The concept of a dialogue is considered in general terms from the standpoint of its referential presuppositions. The semantics of dialogue implies that dialogue participants must generally have a collective intentionality of agreed-upon references that is minimally sufficient for them to be able to disagree about other things, and ideally for outstanding disagreements to become clearer at successive stages of the dialogue. These points are detailed and illustrated in a fictional dialogue, in which precisely these kinds of referential confusions impede progress in shared understanding. It is only through a continuous exchange of question and answer in this dialogue case study that the meanings of key terms and anaphorical references are disambiguated, and a relevantly complete collective intentionality of shared meaning between dialogue participants is achieved. The importance of a minimally shared referential semantics for the terms entering into reasoning and argument in dialogue contexts broadly construed cannot be over-estimated. Where to draw the line between referential agreement and disagreement within any chosen dialogue, as participants work toward better mutual understanding in clearing up referential incongruities, is sometimes among the dialogue’s main points of dispute.

The PiLLoW/Ciao library for INTERNET/WWW programming using computational logic systems

We discuss from a practical point of view a number of issues involved in writing Internet and WWW applications using LP/CLP systems. We describe PiLLoW, an Internet and WWW programming library for LP/CLP systems which we argüe significantly simplifies the process of writing such applications. PiLLoW provides facilities for generating HTML structured documents, producing HTML forms, writing form handlers, accessing and parsing WWW documents, and accessing code posted at HTTP addresses. We also describe the architecture of some application classes, using a high-level model of client-server interaction, active modules. Finally we describe an architecture for automatic LP/CLP code downloading for local execution, using generic browsers. The PiLLoW library has been developed in the context of the &-Prolog and CIAO systems, but it has been adapted to a number of popular LP/CLP systems, supporting most of its functionality.

Material, espacio y color en Mies van der Rohe. Café Samt & Seide: Hacia una Propuesta Estructural

