THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT OF A RESEARCH GROUP: THE TUTORS' PERSPECTIVE

The Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas de Tecnologia da Informacao nos Processos de Trabalho em Enfermagem (Study and Research Group for Information Technology in the Nursing Working Processes, GEPETE) has the purpose of producing and socializing knowledge in information technology and health and nursing communication, making associations with research groups in this field and promoting student participation. This study was performed by the group tutors with the objective to report on the development of the virtual learning environment (VLE) and the tutors' experience as mediators of a research group using the Moodle platform. To do this, a VLE was developed and pedagogical mediation was performed following the theme of mentoring. An initial diagnosis was made of the difficulties in using this technology in interaction and communication, which permitted the proposal of continuing to use the platform as a resource to support research activities, offer lead researchers the mechanisms to socialize projects and offer the possibility of giving advice at a distance.

Learning for well being : Studies using the International Adult Literacy Survey

This thesis is a collection of five independent but closely related studies. The overall purpose is to approach the analysis of learning outcomes from a perspective that combines three major elements, namely lifelonglifewide learning, human capital, and the benefits of learning. The approach is based on an interdisciplinary perspective of the human capital paradigm. It considers the multiple learning contexts that are responsible for the development of embodied potential – including formal, nonformal and informal learning – and the multiple outcomes – including knowledge, skills, economic, social and others– that result from learning. The studies also seek to examine the extent and relative influence of learning in different contexts on the formation of embodied potential and how in turn that affects economic and social well being. The first study combines the three major elements, lifelonglifewide learning, human capital, and the benefits of learning into one common conceptual framework. This study forms a common basis for the four empirical studies that follow. All four empirical studies use data from the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) to investigate the relationships among the major elements of the conceptual framework presented in the first study. Study I. A conceptual framework for the analysis of learning outcomes This study brings together some key concepts and theories that are relevant for the analysis of learning outcomes. Many of the concepts and theories have emerged from varied disciplines including economics, educational psychology, cognitive science and sociology, to name only a few. Accordingly, some of the research questions inherent in the framework relate to different disciplinary perspectives. The primary purpose is to create a common basis for formulating and testing hypotheses as well as to interpret the findings in the empirical studies that follow. In particular, the framework facilitates the process of theorizing and hypothesizing on the relationships and processes concerning lifelong learning as well as their antecedents and consequences. Study II. Determinants of literacy proficiency: A lifelong-lifewide learning perspective This study investigates lifelong and lifewide processes of skill formation. In particular, it seeks to estimate the substitutability and complementarity effects of learning in multiple settings over the lifespan on literacy skill formation. This is done by investigating the predictive capacity of major determinants of literacy proficiency that are associated with a variety of learning contexts including school, home, work, community and leisure. An identical structural model based on previous research is fitted to the IALS data for 18 countries. The results show that even after accounting for all factors, education remains the most important predictor of literacy proficiency. In all countries, however, the total effect of education is significantly mediated through further learning occurring at work, at home and in the community. Therefore, the job and other literacy related factors complement education in predicting literacy proficiency. This result points to a virtual cycle of lifelong learning, particularly to how educational attainment influences other learning behaviours throughout life. In addition, results show that home background as measured by parents’ education is also a strong predictor of literacy proficiency, but in many countries this occurs only if a favourable home background is complemented with some post-secondary education. Study III. The effect of literacy proficiency on earnings: An aggregated occupational approach using the Canadian IALS data This study uses data from the Canadian Adult Literacy Survey to estimate the earnings return to literacy skills. The approach adapts a labour segmented view of the labour market by aggregating occupations into seven types, enabling the estimation of the variable impact of literacy proficiency on earnings, both within and between different types of occupations. This is done using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The method used to construct the aggregated occupational classification is based on analysis that considers the role of cognitive and other skills in relation to the nature of occupational tasks. Substantial premiums are found to be associated with some occupational types even after adjusting for within occupational differences in individual characteristics such as schooling, literacy proficiency, labour force experience and gender. Average years of schooling and average levels of literacy proficiency at the between level account for over two-thirds of the premiums. Within occupations, there are significant returns to schooling but they vary depending on the type of occupations. In contrast, the within occupational return of literacy proficiency is not necessarily significant. The latter depends on the type of occupation. Study IV: Determinants of economic and social outcomes from a lifewide learning perspective in Canada In this study the relationship between learning in different contexts, which span the lifewide learning dimension, and individual earnings on the one hand and community participation on the other are examined in separate but comparable models. Data from the Canadian Adult Literacy Survey are used to estimate structural models, which correspond closely to the common conceptual framework outlined in Study I. The findings suggest that the relationship between formal education and economic and social outcomes is complex with confounding effects. The results indicate that learning occurring in different contexts and for different reasons leads to different kinds of benefits. The latter finding suggests a potential trade-off between realizing economic and social benefits through learning that are taken for either job-related or personal-interest related reasons. Study V: The effects of learning on economic and social well being: A comparative analysis Using the same structural model as in Study IV, hypotheses are comparatively examined using the International Adult Literacy Survey data for Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The main finding from Study IV is confirmed for an additional five countries, namely that the effect of initial schooling on well being is more complex than a direct one and it is significantly mediated by subsequent learning. Additionally, findings suggest that people who devote more time to learning for job-related reasons than learning for personal-interest related reasons experience higher levels of economic well being. Moreover, devoting too much time to learning for personal-interest related reasons has a negative effect on earnings except in Denmark. But the more time people devote to learning for personal-interest related reasons tends to contribute to higher levels of social well being. These results again suggest a trade-off in learning for different reasons and in different contexts.

