Health and developmental outcome of children following prenatal diagnosis of confined placental mosaicism

Objective To determine the long-term health and development of a cohort of children in whom confined placental mosaicism (CPM) was diagnosed at prenatal diagnosis. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed comparing 36 children in whom CPM had been diagnosed prenatally with 195 controls subjects in whom a normal karyotype had been detected prenatally. Data comprising birth information, health, health service utilisation, growth, development, behaviour, and the family were collected by a maternal questionnaire administered when the subjects were aged between 4 and 11 years. Results CPM cases did not differ from controls across a broad range of health measures and there were no major health problems or birth defects among the CPM group. No increase was detected in the incidence of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) among CPM cases; however, postnatal growth was reduced compared with controls (p = 0.047). Development and behaviour in CPM cases was similar to that of controls. Conclusions The prenatal diagnosis of CPM is not associated with an increased risk of birth defects or developmental problems, but may be associated with decreased growth. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Encoding order and developmental dyslexia:a family of skills predicting different orthographic components

We investigated order encoding in developmental dyslexia using a task that presented nonalphanumeric visual characters either simultaneously or sequentially—to tap spatial and temporal order encoding, respectively—and asked participants to reproduce their order. Dyslexic participants performed poorly in the sequential condition, but normally in the simultaneous condition, except for positions most susceptible to interference. These results are novel in demonstrating a selective difficulty with temporal order encoding in a dyslexic group. We also tested the associations between our order reconstruction tasks and: (a) lexical learning and phonological tasks; and (b) different reading and spelling tasks. Correlations were extensive when the whole group of participants was considered together. When dyslexics and controls were considered separately, different patterns of association emerged between orthographic tasks on the one side and tasks tapping order encoding, phonological processing, and written learning on the other. These results indicate that different skills support different aspects of orthographic processing and are impaired to different degrees in individuals with dyslexia. Therefore, developmental dyslexia is not caused by a single impairment, but by a family of deficits loosely related to difficulties with order. Understanding the contribution of these different deficits will be crucial to deepen our understanding of this disorder.

Ultrastructural Basis and Developmental Control of Blue Iridescence in Selaginella Leaves

The iridescentb lue color of several Selaginellasp ecies is caused by a physical effect, thinfilm interference.P redictionsf or a model film have been confirmedb y electronm icroscopyo f S. willdenowaEnid S. uncinataF. or the latters pecies iridescencec ontributest o leaf absorption at wavelengths above 450 nm and develops in environments enriched with far-red (730 nm) light. This evidence supports the involvement of phytochrome in the developmental control of iridescence.

The Exiled Intellectual and the American University

Dr Leon Botstein, Professor at Bard College, gives a lecture on the subject of the tradition of learning institutions providing exile to intellectuals from countries in crisis. Lecture held at the Graham Center, Modesto Maidique Campus, Florida International University on February 25, 2013.

Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals

Acknowledgements Financial support for composing this article was obtained from the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB, Beef and Lamb), UK. Concept of review was also initiated from discussions originating from EU COST Action FA1201, Epiconcept: Epigenetics and Periconception Environment

The interplay between social motivation, social experience, and developmental neural specialization for social perception

From birth, infants preferentially attend to human motion, which allows them to learn to interpret other peoples’ facial expressions and mental states. Evidence from adults shows that selectivity of the amygdala and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) to biological motion correlates with social network size. Social motivation—one’s desire to orient to the social world, to seek and find reward in social interaction, and to maintain social relationships—may also contribute to neural specialization for biological motion and to social network characteristics. The current study aimed to determine whether neural selectivity for biological motion relates to social network characteristics, and to gain preliminary evidence as to whether social motivation plays a role in this relation. Findings suggest that neural selectivity for biological motion in the pSTS is positively related to social network size in middle childhood and that this relation is moderated by social motivation.

Reproductive and developmental toxicity study using Sprague-Dawley rats exposed under various calendars to the weedkiller Glyphosate and commercial formulations Glyphosate-based

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most globally used herbicides raising the risk of environmental exposition. Carcinogenic effects are only one component of the multiple adverse health effects of Glyphosate and GBHs that have been reported. Questions related to hazards and corresponding risks identified in relation to endocrine disrupting effects are rising. The present study investigated the possible reproductive/developmental toxicity of GBHs administered to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats under various calendar of treatment. Assessments included maternal and reproductive outcome of F0 and F1 dams exposed to GBHs throughout pregnancy and lactation and developmental landmarks and sexual characteristics of offspring. The study was designed in two stages. In the first stage Glyphosate, or its commercial formulation Roundup Bioflow, was administered to rats at the dose of 1.75 mg/kg bw/day (Glyphosate US Acceptable Daily Intake) from the prenatal period until adulthood. In the second stage, multiple toxicological parameters were simultaneously assessed, including multigeneration reproductive/developmental toxicity of Glyphosate and two GBHs (Roundup Bioflow and Ranger Pro). Man-equivalent doses, beginning from 0.5 mg/kg bw/day (ADI Europe) up to 50 mg/kg bw/day (NOAEL Glyphosate), were administered to male and female rats, covering specific windows of biological susceptibility. The results of stage 1 and preliminary data from stage 2 experiments characterize GBHs as probable endocrine disruptors as suggested by: 1) androgen-like effects of Roundup Bioflow, including a significant increase of anogenital distances in both males and females, delay of first estrous and increased testosterone in females; 2) slight puberty onset anticipation in the high dose of Ranger Pro group, observed in the F1 generation treated from in utero life until adulthood; 3) a delayed balano-preputial separation achievement in the high dose of Ranger Pro-treated males exposed only during the peri-pubertal period, indicating a direct and specific effect of GBHs depending on the timing of exposure.