La aparición de varias fotografías del Café Samt & Seide no publicadas hasta 2008 en las que se observaba la luz natural de la exposición; los planos a escala de la nave donde se realizó la exposición textil; y los croquis inéditos de la instalación de la seda localizados durante el transcurso de la Tesis Doctoral por el doctorando en el plano de la Sala de Cristal, han sido las principales aportaciones de la búsqueda documental que ha tenido por objeto el conocimiento espacial e interpretación gráfica del proyecto expositivo realizada durante el transcurso de la Tesis Doctoral para poder profundizar en el alcance de la propuesta protoarquitectónica y, a través de ella, en la obra y pensamiento de Mies van der Rohe. Material, espacio y color son elementos propuestos como capítulos que estructuran la disertación y que son empleados por Mies van der Rohe como factores de una nueva expresión espacial en la exposiciones como ensayos identificados con su idea de arquitectura. En el Café Samt & Seide, Mies van der Rohe y Lilly Reich proponen una sensibilidad en el empleo del material y color trasladada al espacio mediante una atmósfera rítmica y en movimiento de superficies abstraídas e iluminadas. La estructura visual de opuestos nace del doble material textil de la exposición desplegándose en un orden espacial y constructivo de elementos independientes iniciado en los apartamentos de la Colonia Weissenhof y Sala de Cristal de Stuttgart 1926-1927, y que será trasladado desde los espacios experimentales de 1927 a las series de mármoles y cristales del Pabellón Alemán 1928-1929. La síntesis intelectual (arte-ciencia-filosofía) guía el proceso de formalización y la técnica en una intención que será trasladada a su arquitectura en el empleo de la tecnología. La creatividad y repercusión de las vanguardias en la instalación muestra la voluntad integradora de la exposición y arquitectura como arte total. Los aspectos interpretativos de las artes plásticas, visuales y musicales se integran como criterios y sensibilidades aplicadas a las estructuras yuxtapuestas material, espacial y de color. Modernidad y tradición tectónica convergen en este espacio construido cuyas superficies cubren un armazón metálico oculto. La construcción mínima textil será incorporada como idea de forma en la futura construcción del pilar metálico, la pared flotante de sus viviendas y pabellones abiertos a la naturaleza, y la gran fachada tecnológica del espacio público de sus agrupaciones en la ciudad. El espacio total del Café Samt & Seide dentro de la gran nave de Berlín anticipa las exposiciones artísticas e industriales realizadas junto a Lilly Reich en el interior de las espaciosas salas de estructura metálica como instalaciones conceptuales de gravedad y luz antecedentes de los pabellones de grandes dimensiones y espacio universal. Arquitectura, construcción y lugar son integrados en la instalación por el principio estructural como propuesta de una idea de arquitectura que es desarrollada en las exposiciones. Oscilador y bastidor son construcciones escaladas dentro de la gran nave iluminada, expresando el conjunto un orden de partes que reflejan un todo integrado en la naturaleza y lo universal. Las múltiples relaciones espaciales, constructivas y conceptuales de la exposición con su arquitectura desvelan al Café Samt & Seide como un exponente y antecedente de su obra e idea a la que definió como una propuesta estructural. La estructura, entendida como un conjunto de valores culturales y medios técnicos, es el concepto con el que Mies van der Rohe identifica la síntesis intelectualtecnológica de su tiempo, constituyendo la finalidad de su expresión material, espacial y de color. ABSTRACT The unpublished pictures of the Café Samt & Seide appeared in 2008 in which the natural light in the exhibition can be seen; the scaled plan of the nave where the textile exhibition was held; and the unpublished sketches of the silk exhibition located by the doctoral candidate while preparing his dissertation have been the main input of the data search aiming at a better understanding of the space and a graphic interpretation of the exhibition project made by the doctoral candidate during the dissertation as a basic requirement to deepen in the scope of this protoarchitectural proposal and, though it, into Mies van der Rohe’s work and thinking. Material, space and colour are the elements put forward as the chapters structuring this dissertation and were used by Mies van der Rohe as factors of a new spatial expression in expositions as tests identified with his idea of architecture. In Café Samt & Seide, Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich present material and colour sensitivity transferred to space though a rhythmic and moving atmosphere made up by abstracted and lit surfaces. Such a visual grammar and oppositions unfolds into a space and constructive order of independent elements originated with the apartments of the Weissenhof Colony and Glass Room in Stuttgart 1926-1927, and which were transferred these test spaces 1927 to the series of marble and glass in the German Pavilion 1928-1929. The intellectual and formal will (art-science-philosophy) guides the technical expression, which is transferred to architecture through technology. The creativity and impact of avant-gardes in the installation reflects exhibition and architecture’s will to integrate as a Total Art. The interpretative aspects of plastic, visual and musical arts are part of a sensitivity applied to the overlapped structures of material, space and colour. Tectonic modernity and tradition converge in this space built with surfaces covering a hidden metal framework. The minimal textile construction is integrated as a shape idea in his subsequent construction of the metal pillar, floating wall in his housing and pavilions open to nature, and the great technological façade of the public space of his urban clusters. The total space of the exhibition inside the great nave in Berlin anticipates the artistic and industrial exhibitions done together with Lilly Reich inside the spacious Halls built with exposed metal structures as conceptual installation of gravity and light prior to the big-dimensioned pavilions and universal space. Architecture, construction and place are integrated by the structural principle. Oscillator and framework are scaled constructions integrated inside the great, lit nave, and the whole conveys order of its parts reflecting a whole integrated in nature and the universal. The many conceptual, space and constructive link of the textile exhibition to his European and American architecture add a greater knowledge of the time when Mies van der Rohe stated he gained a “new awareness” 1926, revealing Café Samt & Seide as a valuable example and the experimental precursor of his work and idea defined by himself as a “structural proposal”. The structure, understood as a set of cultural and material values expressed by architecture, is the notion used by Mies van der Rohe to identify the intellectual-technological synthesis as the idea of a time and which is the goal of its material, space and colour expression.

Programación genética guiada por gramáticas

Este trabajo fin de grado, presenta una herramienta para experimentar con técnicas de la Programación Genética Guiada por Gramáticas. La mayor parte de los trabajos realizados hasta el momento en esta área, son demasiado restrictivos, ya que trabajan con gramáticas, y funciones fitness predefinidas dentro de las propias herramientas, por lo que solo son útiles sobre un único problema. Este trabajo se plantea el objetivo de presentar una herramienta mediante la cual todos los parámetros, gramáticas, individuos y funciones fitness, sean parametrizables. Es decir, una herramienta de carácter general, valida para cualquier tipo de problema que sea representable mediante una gramática libre de contexto. Para abordad el objetivo principal propuesto, se plantea un mecanismo para construir el árbol de derivación de los individuos de acuerdo a una gramática libre de contexto, y a partir de ahí, aplicar una serie de operadores genéticos guiados por gramáticas para ofrecer un resultado final, de acuerdo a una función fitness, que el usuario puede seleccionar antes de realizar la ejecución. La herramienta, también propone una medida de similitud entre los individuos pertenecientes a una determinada generación, que permite comparar los individuos desde el punto de vista de la información semántica que contienen. Con el objetivo de validar el trabajo realizado, se ha probado la herramienta con una gramática libre de contexto ya predefinida, y se exponen numerosos tipos de resultados de acuerdo a distintos parámetros de la aplicación, así como su comparación, para poder estudiar la velocidad e convergencia de los mismos. ---ABSTRACT---This final project presents a tool for working with algorithms related to Genetic Grammar Guided Programming. Most of the work done so far in this area is too restrictive, since they only work with predefined grammars, and fitness functions built within the tools themselves, so they are only useful on a single problem. The main objective of this tool is that all parameters, grammars, individuals and fitness functions, are can be easily modified thought the interface. In other words, a general tool valid for any type of problem that can be represented by a context-free grammar. To address the main objective proposed, the tool provides a mechanism to build the derivation tree of individuals according to a context-free grammar, and from there, applying a series of grammar guided genetic operators to deliver a final result, according to a fitness function, which the user can select before execution. The tool also offers a measure of similarity between individuals belonging to a certain generation, allowing comparison of individuals from the point of view of semantic information they contain. In order to validate the work done, the tool has been tested with a context-free grammar previously defined, and numerous types test have been run with different parameters of the application. The results are compared according to their speed convergence