Rich media content adaptation in e-learning systems

The wide use of e-technologies represents a great opportunity for underserved segments of the population, especially with the aim of reintegrating excluded individuals back into society through education. This is particularly true for people with different types of disabilities who may have difficulties while attending traditional on-site learning programs that are typically based on printed learning resources. The creation and provision of accessible e-learning contents may therefore become a key factor in enabling people with different access needs to enjoy quality learning experiences and services. Another e-learning challenge is represented by m-learning (which stands for mobile learning), which is emerging as a consequence of mobile terminals diffusion and provides the opportunity to browse didactical materials everywhere, outside places that are traditionally devoted to education. Both such situations share the need to access materials in limited conditions and collide with the growing use of rich media in didactical contents, which are designed to be enjoyed without any restriction. Nowadays, Web-based teaching makes great use of multimedia technologies, ranging from Flash animations to prerecorded video-lectures. Rich media in e-learning can offer significant potential in enhancing the learning environment, through helping to increase access to education, enhance the learning experience and support multiple learning styles. Moreover, they can often be used to improve the structure of Web-based courses. These highly variegated and structured contents may significantly improve the quality and the effectiveness of educational activities for learners. For example, rich media contents allow us to describe complex concepts and process flows. Audio and video elements may be utilized to add a “human touch” to distance-learning courses. Finally, real lectures may be recorded and distributed to integrate or enrich on line materials. A confirmation of the advantages of these approaches can be seen in the exponential growth of video-lecture availability on the net, due to the ease of recording and delivering activities which take place in a traditional classroom. Furthermore, the wide use of assistive technologies for learners with disabilities injects new life into e-learning systems. E-learning allows distance and flexible educational activities, thus helping disabled learners to access resources which would otherwise present significant barriers for them. For instance, students with visual impairments have difficulties in reading traditional visual materials, deaf learners have trouble in following traditional (spoken) lectures, people with motion disabilities have problems in attending on-site programs. As already mentioned, the use of wireless technologies and pervasive computing may really enhance the educational learner experience by offering mobile e-learning services that can be accessed by handheld devices. This new paradigm of educational content distribution maximizes the benefits for learners since it enables users to overcome constraints imposed by the surrounding environment. While certainly helpful for users without disabilities, we believe that the use of newmobile technologies may also become a fundamental tool for impaired learners, since it frees them from sitting in front of a PC. In this way, educational activities can be enjoyed by all the users, without hindrance, thus increasing the social inclusion of non-typical learners. While the provision of fully accessible and portable video-lectures may be extremely useful for students, it is widely recognized that structuring and managing rich media contents for mobile learning services are complex and expensive tasks. Indeed, major difficulties originate from the basic need to provide a textual equivalent for each media resource composing a rich media Learning Object (LO). Moreover, tests need to be carried out to establish whether a given LO is fully accessible to all kinds of learners. Unfortunately, both these tasks are truly time-consuming processes, depending on the type of contents the teacher is writing and on the authoring tool he/she is using. Due to these difficulties, online LOs are often distributed as partially accessible or totally inaccessible content. Bearing this in mind, this thesis aims to discuss the key issues of a system we have developed to deliver accessible, customized or nomadic learning experiences to learners with different access needs and skills. To reduce the risk of excluding users with particular access capabilities, our system exploits Learning Objects (LOs) which are dynamically adapted and transcoded based on the specific needs of non-typical users and on the barriers that they can encounter in the environment. The basic idea is to dynamically adapt contents, by selecting them from a set of media resources packaged in SCORM-compliant LOs and stored in a self-adapting format. The system schedules and orchestrates a set of transcoding processes based on specific learner needs, so as to produce a customized LO that can be fully enjoyed by any (impaired or mobile) student.