Estudi comparatiu de la qualitat de vida dels discapacitats intel·lectuals i del desenvolupament en els centres penitenciaris de Catalunya

El present estudi té com a objectiu principal conèixer la qualitat de vida que presenten les persones amb discapacitat intel·lectual i del desenvolupament (DID) que es troben complint condemna en els centres penitenciaris de Catalunya. També pretén explorar i descriure les característiques sociodemogràfiques i criminològiques dels interns amb DID que es troben ubicats als diferents centres penitenciaris, i a diferents unitats o mòduls residencials, així com comparar la qualitat de vida dels interns que estan en el Departament d’Atenció Especialitzada per la DID (DAE-DID) del Centre Penitenciari de Quatre Camins, en funcionament des de juny del 2013, amb la d’altres interns amb DID que es troben complint condemna a d’altres centres penitenciaris de Catalunya, i amb els quals s’intervé de forma menys intensiva. També s’analitzaran les diferències en la qualitat de vida dels DID que estan a presó i els DID amb trastorns de conducta que estan ingressats en centres residencials del medi comunitari. La mostra es va composar de 185 subjectes. Els professionals que tenen contacte amb ells van respondre l’Escala GENCAT (Verdugo, Arias, Gómez, Schalock, 2009). Les diferències trobades en aquest estudi indiquen que els interns amb DID que resideixen al DAE i aquells interns dels quals es té sospita de presència de discapacitat i que no es troben atesos pel programa Accepta presenten un nivells de qualitat de vida similars i significativament superiors als d’aquells interns amb DID atesos pel programa Accepta, apuntant en la línia que els interns ja diagnosticats amb DID estan millor si s’ubiquen en mòduls específics, al marge del funcionament ordinari del centre. Malgrat això, el nivell de qualitat de vida que presenten aquests dos grups no és superior a aquell que presenten els interns sense discapacitat. Tanmateix, el nivell de qualitat de vida dels discapacitats a presons és superior al d’aquelles persones discapacitades que es troben ingressades a centres de la xarxa comunitària. En l’estudi s’apunten alguns possibles factors que poden estar influenciant aquest resultat.

Estudio comparativo de la calidad de vida de los discapacitados intelectuales y del desarrollo en los centros penitenciarios de Cataluña

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal conocer la calidad de vida que presentan las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo (DID) que están cumpliendo condena en los centros penitenciarios de Cataluña. También se han explorado y descrito las características socio demográficas y criminológicas de los internos con DID que se hallan ubicados en los diferentes centros penitenciarios y en diferentes unidades o módulos residenciales, así como comparado la calidad de vida de los internos que están en el Departamento de Atención Especializada para la DID (DAE-DID) del Centro Penitenciario de Quatre Camins, en funcionamiento desde junio de 2013, con la de otros internos con DID que están cumpliendo condena en otros centros penitenciarios de Cataluña, y con los que se interviene de forma menos intensiva. También se han analizado las diferencias en la calidad de vida de los DID que están en prisión y los DID con trastornos de conducta que se hallan ingresados en centros residenciales del medio comunitario. La muestra se compuso de 185 sujetos. Los profesionales que tienen contacto con ellos respondieron la Escala GENCAT (Verdugo, Arias, Gómez, Schalock, 2009). Las diferencias halladas en este estudio indican que los internos con DID que residen en el DAE y aquellos internos de los que se sospecha presencia de discapacidad y que no son atendidos por el programa Accepta presentan unos niveles de calidad de vida similares y significativamente superiores a los internos con DID atendidos por el programa Accepta, apuntando en la línea de que los internos ya diagnosticados con DID están mejor si se ubican en módulos específicos, al margen del funcionamiento ordinario del centro. Sin embargo, el nivel de calidad de vida que presentan estos dos grupos no es superior a aquellos que presentan los internos sin discapacidad. A pesar de ello, el nivel de calidad de vida de los discapacitados en prisiones es superior al de aquellas personas discapacitadas que se hallan ingresadas en centros de la red comunitaria. En el estudio se apuntan algunos posibles factores que pueden estar influenciando este resultado.

A criança e o adolescente com problemas do desenvolvimento no ambulatório de pediatria

OBJETIVO: revisar a literatura e os princípios básicos sobre o atendimento ambulatorial da criança e do adolescente com alterações no desenvolvimento, salientando os aspectos da prevenção, detecção e intervenção precoce, inclusão e reabilitação. FONTE DE DADOS: pesquisa nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, nas publicações de comitês científicos, de instituições para portadores de necessidades especiais e protocolos sobre assistência ambulatorial em centros de referência para crianças e adolescentes portadores de deficiências. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: esta população-alvo apresenta, além dos problemas de saúde típicos de sua faixa etária, os relacionados à sua patologia de base, ou às conseqüências dessas. Este artigo traz ao pediatra as principais causas de distúrbios de desenvolvimento e as características de cada forma de deficiência, ressaltando os cuidados necessários na sua abordagem nos ambulatórios de pediatria. CONCLUSÕES: o censo brasileiro de 2000 aponta que 14,5% da população brasileira apresenta algum tipo de deficiência, posicionando os problemas de desenvolvimento como um dos mais prevalentes agravos da infância e da adolescência. Assim sendo, todo pediatra há que estar atento ao desenvolvimento das crianças e adolescentes e aos fatores que possam influir sobre ele. Do pediatra depende a prevenção, o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento em tempo hábil, sendo insubstituível na coordenação da assistência multidisciplinar, bem como na inclusão desta clientela na assistência básica à saúde, fundamentais na definição do prognóstico e da qualidade de vida dos portadores de deficiências.