Gramáticas lógicas: resolución de problemas en lenguaje natural

Esta tesis tiene por objeto estudiar las posibilidades de realizar en castellano tareas relativas a la resolución de problemas con sistemas basados en el conocimiento. En los dos primeros capítulos se plantea un análisis de la trayectoria seguida por las técnicas de tratamiento del lenguaje natural, prestando especial interés a los formalismos lógicos para la comprensión del lenguaje. Seguidamente, se plantea una valoración de la situación actual de los sistemas de tratamiento del lenguaje natural. Finalmente, se presenta lo que constituye el núcleo de este trabajo, un sistema llamado Sirena, que permite realizar tareas de adquisición, comprensión, recuperación y explicación de conocimiento en castellano con sistemas basados en el conocimiento. Este sistema contiene un subconjunto del castellano amplio pero simple formalizado con una gramática lógica. El significado del conocimiento se basa en la lógica y ha sido implementado en el lenguaje de programación lógica Prolog II vS. Palabras clave: Programación Lógica, Comprensión del Lenguaje Natural, Resolución de Problemas, Gramáticas Lógicas, Lingüistica Computacional, Inteligencia Artificial.---ABSTRACT---The purpose of this thesis is to study the possibi1 ities of performing in Spanish problem solving tasks with knowledge based systems. Ule study the development of the techniques for natural language processing with a particular interest in the logical formalisms that have been used to understand natural languages. Then, we present an evaluation of the current state of art in the field of natural language processing systems. Finally, we introduce the main contribution of our work, Sirena a system that allows the adquisition, understanding, retrieval and explanation of knowledge in Spanish with knowledge based systems. Sirena can deal with a large, although simple» subset of Spanish. This subset has been formalised by means of a logic grammar and the meaning of knowledge is based on logic. Sirena has been implemented in the programming language Prolog II v2. Keywords: Logic Programming, Understanding Natural Language, Problem Solving, Logic Grammars, Cumputational Linguistic, Artificial Intelligence.

Aplicación de aprendizaje de idiomas para plataformas móviles

El proyecto aquí desarrollado es una aplicación Android para smartphone. Consiste en una plataforma para aprender inglés clasificada en varios niveles de aprendizaje que ofrece al usuario gramática y vocabulario clasificado en lecciones concretas; una vez aprendidas se pueden poner en práctica realizando ejercicios específicos. La aplicación está escrita en lenguaje Java. Para el almacenamiento de los datos se ha utilizado MySQL y su obtención fue posible gracias al diseño de una API utilizando Google App Engine. El objetivo era crear una aplicación que descargase los datos de una API por medio de peticiones. De esta forma se lograron dos propósitos: el primero es que la aplicación pueda usarse de manera offline una vez que ya tiene los datos en el dispositivo. El segundo es conseguir que la aplicación no tenga en su código los datos de la gramática ya que, al pedirlos a un servicio externo, adquiere total independencia. ABSTRACT The project developed is an Android application for smartphones. It is a platform to learn English covering different levels. It offers the user grammar and vocabulary contents in every lesson. In addition, once the lesson is finished it can be put into practice by performing specific exercises. The application is written in Java. For data storing, MySQL was used. As for data obtaining an API using Google App Engine was created. The aim was to create an application that could download data via an API using requests. Thus, two goals were achieved: first, the application can be used offline once you have the data on the device. Second, the application does not have in its code any grammar data: by ordering them to an external service the application becomes independent.

Letter from Judah Monis to the Harvard Corporation, 1735 October 3

Two folio-sized leaves containing an October 3, 1735 letter from Judah Monis to the Harvard Corporation requesting an increased "reward" for the Hebrew Grammar and an increased salary. The document includes a financial outline of a "Scheme for 30 Years."

The Miller-Kinkead lessons in English /

Book II. Grammar and composition. --

Language lessons. Book 1-2.

Coppyright 1896, by Edward Hawkins.

Annual report of the Minister of Education, Province of New Brunswick.

Report year irregular.

Review of the Mayor's Report, on the subject of schools : so far as it relates to the High School for Girls /

Reviews "the report of the Mayor, in behalf 'of a sub-committee of the School Committee, recommending ... various improvements in the system of instruction in the grammar and writing schools of this city,'" written by the chairman of the School Committee, Josiah Quincy--P. [3].