Content and English Language Integrated Learning: The use of Moodle in Aircraft Maintenance Training Programs

The aim of this work is to develop a prototype of an e-learning environment that can foster Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) for students enrolled in an aircraft maintenance training program, which allows them to obtain a license valid in all EU member states. Background research is conducted to retrace the evolution of the field of educational technology, analyzing different learning theories – behaviorism, cognitivism, and (socio-)constructivism – and reflecting on how technology and its use in educational contexts has changed over time. Particular attention is given to technologies that have been used and proved effective in Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Based on the background research and on students’ learning objectives, i.e. learning highly specialized contents and aeronautical technical English, a bilingual approach is chosen, three main tools are identified – a hypertextbook, an exercise creation activity, and a discussion forum – and the learning management system Moodle is chosen as delivery medium. The hypertextbook is based on the technical textbook written in English students already use. In order to foster text comprehension, the hypertextbook is enriched by hyperlinks and tooltips. Hyperlinks redirect students to webpages containing additional information both in English and in Italian, while tooltips show Italian equivalents of English technical terms. The exercise creation activity and the discussion forum foster interaction and collaboration among students, according to socio-constructivist principles. In the exercise creation activity, students collaboratively create a workbook, which allow them to deeply analyze and master the contents of the hypertextbook and at the same time create a learning tool that can help them, as well as future students, to enhance learning. In the discussion forum students can discuss their individual issues, content-related, English-related or e-learning environment-related, helping one other and offering instructors suggestions on how to improve both the hypertextbook and the workbook based on their needs.

E-Learning praktisch erlebbar machen

Dieser Projektbericht beschreibt eine Lehrveranstaltung, die den Studierenden in der Theorie genau das vermittelte, was sie direkt in der Praxis erfahren konnten: E-Learning. Die enge Koppelung von Wissensvermittlung und praktischer Umsetzung setzte auf ein ungewöhnliches Modell der Lernzeitorganisation. Von den Lernenden wie vom Lehrenden verlangte das Blended-Learning-Seminar die Bereitschaft, das übliche Selbstverständnis in Lehr-Lern-Kontexten an Hochschulen zu überdenken. Dieser Bericht stellt die inhaltliche und strukturelle Ausgangssituation dar, beschreibt die Organisation der Veranstaltung sowie die eingesetzten Methoden und Mittel und reflektiert die Lernerfolge.

The use of learning management systems: A Longitudinal Case Study

In this article the use of Learning Management Systems (LMS) at the School of Engineering, University of Borås, in the year 2004 and the academic year 2009-2010 is investigated. The tools in the LMS were classified into four groups (tools for distribution, tools for communication, tools for interaction and tools for course administration) and the pattern of use was analyzed. The preliminary interpretation of the results was discussed with a group of teachers from the School of Engineering with long experience of using LMS. High expectations about LMS as a tool to facilitate flexible education, student centered methods and the creation of an effective learning environment is abundant in the literature. This study, however, shows that in most of the surveyed courses the available LMS is predominantly used to distribute documents to students. The authors argue that a more elaborate use of LMS and a transformation of pedagogical practices towards social constructivist, learner centered procedures should be treated as an integrated process of professional development.

THE EFFECT OF PERSON-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ON ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND SUBJECTIVE DISTRESS OF OPTOMETRY STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an incongruence between personality characteristics of individuals and concomitant charcteristics of health professional training environments on salient dimensions contributes to aspects of mental health. The dimensions examined were practical-theoretical orientation and the degree of structure-unstructure. They were selected for study as they are particularly important attributes of students and of learning environments. It was proposed that when the demand of the environment is disparate from the proclivities of the individual, strain arises. This strain was hypothesized to contribute to anxiety, depression, and subjective distress.^ Select subscales on the Omnibus Personality Inventory (OPI) were the operationalized measures for the personality component of the dimensions studied. An environmental index was developed to assess students' perceptions of the learning environment on these same dimensions. The Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and General Well-Being schedule measured the outcome variables.^ A congruence model was employed to determine person-environment (P-E) interaction. Scores on the scales of the OPI and the environmental index were divided into high, medium, and low based on the range of scores. Congruence was defined as a match between the level of personality need and the complementary level of the perception of the environment. Alternatively, incongruence was defined as a mismatch between the person and the environment. The consistent category was compared to the inconsistent categories by an analysis of variance procedure. Furthermore, analyses of covariance were conducted with perceived supportiveness of the learning environment and life events external to the learning environment as the covariates. These factors were considered critical influences affecting the outcome measures.^ One hundred and eighty-five students (49% of the population) at the College of Optometry at the University of Houston participated in the study. Students in all four years of the program were equally represented in the study. However, the sample differed from the total population on representation by sex, marital status, and undergraduate major.^ The results of the study did not support the hypotheses. Further, after having adjusted for perceived supportiveness and life events external to the learning environment, there were no statistically significant differences between the congruent category and incongruent categories. Means indicated than the study sample experienced significantly lower depression and subjective distress than the normative samples.^ Results are interpreted in light of their utility for future study design in the investigation of the effects of P-E interaction. Emphasized is the question of the feasibility of testing a P-E interaction model with extant groups. Recommendations for subsequent research are proposed in light of the exploratory nature of the methodology. ^

