"Även om jag bor här i 100 år så blir det inte samma" : En kvalitativ studie av fem ensamkommande ungdomar och deras personliga identitetsutveckling i mottagarlandet.

SAMMANFATTNING: Människor tvingas fly ifrån sina hemländer på grund av våld för att söka säkerhet någon annanstans. Att människor lämnar ett land eller tvingas fly har skett under alla tider. Människor flyr från förföljelse, fattigdom, svält eller krig. Uppskattningsvis finns 19,2 miljoner människor på flykt runt om i världen och nära hälften av dessa är barn. Av de barn som befinner sig på flykt är de ensamkommande ungdomarna en viktig grupp att urskilja. Då de ensamkommande asylsökande ungdomarna är i behov av särskilt skydd. Under 2003 var de flesta ensamkommande ungdomar i Sverige från Somalia, Irak, Serbien och Montenegro. Vårt syfte är att få ökad förståelse för ensamkommande ungdomars upplevelser av hur deras identitet formats i hemlandet och senare i mottagarlandet i samspel med människor i sin omgivning. Samt vilken betydelse asylprocessen och tidigare trauman har haft för ungdomarnas personliga identitetsutveckling. De faktorer som berörts som viktiga för ungdomens personliga identitetsutveckling är förluster, boende, ovisshet, familjeåterförening och nätverk samt språket.Vi har valt att göra en explorativ studie som innefattar kvalitativa halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fem ensamkommande ungdomar. Resultatet i form av empiri och analys har utförts utifrån tidigare forskning och från Cullbergs kristeori samt relevanta begrepp som etnicitet och identitet utifrån symbolisk interaktionism. Studien har visat att samtliga ungdomar upplevt att den ovisshet de levt i under asylprocessen samt tidigare trauman har påverkat dem mycket både psykiskt och fysiskt. De ungdomar vi har intervjuat upplever alla att de idag har en ny personlighet efter att ha fått uppehållstillstånd. Den nya identiteten har enligt ungdomarna påverkats bland annat av föräldrarnas uppfostran och de nya människor de möter i mottagarlandet samt av de nya miljöerna ungdomarna befinner sig i.

Axis I diagnoses and transition to psychosis in clinical high-risk patients EPOS project: prospective follow-up of 245 clinical high-risk outpatients in four countries

In selected samples, a considerable number of patients at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR) are found to meet criteria for co-morbid clinical psychiatric disorders. It is not known how clinical diagnoses correspond to or even predict transitions to psychosis (TTP). Our aim was to examine distributions of life-time and current Axis I diagnoses, and their association with TTP in CHR patients.

Effect of discharge desynchronization on the size of motor evoked potentials: an analysis

OBJECTIVE: Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) are smaller than CMAPs after peripheral nerve stimulation, because desynchronization of the TMS-induced motor neurone discharges occurs (i.e. MEP desynchronization). This desynchronization effect can be eliminated by use of the triple stimulation technique (TST; Brain 121 (1998) 437). The objective of this paper is to study the effect of discharge desynchronization on MEPs by comparing the size of MEP and TST responses. METHODS: MEP and TST responses were obtained in 10 healthy subjects during isometric contractions of the abductor digiti minimi, during voluntary background contractions between 0% and 20% of maximal force, and using 3 different stimulus intensities. Additional data from other normals and from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were obtained from previous studies. RESULTS: MEPs were smaller than TST responses in all subjects and under all stimulating conditions, confirming the marked influence of desynchronization on MEPs. There was a linear relation between the amplitudes of MEPs vs. TST responses, independent of the degree of voluntary contraction and stimulus intensity. The slope of the regression equation was 0.66 on average, indicating that desynchronization reduced the MEP amplitude on average by one third, with marked inter-individual variations. A similar average proportion was found in MS patients. CONCLUSIONS: The MEP size reduction induced by desynchronization is not influenced by the intensity of TMS and by the level of facilitatory voluntary background contractions. It is similar in healthy subjects and in MS patients, in whom increased desynchronization of central conduction was previously suggested to occur. Thus, the MEP size reduction observed may not parallel the actual amount of desynchronization.

