Lessons from the breeding program of rohu

For the first time in India, selective breeding work has been initiated at the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India in collaboration with the Institute of Aquaculture Research (AKVAFORSK), Norway. Rohu has been chosen as the model species because it enjoys the highest consumer preference among Indian major carps (IMC) although its performance was observed to be slower than other IMC. As this was the first ever selection work on any Indian major carp, many procedures and techniques for successful implementation of the programs were standardized (i.e. production of full-sib groups, establishment of model hatchery for selective breeding of carps, rearing of full-sib groups in partitioned nursery ponds, individual tagging with the Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag, communal rearing, sampling, data analysis, field testing and dissemination of improved rohu). After four generations of selection, an average of 17 per cent higher growth per generation was observed in improved rohu.

Policies on release of improved fish strains in China

Since 1991, the certification, release and maintenance of new species for aquaculture have become part of the national policy in China. During the past 15 years, this policy has been conducted and improved and has begun to show its significant role in Chinese fisheries. This paper describes the updated system of certification, release and maintenance of new species for aquaculture in China.

Maintaining the "public good" nature of improved fish strains: dissemination of knowledge and materials

Many sources of information that discuss currents problems of food security point to the importance of farmed fish as an ideal food source that can be grown by poor farmers, (Asian Development Bank 2004). Furthermore, the development of improved strains of fish suitable for low-input aquaculture such as Tilapia, has demonstrated the feasibility of an approach that combines “cutting edge science” with accessible technology, as a means for improving the nutrition and livelihoods of both the urban poor and poor farmers in developing countries (Mair et al. 2002). However, the use of improved strains of fish as a means of reducing hunger and improving livelihoods has proved to be difficult to sustain, especially as a public good, when external (development) funding sources devoted to this area are minimal1. In addition, the more complicated problem of delivery of an aquaculture system, not just improved fish strains and the technology, can present difficulties and may go explicitly unrecognized (from Sissel Rogne, as cited by Silje Rem 2002). Thus, the involvement of private partners has featured prominently in the strategy for transferring to the public technology related to improved Tilapia strains. Partnering with the private sector in delivery schemes to the poor should take into account both the public goods aspect and the requirement that the traits selected for breeding “improved” strains meet the actual needs of the resource poor farmer. Other dissemination approaches involving the public sector may require a large investment in capacity building. However, the use of public sector institutions as delivery agents encourages the maintaining of the “public good” nature of the products.

Primary production, chlorophyll, and zooplankton volumes in the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: Between 1 October and 17 December 1955 investigations of the physical, chemical and biological oceanography of the Eastern Pacific Ocean in a region bounded approximately by 30° N. latitude, 9° S. latitude, 120° W. longitude and the mainland coast were conducted from the vessels Horizon and Spencer F. Baird of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California. These were part of a cooperative operation, designated for convenience by the code name "Eastropic," in which a vessel of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service worked, during this same period, further west and a vessel of the Peruvian Navy worked further south, offshore from Peru. A vessel of the California State Fisheries Laboratory also conducted certain sub-surface tuna fishing operations and other studies in the same general region as the Scripps vessels. In addition to carrying out a number of special studies related to particular oceanographic features, the Scripps vessels occupied a considerable number of hydrographic stations. The locations of these stations, at each of which were made net-hauls for zooplankton, are shown in Figure 4 and Tables 2 and 3. At some of the hydrographic stations, and in Some places between stations, there were made from the Spencer F. Baird measurements of chlorophyll "a" and of primary production (by the C14 technique), both in situ and in a shipboard incubator. The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of these biological observations. SPANISH: Entre el 1° de octubre y el 17 de diciembre de 1955, a bordo de los barcos Horizon y Spencer F. Baird) de la Institución Scripps de Oceanografía de la Universidad de California, se hicieron investigaciones sobre la oceanografía física, química y biológica del Océano Pacífico Oriental, en una región limitada aproximadamente por los 30° N. de latitud, 9° S. de latitud, 120° O. de longitud y la costa continental. Estas investigaciones fueron parte de una operación que se realizó cooperativamente y a la que se convino darle el nombre codificado de "Eastropic". En ella, durante el mismo período, una embarcación del Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service) trabajó más hacia el oeste, y un barco de la armada peruana más hacia el sur, frente a la costa del Perú. También colaboró una nave del Laboratorio de Pesquerías del Estado de California (California State Fisheries Laboratory), realizando algunas operaciones de pesca de atún en aguas subsuperficiales, y otros estudios en la misma región general que recorrieron las embarcaciones de Scripps. Además de efectuar estudios especiales relacionados con las caracteristicas oceanográficas particulares de la región, las naves de Scripps establecieron un buen número de estaciones hidrográficas. La localización de estas estaciones se indica en la Figura 4 y en las Tablas 2 y 3; en cada una de ellas se hicieron rastreos con redes planctónicas para recoger muestras de zooplancton. En algunas de las estaciones hidrográficas, así como en algunos lugares entre estaciones, en el Spencer F. Baird se hicieron mediciones de la clorofila "a" y de la producción primaria (mediante la técnica del C14), tanto in situ como en una incubadora instalada a bordo. El propósito del presente trabajo es dar a conocer los resultados de estas observaciones biológicas. (PDF contains 44 pages.)