Behavior competence development through e-learning: experience at the undergraduate level in the context of Aula a Distancia Abierta (ADA) Madrid, Spain

This communication presents the results of an innovative approach for competencedevelopment suggesting a new methodology for the integration of these elements in professional development within the ADA initiative (AulaaDistanciaAbierta, Distance and Open Classroom) of the Community of Madrid. The main objective of this initiative is to promote the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for educational activities by creating a new learning environment structured on the premises of commitment to self–learning, individual work, communication and virtual interaction, and self and continuous assessment. Results from this experience showed that conceptualization is a positive contribution to learning, as students added names and characteristics to competences and abilities that were previously unknown or underestimated. Also, the diversity of participants’ disciplines indicated multidimensional interest in this idea and supported the theory that this approach to competencedevelopment could be successful in all knowledge areas.

GLMP for automatic assessment of DFS algorithm learning

We describe how to use a Granular Linguistic Model of a Phenomenon (GLMP) to assess e-learning processes. We apply this technique to evaluate algorithm learning using the GRAPHs learning environment.

Desarrollo de un Marco Tecnocultural para una SocioTecnología de la Información y Cultura, con aplicación en el ámbito de la Educación Superior para la formación de infoprofesionales.

La intensa relación de las infotecnologías con el ámbito educativo no es algo nuevo. Ha ido pasando por diferentes etapas marcadas por uno u otro modelo para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje: tele-enseñanza o educación a distancia, Computer-Based Learning (CBL), E-Learning, Blended Learning o B-Learning son algunos de ellos. En cada caso se han incorporando diferentes tecnologías, desde las cintas magnéticas de audio y vídeo hasta los portátiles, las tabletas y las pizarras electrónicas, pasando por la vídeoconferencia o la mensajería instantánea. Hoy hablamos de E-Learning 2.0 (Downes, 2005) y Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL). Todos esos modelos y sus metáforas asociadas han ido integrando, además de las diferentes capacidades tecnologías disponibles, distintas teorías pedagógicas, empezando por las tradicionalmente conocidas en la literatura del ámbito de la psicología educativa: el conductismo, el constructivismo o el constructivismo social. En la tabla 1 puede encontrar el lector esa asociación sintética, conjeturando con la definición de los roles de enseñante y aprendiz en cada modelo. Los cambios de “paradigma” –que habitualmente obvian la naturaleza original de este término para generalizarlo de forma poco rigurosa- anunciados y demandados en el ámbito educativo durante décadas se articulaban en (Barr y Tagg, 1995) alrededor de elementos como la misión y los objetivos de las instituciones educativas, la estructuración de los procesos educativos, su coste y productividad, los roles de los diferentes actores involucrados, la definición teórica del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje o las métricas de tal proceso. Downes (2005) lo resume de forma muy sintética con la siguiente afirmación (la traducción es mía): “el modelo de E-Learning que lo define en términos de unos contenidos, producidos por los editores, organizados y estructurados en cursos y consumidos por los estudiantes, se está dando la vuelta. En lo que se refiere al contenido, es mucho más probable que sea usado antes que “leído” y, en cualquier caso, es mucho más probable que sea producido por los propios estudiantes que por los autores especializados en la producción de cursos. En lo que se refiere a la estructura, es más probable que se parezca más a un idioma o una conversación que a un manual o libro de texto”. La irrupción en la escena tecnológica de la Web 2.0 como fenómeno social, sociotécnico en los términos de (Fumero, Roca y Sáez Vacas, 2007), ha hecho que se recuperen antiguas ambiciones teóricas asociadas a algunas de aquellas teorías clásicas, especialmente las que tienen que ver con el constructivismo cognitivo de J. Piaget (1964) y el constructivismo social de L. Vygotsky (1978). Esas teorías, enriquecidas con apuestas más atrevidas como el “conectivismo” (Siemens, 2004), han dado lugar al relanzamiento de modelos pedagógicos como el aprendizaje auto-gestionado o auto-dirigido, con sus matices de formulación (Self-Managed vs. Self-Directed Learning) que se han ido complementando a lo largo del tiempo con modelos de intervención asistidos, basados en un proceso de “andamiaje” o ‘scaffolding’ (véase en el capítulo 3, bajo el epígrafe “Psicología educativa para ingenieros”). Hoy podemos ver cómo, mientras se empieza a consolidar la reorganización del escenario institucional de la Educación Superior en Europa, tras el agotamiento de todos los plazos y las prórrogas contempladas por el acuerdo de Bolonia para su implementación –véase, por ejemplo, (Ortega, 2005) y su reflexión acerca de los “ingenieros