Estrogen receptor subtype beta2 is involved in neuromast development in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae

Estrogens are known to play a role in both reproductive and non-reproductive functions in mammals. Estrogens and their receptors are involved in the development of the central nervous system (brain development, neuronal survival and differentiation) as well as in the development of the peripheral nervous system (sensory-motor behaviors). In order to decipher possible functions of estrogens in early development of the zebrafish sensory system, we investigated the role of estrogen receptor beta(2) (ERbeta(2)) by using a morpholino (MO) approach blocking erbeta(2) RNA translation. We further investigated the development of lateral line organs by cell-specific labeling, which revealed a disrupted development of neuromasts in morphants. The supporting cells developed and migrated normally. Sensory hair cells, however, were absent in morphants' neuromasts. Microarray analysis and subsequent in situ hybridizations indicated an aberrant activation of the Notch signaling pathway in ERbeta(2) morphants. We conclude that signaling via ERbeta(2) is essential for hair cell development and may involve an interaction with the Notch signaling pathway during cell fate decision in the neuromast maturation process.

Radiocarbon Analysis of Elemental and Organic Carbon in Switzerland during Winter-Smog Episodes from 2008 to 2012 – Part I: Source Apportionment and Spatial Variability

While several studies have investigated winter-time air pollution with a wide range of concentration levels, hardly any results are available for longer time periods covering several winter-smog episodes at various locations; e.g., often only a few weeks from a single winter are investigated. Here, we present source apportionment results of winter-smog episodes from 16 air pollution monitoring stations across Switzerland from five consecutive winters. Radiocarbon (14C) analyses of the elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon fractions, as well as levoglucosan, major water-soluble ionic species and gas-phase pollutant measurements were used to characterize the different sources of PM10. The most important contributions to PM10 during winter-smog episodes in Switzerland were on average the secondary inorganic constituents (sum of nitrate, sulfate and ammonium = 41 ± 15%) followed by organic matter (OM) (34 ± 13%) and EC (5 ± 2%). The non-fossil fractions of OC (fNF,OC) ranged on average from 69 to 85 and 80 to 95% for stations north and south of the Alps, respectively, showing that traffic contributes on average only up to ~ 30% to OC. The non-fossil fraction of EC (fNF,EC), entirely attributable to primary wood burning, was on average 42 ± 13 and 49 ± 15% for north and south of the Alps, respectively. While a high correlation was observed between fossil EC and nitrogen oxides, both primarily emitted by traffic, these species did not significantly correlate with fossil OC (OCF), which seems to suggest that a considerable amount of OCF is secondary, from fossil precursors. Elevated fNF,EC and fNF,OC values and the high correlation of the latter with other wood burning markers, including levoglucosan and water soluble potassium (K+) indicate that residential wood burning is the major source of carbonaceous aerosols during winter-smog episodes in Switzerland. The inspection of the non-fossil OC and EC levels and the relation with levoglucosan and water-soluble K+ shows different ratios for stations north and south of the Alps (most likely because of differences in burning technologies) for these two regions in Switzerland.

Impairments of peripheral motion change detection during smooth pursuit eye movements