Investment prospects of fish farming in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria

The investment prospects of fish farming in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria, strategically located in about the centre of the country are discussed with special reference to its numerous abandoned mine lakes and the tripartite role of government, universities and individuals. In the Jos-Plateau, about 17.0 km super(2) is covered by these disused mine lakes, making up about 20-30% of the area covered. In such enterprise, problems commonly encountered, like population growth and government planning policies, fish demand and supply, manpower, feed and seed availability, preservation, processing and marketing are discussed. Inspite of these, prospects still abound with regards to land-use of these numerous disused mine lakes and feed availability based on the principles of using both industrial and farm by-products for fish culture, processing and marketing. These potentials, if properly harnessed, will help to supplement the protein insufficiency in the diet of the populace. In this regard, proposals on the economics of production and sales, strategies for achieving these development goals, cost-benefit analysis and their implications in further development of fish culture are discussed

The connection between single species and ecosystems

Ecosystem level models are motivated by some combination of scientific and practical concerns. Those models motivated by practical concerns are likely to bear little historical relation to previous models. Mechanisms of interaction between particular species and their ecosystems vary enormously. Some species literally construct their own ecosystems. Others have more or less complex and important interactions with other species so that their presence or absence may alter the ecosystem. Prior information about the natural history of particular species can make ecosystem investigations quicker, cheaper, and more effective. The optimal resource for preparing to deal with the unlimited diversity of questions asked of ecologists would be a large' computerized databank of natural history observations for as many species as possible.

Rigorous transmittance analysis of a sub-wavelength Sb thin film lens

We quantitatively analysed the factors contributing to the optical transmission enhancement of a sub-wavelength Sb thin film lens, using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results show that the transmission enhancement of the dielectric with a Gaussian distributed refractive index loaded in a sub-wavelength circular hole is not only due to the high refractive index dielectric, but also due to the specific distributions of refractive index. It is the first study about the effects of the refractive index distribution on the transmission of a sub-wavelength aperture. This kind of lens has practical applications in the very small aperture lasers and for near-field optical storage and lithography.

Avaliação in vitro do efeito da incorporação de clorexidina nas propriedades físicas e na atividade antibacteriana de resinas acrílicas autopolimerizáveis

Objetivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina (CDA), em diferentes concentrações e tempos de armazenamento, nas propriedades físicas e na atividade antibacteriana de resinas acrílicas, utilizadas na confecção de coroas e pontes provisórias. Métodos. Fase I: Foram confeccionados 150 corpos de prova retangulares (3,0 mm X 10 mm X 64 mm), de acordo com a norma ISO 1567 e 150 corpos de prova quadrados (10 mm X 10 mm X 2,0 mm), utilizando-se duas resinas acrílicas autopolimerizáveis, Duralay (Reliance Dental Mfg. Co.) e Dencor (Clássico). Os corpos de prova foram distribuídos em 30 grupos (n=10/grupo) de acordo com a concentração de CDA incorporada às resinas (p/p) (A) 0%, (B) 1%, (C) 2%, (D) 4%, (E) 5%, em função do tempo de armazenamento em água destilada, a 37C (T0 2h, T1 7 dias, T2 30 dias). Foram realizados os ensaios de microdureza Knoop, em microdurômetro Micromet 5104, Buehler (N), rugosidade superficial (Ra), em rugosímetro digital Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-201 (n=5) e resistência à flexão em três pontos (MPa), em uma máquina de ensaio universal EMIC MF 200 DL (n=5). Fase II: Adicionalmente, a atividade antibacteriana dos materiais sobre Streptococcus mutans foi determinada através da realização de testes de difusão em meio BHI, sendo para isso confeccionados 30 corpos de prova em forma de disco (12 mm X 3,0 mm) com as mesmas 5 concentrações (n=3/grupo). Os resultados foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística three-way ANOVA (Fase I) e two-way ANOVA (Fase II). Resultados. ANOVA mostrou que a adição de CDA não provocou alteração significativa na resistência à flexão dos materiais testados. A resistência à flexão é inversamente proporcional ao tempo para a resina Dencor e diretamente proporcional ao tempo para a resina Duralay. Houve aumento da microdureza com o acréscimo de CDA ao material Dencor com relação ao grupo controle, enquanto que no material Duralay a CDA não interferiu significativamente nesta propriedade. A rugosidade superficial aumentou significativamente (p<0,001) com o tempo e com o aumento da concentração de clorexidina na resina Dencor e não provocou alteração significativa em Duralay. Os testes de difusão em ágar demonstraram atividade antimicrobiana significativa (p<0,05) em todos os grupos, quando comparados ao grupo-controle. A inibição ao crescimento de Streptococcus mutans foi maior com o aumento da concentração desta substância. A resina Dencor apresentou maior halo de inibição do que a resina Duralay. Conclusões. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a incorporação de clorexidina aos materiais testados exibiu efeito antibacteriano contra S. mutans, sem contudo afetar de maneira crítica as propriedades físicas avaliadas.