creativos” en relación con esta reforma- se ha vuelto a plantear la implantación de procesos educativos basados en el aprendizaje informal (frente al formal y dando lugar a la definición del aprendizaje “no formal”), procesos que realmente se implementan como experiencias de aprendizaje mutuo (peer learning), en comunidad y ayudados por unas infotecnologías que, a pesar de su característica “cotidianeidad” (véase en el Prontuario el epígrafe “Tecnologías para la VIda Cotidiana”) siguen arrastrando el atributo de “educativas”. Evidentemente, la “tecnificación” de las instituciones de enseñanza superior ha ido consolidando algunos elementos tecnológicos que hoy son estándares de facto, como por ejemplo los sistemas integrados de gestión conocidos por sus siglas anglosajonas, LMS (Learning Management Systems). Los enormes esfuerzos, organizativos y técnicos, de integración que se han ido desarrollando en ese sentido –véase por ejemplo en (Aguirre, 2012)- han permanecido un tanto insensibles al desarrollo paralelo que, animados por la proliferación de herramientas más ricas y accesibles, llevaban a cabo los usuarios (profesores y alumnos; enseñantes y aprendices) que, manteniendo algún tipo de relación con una de esas instituciones (véase el escenario a que dan lugar en la figura 4) hacían un uso creativo de las tecnologías que la Red ponía a su alcance. En el escenario actual –aun predominando la excitación tecnológica- han acabado encontrándose ambas corrientes, generando un nuevo espacio de incertidumbre (léase de oportunidades) en el que se encuentran las soluciones establecidas, en forma de LMS, con las primeras formulaciones de esas combinaciones creativas de herramientas, metodologías y modelos, también conocidos como entornos personales de aprendizaje (Personal Learning Environments, PLE), que han revitalizado otras propuestas tecnológicas, como los e-Portfolios, o pedagógicas, como los contratos de aprendizaje (véase su aplicación en el caso de estudio del proyecto iCamp, en el capítulo 4). Es en ese escenario y desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar, híbrida, mestiza y conciliadora, donde tiene sentido plantear, como objeto de un trabajo de investigación consistente, la consolidación de un modelo que nos ayude a contextualizar la situación de cambio infotecnológico, organizativo y social a la que nos enfrentamos y que nos guíe en su instrumentalización para afrontar “situaciones de complejidad” similares que, sin duda, tendremos que abordar en el medio plazo. Esto me lleva a contemplar el problema desde una perspectiva suficientemente amplia, pero con un foco bien definido sobre los procesos educativos –de enseñanza y aprendizaje- en el ámbito de la Educación Superior y, específicamente, en lo referente a la formación de los infoprofesionales. Un escenario en el que se dan cita necesariamente la Tecnología Educativa y la Web 2.0 como fenómeno sociotécnico y que me llevan al análisis de modelos de intervención basados en lo que se conoce como “software social” –en sentido amplio, considerando herramientas, tecnologías y metodologías-, ensayados en ese ámbito extendido a la capacitación y la formación profesionales. Se establece, por tanto, como escenario del trabajo de investigación –y ámbito para el diseño de aquellas intervenciones- el de las organizaciones educativas, aplicando la definición sintética que recoge el propio Fernando Sáez Vacas (FSV) de la reingeniería de procesos (la negrita y las anotaciones, entre paréntesis, son mías), “que consiste en reinventar la forma de desarrollar las operaciones de la empresa (institución educativa, universitaria por ejemplo), partiendo de nuevos enfoques muy orientados a las necesidades de los clientes (los aprendices o estudiantes), con rotura de las tradicionales formas organizativas verticales y del desempeño humano y un uso masivo de las modernas tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación”; y que se aplicarán de acuerdo con la integración de los elementos metodológicos y conceptuales, que conformarán las bases de una SocioTecnología de la Información y Cultura (STIC) y que hunden sus raíces en la complejidad y la sistémica (véase en el Prontuario). El objetivo genérico que se planteaba en la propuesta original de tesis doctoral era ambicioso: “desarrollar y potenciar las bases de un ‘movimiento’ de I+D+i (+d) –con “d” minúscula de difusión, divulgación, diseminación-, sobre socioinfotecnocultura enfocado en el contexto de este trabajo específicamente en su difusión educativa y principalmente en el ámbito de la Educación Superior” y para la formación de los infoprofesionales. El objetivo específico del mismo era el de “diseñar un (conjunto) instrumental cognitivo básico, aunque relativamente complejo y denso en su formulación, para los infoprofesionales, considerados como agentes activos de la infotecnología con visión y aplicación social”. La tesis de partida es que existe –en palabras de FSV- la necesidad “de desarrollar educativamente los conocimientos y modelos socioinfotecnoculturales para nutrir una actitud en principio favorable a los progresos infotecnológicos, pero encauzada por una mentalidad “abierta, positiva, crítica, activa y responsable” y orientar con