Introduction: In team sports the ability to use peripheral vision is essential to track a number of players and the ball. By using eye-tracking devices it was found that players either use fixations and saccades to process information on the pitch or use smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) to keep track of single objects (Schütz, Braun, & Gegenfurtner, 2011). However, it is assumed that peripheral vision can be used best when the gaze is stable while it is unknown whether motion changes can be equally well detected when SPEM are used especially because contrast sensitivity is reduced during SPEM (Schütz, Delipetkose, Braun, Kerzel, & Gegenfurtner, 2007). Therefore, peripheral motion change detection will be examined by contrasting a fixation condition with a SPEM condition. Methods: 13 participants (7 male, 6 female) were presented with a visual display consisting of 15 white and 1 red square. Participants were instructed to follow the red square with their eyes and press a button as soon as a white square begins to move. White square movements occurred either when the red square was still (fixation condition) or moving in a circular manner with 6 °/s (pursuit condition). The to-be-detected white square movements varied in eccentricity (4 °, 8 °, 16 °) and speed (1 °/s, 2 °/s, 4 °/s) while movement time of white squares was constant at 500 ms. 180 events should be detected in total. A Vicon-integrated eye-tracking system and a button press (1000 Hz) was used to control for eye-movements and measure detection rates and response times. Response times (ms) and missed detections (%) were measured as dependent variables and analysed with a 2 (manipulation) x 3 (eccentricity) x 3 (speed) ANOVA with repeated measures on all factors. Results: Significant response time effects were found for manipulation, F(1,12) = 224.31, p < .01, ηp2 = .95, eccentricity, F(2,24) = 56.43; p < .01, ηp2 = .83, and the interaction between the two factors, F(2,24) = 64.43; p < .01, ηp2 = .84. Response times increased as a function of eccentricity for SPEM only and were overall higher than in the fixation condition. Results further showed missed events effects for manipulation, F(1,12) = 37.14; p < .01, ηp2 = .76, eccentricity, F(2,24) = 44.90; p < .01, ηp2 = .79, the interaction between the two factors, F(2,24) = 39.52; p < .01, ηp2 = .77 and the three-way interaction manipulation x eccentricity x speed, F(2,24) = 3.01; p = .03, ηp2 = .20. While less than 2% of events were missed on average in the fixation condition as well as at 4° and 8° eccentricity in the SPEM condition, missed events increased for SPEM at 16 ° eccentricity with significantly more missed events in the 4 °/s speed condition (1 °/s: M = 34.69, SD = 20.52; 2 °/s: M = 33.34, SD = 19.40; 4 °/s: M = 39.67, SD = 19.40). Discussion: It could be shown that using SPEM impairs the ability to detect peripheral motion changes at the far periphery and that fixations not only help to detect these motion changes but also to respond faster. Due to high temporal constraints especially in team sports like soccer or basketball, fast reaction are necessary for successful anticipation and decision making. Thus, it is advised to anchor gaze at a specific location if peripheral changes (e.g. movements of other players) that require a motor response have to be detected. In contrast, SPEM should only be used if a single object, like the ball in cricket or baseball, is necessary for a successful motor response. References: Schütz, A. C., Braun, D. I., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2011). Eye movements and perception: A selective review. Journal of Vision, 11, 1-30. Schütz, A. C., Delipetkose, E., Braun, D. I., Kerzel, D., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2007). Temporal contrast sensitivity during smooth pursuit eye movements. Journal of Vision, 7, 1-15.

Aḥkam at-tārīḵẖ: al-maʻrūf, Maḥbūb as-salāt̤īn

Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ḵẖān Ṣāḥib.

Taʻlīq laṭīf ʻalá al-Rāmizah fī ʻilmay al-ʻarūḍ wa-al-qāfiyah : manuscript, 1640 or 1641

Copied in 1050 AH? [1640 or 41 AD?].

Performance characteristics of automotive engines in the United States. First series--report no. 12. 1975 Perkins diesel 247 CID (4.0 liters), F.I. Interim report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

Performance characteristics of automotive engines in the United States. First series--report no. 16. 1975 Volvo 121 CID (2.0 liters), F.I. Interim report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

Performance characteristics of automotive engines in the United States. Second series--report no. 6. 1976 Nissan diesel 198 CID (3.2 liters), F.I. Interim report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

Performance characteristics of automotive engines in the United States. Third series-- report no. 1. 1977 Volvo 130 CID (2.1 liters), F.I. Interim report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

Vsemirnyĭ i︠a︡zyk Shleĭera Volapük; polnyĭ uchebnik sostavlennyĭ po posli︠e︡dnim ri︠e︡shenīi︠a︡m Akalemii Vsemirnago i︠a︡zyka.

Mode of access: Internet.

Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag; söguágrip.

"Sérprentum úr Lesbók Morgunblaðsins 27-29. tbl. 45. árgangs, 1969."

Istoricheskīĭ obzor di︠e︡i︠a︡telʹnosti Komiteta ministrov;

At head of title: "K stoli︠e︡tīi︠u︡ Komiteta Ministrov, 1802- 1902."