Utilização de índices r e R obtidos de programas interlaboratoriais para o controle de precisão de método analítico: Determinação de água por Karl Fischer

Values of repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) are parameters of an analytical method. They are related to the maximum difference between two results of analysis (permissible range) and can be obtained by interlaboratorial comparisons. They represent great importance for the quality control of the results and decisions about the fitness-for-purpose of the method. Water determination in fuel oil samples were performed by 16 laboratories, using the Karl Fischer reaction, during the period from June 1997 to December 1999. Values of r and R were presented. Discussion is made in terms of the main factors that would be contribution to analytical method variabilities and uncertainties of final results.

ESTUDO DA GLICOSILAÇÃO DO CICLO-HEXANOL COM DIFERENTES DERIVADOS DE D-GLICOSAMINA E PROMOTORES DE GLICOSILAÇÃO PELO MÉTODO DE KOENIGS-KNORR

We report herein a study on the glycosylation of cyclohexanol with four D-glucosamine-based peracetylated glycosyl chlorides bearing different substituents at C-2 and three glycosylation promoters, silver carbonate, silver triflate and mercury II chloride/mercury II oxide, by the Koenigs-Knorr method. Under the conditions studied, glycosylation was successful only when 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α-D-glucopyranosyl chloride was used as the glycosyl donor, with silver carbonate proving the best promoter. In order to investigate the influence of the nature of the halogen at C-1, we also carried out the glycosylation of cyclohexanol with 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, a more reactive glycosyl donor. As expected, the yield with the bromide derivative was higher with the three promoters and, again, silver carbonate was the most efficient promoter. Finally, to illustrate the well-known efficient procedure for conversion of the phtalimido group at C-2 to the corresponding acetamido group, cyclohexyl 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phtalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside was converted into cyclohexyl 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-β-D-glucopyranoside in two steps, namely, hydrazinolysis of the phtalimido group followed by chemoselective acetylation of the free amino group by treatment with acetic anhydride in methanol, at 77% overall yield.

Epistemological anarchism of Paul Karl Feyerabend and medical education

The thoughts of the philosopher Paul Karl Feyerabend brought important contributions to the debate on Science in the 20th century. Most recently his views about non-existence of a single method for doing science have been employed to rethink science education and propose the use of multiple methods for effective teaching-learning process. This article employs the theoretical framework of the author expressed in the book Against Method, 1977, about the epistemological anarchism and the methodological pluralism and uses it in the contemporary discussion of medical education.

Arkistoluettelo 482: Karl Collan

Luettelo Kansalliskirjastossa olevan Karl Collanin, Maria Elisabeth Collan-Beaurainin ja Agda Salmelan arkiston sisällöstä. Karl Collanin sävellyskäsikirjoitukset on luetteloitu erikseen Viola-tietokantaan (sanahaku: collan käsikirjoitukset)

Tavaststjerna, Karl August

f. 13.5.1860 i S:t Michel, d. 30.3.1898 i Björneborg. K.A. Tavaststjerna är en av de tidigaste realistiska och moderna författarna i Finland, särskilt i den finlandssvenska litteraturen. I hans produktion, som tillkom under 1880- och 1890-talen, ifrågasätts konventionell idealism och nationalism mot bakgrund av en mörkare, mera desillusionerad skildring av den finländska verkligheten och av mänsklig falskhet. Återkommande ideal i hans verk är den fria tanken och ett kompromisslöst konstnärsliv och världsmedborgarskap, som kontrasteras mot tristessen i ett slutet och inskränkt Finland. Till hans mest betydande verk hör romanerna Barndomsvänner. Ett nutidsöde (1886) samt Hårda tider. Berättelse från Finlands sista nödår (1891), men i produktionen ingår även lyrik och dramatik. Tavaststjerna har också uppfattats som den första finlandssvenska författaren, dvs. en författare vars verk ger uttryck för känslan att som svenskspråkig i Finland tillhöra en minoritet.

Arkistoluettelo 051: Karl Ekman

Luettelo Kansalliskirjastossa olevan Karl Ekmanin arkiston sisällöstä (arkistoluettelo 51)