la mayor profundidad posible a los infoprofesionales y, en un grado razonable, a los infociudadanos hacia usos positivos desde puntos de vista humanos y sociales”. Justificar, documentar y caracterizar esa necesidad latente –y en muchos aspectos patente en el actual escenario educativo- será parte importante del trabajo; así como elaborar los elementos necesarios que ofrezcan coherencia y consistencia suficientes al marco conceptual de esa nueva “socioinfotecnocultura” que en la formulación adoptada aquí será el marco tecnocultural básico de una SocioTecnología de la Información y Cultura (STIC), debiendo integrar esos elementos en el proceso educativo de enseñanza-aprendizaje de tal manera que puedan ser objeto de diseño y experimentación, particularizándolo sobre los infoprofesionales en primera instancia, aunque dentro de un proyecto amplio para el desarrollo y promoción social de una STIC. Mi planteamiento aquí, si bien incorpora elementos y modelos considerados previamente en algunos de mis trabajos de análisis, investigación, experimentación y diseminación realizados a lo largo del periodo de formación –modelos de intervención desarrollados en el proyecto iCamp, ampliamente documentados en (Fiedler, 2006) o (Fiedler y Kieslinger, 2007) y comentados en el capítulo 4-, en gran parte, por simple coherencia, estará constituido por elementos propios y/o adaptados de FSV que constituirán el marco tecnocultural de una teoría general de la STIC, que está en la base de este planteamiento. La asimilación en términos educativos de ese marco tecnocultural supondrá un esfuerzo considerable de reingeniería y se apoyará en el circuito cognitivo individual ampliado de “información-esfuerzo-conocimiento-esfuerzo-acción” que se recoge en el Prontuario (figura 34) y que parte de (Sáez Vacas, 1991a). La mejor forma de visualizar la formulación de ese proceso educativo es ponerlo en los términos del modelo OITP (Organización, Individuos, Tecnologías y Procesos) tal y como se ilustra en el Prontuario (figura 25) y que se puede encontrar descrito brevemente por su autor en (Sáez Vacas, 1995), de la misma forma que se planteaba la experiencia INTL 2.0 en (Sáez Vacas, Fumero et al., 2007) y que es objeto de análisis en el capítulo 5. En este caso, el plano que atraviesa el Proceso (educativo) será el marco tecnocultural de nuestra STIC; la Organización será, en genérico, el ámbito institucional de la Educación Superior y, en concreto, el dedicado a la formación de los infoprofesionales –entendidos en el sentido amplio que se planteaba en (Sáez Vacas, 1983b)-, que serán los Individuos, la componente (I) del modelo OITP. Este trabajo de tesis doctoral es uno de los resultados del proyecto de investigación propuesto y comprometido con esos objetivos, que se presenta aquí como un “proyecto tecnocultural” más amplio (véase el epígrafe homónimo en el capítulo 1). Un resultado singular, por lo que representa en el proceso de formación y acreditación del investigador que lo suscribe. En este sentido, este trabajo constituye, por un lado, la base de un elemento divulgativo que se sumará a los esfuerzos de I+D+i+d (véase textículo 3), recogidos en parte como resultados de la investigación; mientras que, por el otro lado, incorpora elementos metodológicos teóricos originales que contribuyen al objetivo genérico planteado en la propuesta de tesis, además de constituir una parte importante de los procesos de instrumentalización, recogidos en parte en los objetivos específicos de la propuesta, que en este entregable formarán parte de líneas futuras de trabajo, que se presentan en el capítulo 6 de conclusiones y discusión de resultados. Dentro de esos elementos metodológicos, teóricos, resulta especialmente relevante –en términos de los objetivos planteados originalmente-, la simplificación instrumental de las aportaciones teóricas previas, que han sido fruto del esfuerzo de análisis sistemático e implementación de diferentes intervenciones en el ámbito educativo, que se centran específicamente en el proyecto iCamp (véase en el capítulo 4) y la experiencia INTL 2.0 (véase en el capítulo 5, junto a otras experiencias instrumentales en la UPM). Esa simplificación, como elaboración teórica y proceso de modelización, se realiza extrayendo elementos de la validación teórica y experimental, que de alguna forma proporcionan los casos de estudio (capítulos 4 y 5), para incorporarlos como argumentos en la consolidación de un enfoque tecnocultural que está en la base de la construcción de una SocioTecnología de la Información y Cultura (STIC) consistente, basada en el sistemismo aplicado en diferentes situaciones de complejidad y que requerirán de una inter/multidisciplinariedad que vaya más allá de la simple “yuxtaposición” de especialidades que conocemos en nuestra actual Universidad (me refiero, con mayúscula, a la institución universitaria en toda su extensión). Esa será la base para el diseño y la construcción de experiencias educativas, basadas en el generalismo sistémico, para infoprofesionales (véase en el capítulo 1) en particular e infociudadanos en general, que nos permitirán “cimentar, con suficientes garantías, un cierto nivel de humanismo en el proceso de construcción de una sociedad de