A comparison between circle hook and J hook performance in the dolphinfish, yellowfish tuna, and wahoo troll fishery off the coast of North Carolina

We compared numbers of strikes, proportions of fish that hooked up after strikes, proportions of fish that stayed on hook (retained) after hook up, and numbers of fish caught between circle and J hooks rigged with dead natural fish bait (ballyhoo)and trolled for three oceanic predator species: dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri). Interactions were compared between circle and J hooks fished on 75 trips by two user groups (charter and recreational fishermen). Hooks were affixed to three species-specific leader types most commonly fished in this region: monofilament (dolphinfish), fluorocarbon (tuna), and wire (wahoo). Numbers of fish caught per trip and three potential mechanisms that might inf luence numbers caught (i.e., number of strikes, proportion of fish hooked, and proportion retained) were modeled with generalized linear models that considered hook type, leader type, species, user (fishing) group, and wave height as main effects. Hook type was a main effect at the catch level; generally, more fish were caught on J hooks than on circle hooks. The effect of hook type on strike rates was equivocal. However, J hooks had a greater proportion of hook-ups than did circle hooks. Finally, the proportion of fish retained once hooked was generally equal between hook types. We found similar results when data from additional species were pooled as a “tuna” group and a “mackerel” group. We conclude that J hooks are more effective than circle hooks at the hook-up level and result in greater numbers of troll-caught dolphinfish, tunas

Length-weight relationship of fishes from Yemen waters (Gulf of Aden and Red Sea)

The data for this study were gathered between 1993 and 1996 on board commercial trawlers from Somalia, China and Yemen and also from the research vessel Ibn Magid belonging to the Marine Science and Resources Research Centre, Aden, Republic of Yemen. Fish were identified using the FAO species identification literature. All fish were measured to the nearest mm (total length) and weighed to the nearest g. Sex was determined by dissection after the length and weight had been measured. The length-weight relationships were calculated using least-squares regression on log-transformed data and the parameters of the relationship of the form of W=aL super(b) are summarized. Maximum and minimum size of fish sampled are also given. Common names and recent changes in nomenclature were taken from ICLARM's FishBase.

Length-weight relationship of fishes caught in the Itaipu Reservoir, Parana, Brazil

Parameters and related statistics of the length-weight relationship of the form W=aL super(b) are presented for 72 species of fish caught in the area of the Itaipu Reservoir in Parana, Brazil. The b values varied between 2.34 and 3.35, with the mean b=2.986 (s.d.=0.230) not significantly different from 3.0 (df=7, p=0.05).

Potential of genetics for aquaculture development in Africa

Aquaculture in Africa is fairly insignificant by world standards and accounts for a mere 0.4 per cent of global aquaculture production. The application of genetics can play an important role in efforts to increase aquaculture production in Africa through methods such as selective breeding, hybridization, chromosome manipulation and use of YY “supermales”. Other issues that need to be addressed are limited genetic research facilities, funding, human capacity and suitable species for aquaculture.

Length-weight relationships of demersal fishes from the Gulf of Salamanca, Colombia: [part 2]

The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship of the form W=aL super(b) are presented for 37 fish species, belonging to 17 families, caught during a demersal trawl survey over the period December 1995 to March 1998 in the Gulf of Salamanca, Colombia

Length-weight relationships of Cuban marine fishes

A total of 140 sets of parameters (a and b) of the length-weight relationships (LWR) of the form W=aL super(b) are presented for fishes caught in Cuban waters. These parameters cover 94 species of fish belonging to 43 families. Most of the parameters were compiled from 107 sets of published and unpublished studies. Twenty-five sets of parameters were from personal communications through colleagues in Cuba, while the remaining eight sets were estimated by the authors from unpublished data.