la información y del conocimiento”. En el caso de iCamp pudimos experimentar, desde un enfoque (véase en el capítulo 4) basado en diseño (Design-based Research, DbR), con tres elementos que se pueden trasladar fácilmente al concepto de competencias –o incluso en su implementación funcional, como habilidades o capacidades instrumentales percibidas, léase ‘affordances’- y que introducen tres niveles de complejidad asociados (véase, en el Prontuario, el modelo de tres niveles de complejidad), a saber el aprendizaje auto-dirigido (complejidad individual), la colaboración (complejidad sistémica) y la construcción de una red de aprendizaje (complejidad sociotécnica). Esa experimentación nos llevó a evolucionar el propio concepto de entorno personal de aprendizaje (PLE, Personal Learning Environment), partiendo de su concepción originalmente tecnológica e instrumental, para llegar a una concepción más amplia y versátil desde el punto de vista de la intervención, basada en una visión “ecológica” de los sistemas abiertos de aprendizaje (véase en el capítulo 3). En el caso de las experiencias en la UPM (capítulo 5), el caso singular de INTL 2.0 nos muestra cómo el diseño basado en la sistémica aplicada a problemas (léase situaciones de complejidad específicas) no estructurados, como los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, dan lugar a intervenciones coherentes con esa visión ecológica basada en la teoría de la actividad y con los elementos comunes de la psicología educativa moderna, que parte del constructivismo social de L. Vygotsky (1978). La contraposición de ese caso con otras realizaciones, centradas en la configuración instrumental de experiencias basadas en la “instrucción” o educación formal, debe llevarnos al rediseño –o al menos a la reformulación- de ciertos componentes ya consolidados en ese tipo de formación “institucionalizada” (véase en el capítulo 5), como pueden ser el propio curso, unidad académica de programación incuestionable, los procedimientos de acreditación, certificación y evaluación, ligados a esa planificación temporal de “entrega” de contenidos y la conceptualización misma del “aula” virtual como espacio para el intercambio en la Red y fuera de ella. Todas esas observaciones (empíricas) y argumentaciones (teóricas) que derivan de la situación de complejidad específica que aquí nos ocupa sirven, a la postre –tal y como requiere el objetivo declarado de este trabajo de investigación- para ir “sedimentando” unas bases sólidas de una teoría general de la SocioTecnología de la Información y Cultura (STIC) que formen parte de un marco tecnocultural más amplio que, a su vez, servirá de guía para su aplicación en otras situaciones de complejidad, en ámbitos distintos. En este sentido, aceptando como parte de ese marco tecnocultural las características de convivencialidad y cotidianeidad (véase, en el Prontuario el epígrafe “Tecnologías para la VIda Cotidiana, TVIC”) de una “infotecnología-uso” (modelo de las cinco subculturas infotecnológicas, también recogido en el Prontuario), consideraremos como aportaciones relevantes (véase capítulo 2): 1) la argumentación sociotécnica del proceso de popularización de la retórica informática del cambio de versión, de la que deriva el fenómeno de la Web 2.0; 2) el papel estelar del móvil inteligente y su capacidad para transformar las capacidades percibidas para la acción dentro del Nuevo Entorno Tecnosocial (NET), especialmente en la situación de complejidad que nos ocupa, que ya desarrollaran Rodríguez Sánchez, Sáez Vacas y García Hervás (2010) dentro del mismo marco teórico que caracterizamos aquí como enfoque STIC; 3) y la existencia de una cierta “inteligencia tecnosocial”, que ya conjeturara FSV en (Sáez Vacas, 2011d) y que cobra cada vez más relevancia por cuanto que resulta coherente con otros modelos consolidados, como el de las inteligencias múltiples de Gardner (2000), así como con las observaciones realizadas por otros autores en relación con la aparición de nuevos alfabetismos que conformarían “una nueva generación de inteligencia” (Fumero y Espiritusanto, 2011). En rigor, el método científico –entiéndase este trabajo como parte de un proceso de investigación tecnocientífica- implica el desarrollo de una componente dialéctica asociada a la presentación de resultados; aunque, evidentemente, la misma se apoya en una actitud crítica para la discusión de los resultados aportados, que debe partir, necesariamente, como condición sine qua non de un profundo escepticismo debidamente informado. Es ese el espíritu con el que se ha afrontado la redacción de este documento, que incluye, en el capítulo 6, una serie de argumentos específicamente destinados a plantear esa discusión de resultados a partir de estas aportaciones que he vertido sintéticamente en este resumen, que no persigue otra cosa que motivar al lector para adentrarse en la lectura de este texto al completo, tarea que requiere de un esfuerzo personal dirigido (véase el epígrafe “Cómo leer este texto” en el índice) que contará con elementos de apoyo, tanto hipertextuales (Fumero, 2012a y 2012b) como textuales, formando parte del contenido de este documento entregable de tesis doctoral (véase el Prontuario, o el Texticulario).

An approach to automatic learning assessment based on the computational theory of perceptions

E-learning systems output a huge quantity of data on a learning process. However, it takes a lot of specialist human resources to manually process these data and generate an assessment report. Additionally, for formative assessment, the report should state the attainment level of the learning goals defined by the instructor. This paper describes the use of the granular linguistic model of a phenomenon (GLMP) to model the assessment of the learning process and implement the automated generation of an assessment report. GLMP is based on fuzzy logic and the computational theory of perceptions. This technique is useful for implementing complex assessment criteria using inference systems based on linguistic rules. Apart from the grade, the model also generates a detailed natural language progress report on the achieved proficiency level, based exclusively on the objective data gathered from correct and incorrect responses. This is illustrated by applying the model to the assessment of Dijkstra’s algorithm learning using a visual simulation-based graph algorithm learning environment, called GRAPHs

Web-based education in Spanish Universities. A Comparison of Open Source E-Learning Platforms

Web-based education or „e-learning‟ has become a critical component in higher education for the last decade, replacing other distance learning methods, such as traditional computer training or correspondence learning. The number of university students who take on-line courses is continuously increasing all over the world. In Spain, nearly a 90% of the universities have an institutional e-learning platform and over 60% of the traditional on-site courses use this technology as a supplement to the traditional face-to-face classes. This new form of learning allows the disappearance of geographical barriers and enables students to schedule their own learning process, among some other advantages. On-line education is developed through specific software called „e-learning platform‟ or „virtual learning environment‟ (VLE). A considerable number of web-based tools to deliver distance courses are currently available. Open source software packages such as Moodle, Sakai, dotLRN or Dokeos are the most commonly used in the virtual campuses of Spanish universities. This paper analyzes the possibilities that virtual learning environments provide university teachers and learners and offers a technical comparison among some of the most popular e-learning learning platforms.

Predicting academic performance with learning analytics in virtual learning environments: A comparative study of three interaction classifications

Learning analytics is the analysis of static and dynamic data extracted from virtual learning environments, in order to understand and optimize the learning process. Generally, this dynamic data is generated by the interactions which take place in the virtual learning environment. At the present time, many implementations for grouping of data have been proposed, but there is no consensus yet on which interactions and groups must be measured and analyzed. There is also no agreement on what is the influence of these interactions, if any, on learning outcomes, academic performance or student success. This study presents three different extant interaction typologies in e-learning and analyzes the relation of their components with students? academic performance. The three different classifications are based on the agents involved in the learning process, the frequency of use and the participation mode, respectively. The main findings from the research are: a) that agent-based classifications offer a better explanation of student academic performance; b) that at least one component in each typology predicts academic performance; and c) that student-teacher and student-student, evaluating students, and active interactions, respectively, have a significant impact on academic performance, while the other interaction types are not significantly related to academic performance.

A pedagogically-supported TEL solution for learning nontechnical minimally invasive surgical skills across Europe

Residents learning nontechnical skills in Europe face two problems: (1) the difficulty to fit learning time in their overloaded schedules; and (2) the lack of standard pedagogical models for all countries. Online video-based repositories such as WeBSurg or WebOP provide ubiquitous access to surgical contents. However, their pedagogical facets have not been fully exploited and they are often seen as quick-reference repositories rather than full e-learning alternatives. We present a new pedagogically-supported Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) solution, MISTELA, designed by surgeons, pedagogical experts and engineers. MISTELA aims at building a common European pedagogical model supported by ICT technologies and elearning. The solution proposes a pedagogical model based on a framework for pedagogically-informed design of e-learning platforms. It is composed of (1) an authoring tool for editing and augmenting videos; (2) a media asset management system; and (3) a virtual learning environment. Support of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) and validation of the solution, will help to determine its full potential.