Incorporation of PbF2 into Heavy Metal Oxide Borate Glasses. Structural Studies by Solid State NMR

A series of heavy metal oxide (HMO) glasses with composition 26.66B(2)O(3)-16GeO(2)-4 Bi2O3-(53.33-x)PbO-xPbF2 (0 <= x <= 40) were prepared and characterized with respect to their bulk (glass transition and crystallization temperatures, densities, molar volumes) and spectroscopic properties. Homogeneous glasses are formed up to x = 30, while crystallization of beta-PbF2 takes place at higher contents. Substitution of PbO by PbF2 shifts the optical band gap toward higher energies, thereby extending the UV transmission window significantly toward higher frequencies. Raman and infrared absorption spectra can be interpreted in conjunction with published reference data. Using B-11 and F-19 high-resolution solid state NMR as well as B-11/F-19 double resonance methodologies, we develop a quantitative structural description of this material. The fraction of four-coordinate boron is found to be moderately higher compared to that in glasses with the same PbO/B2O3 ratios, suggesting some participation of PbF2 in the network transformation process. This suggestion is confirmed by the F-19 NMR spectra. While the majority of the fluoride ions is present as ionic fluoride, similar to 20% of the fluorine inventory acts as a network modifier, resulting in the formation of four-coordinate BO3/2F- units. These units can be identified by F-19{B-11} rotational echo double resonance and B-11{F-19} cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) data. These results provide the first unambiguous evidence of B-F bonding in a PbF2-modified glass system. The majority of the fluoride ions are found in a lead-dominated environment. F-19-F-19 homonuclear dipolar second moments measured by spin echo decay spectroscopy are quantitatively consistent with a model in which these ions are randomly distributed within the network modifier subdomain consisting of PbO, Bi2O3, and PbF2. This model, which implies both the features of atomic scale mixing with the network former borate species and some degree of fluoride ion clustering is consistent with all of the experimental data obtained on these glasses.

Elektrochemisch gesteuerte zeitaufgelöste Infrarotspektroskopie an Redox-Membranproteinen in einer biomimetischen Membran-Architektur

Das Protein Cytochrom c Oxidase (CcO) ist ein Enzym der mitochondrialen Atmungskette. Als letzter Komplex (Komplex IV) einer Elektronentransportkette katalysiert sie die Reduktion von molekularem Sauerstoff zu Wasser. Hierbei werden Elektronen von Cytochrom c (Cc) in das Enzym geleitet. Die durch den Redoxprozess freiwerdende freie Enthalpie wird dazu genutzt, einen Protonengradienten über die innere Mitochondrien-Membran aufzubauen. Die zurückwandernden Protonen treiben in der ATP-Synthase die Produktion von Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) an, dem universellen Energieträger in lebenden Organismen. Gegenstand dieser Dissertation sind zeitaufgelöste ATR-FTIR-Messungen des direkten Elektronentransfers in die CcO. Das Protein wird hierzu orientiert auf einer Goldelektrode immobilisiert und in eine künstliche Membran rekonstituiert (Protein-tethered Bilayer Lipid Membrane, ptBLM). Das ptBLM-System wird hinsichtlich einer möglichst hohen Protein-Aktivität optimiert. Elektronen werden durch elektrochemische Anregung von der Elektrode in die CcO injiziert. Die Goldoberfläche wird auf die reflektierende Oberfläche eines Silizium-ATR-Kristalls aufgebracht. Durch die Präparation einer rauen Oberfläche (RMS-Rauigkeit ca. 5 nm) wird eine Verstärkung der IR-Absorption erreicht. Die mit den Ladungstransferprozessen einhergehenden Konformationsänderungen der die Redoxzentren umgebenden Gruppen (CONH-Gerüst und Aminosäure-Seitenketten) können durch Infrarot-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Phasensensitive Detektion (PSD) wird zur Rauschminderung eingesetzt, um Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Redox-Übergänge zu bestimmen. Im Bereich der Amid-I-Bande werden etliche Peaks identifiziert, die sich mit dem Redoxzustand des Proteins ändern. Für das CuA-Zentrum, welches als erstes der vier Redoxzentren der CcO reduziert wird, wird die schnellste Geschwindigkeitskonstante ks=4870/s ermittelt. Für das Häm a3-Zentrum wird eine Geschwindigkeitskonstante von ks=13,8/s ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse sind konsistent zu elektrochemischen und Raman-Spektroskopie-Experimenten, welche ebenfalls in unserer Gruppe durchgeführt wurden. Weitere Themen dieser Dissertation sind der Nachweis der Anwendbarkeit des ptBLM-Systems für andere Membranproteine (Beispiel: bakterielles photosynthetisches Reaktionszentrum) und der Einsatz des ATR-FTIR-Setups für verschiedene künstliche Membransysteme (Aktivitätsnachweis des OR5-Geruchsrezeptors in einer peptidgestützten Membran, Eigenschaften eines Oligoethylenglycol-Spacers).

Spektroelektrochemische Untersuchungen mittels oberflächenverstärkter Infrarotabsorptionsspektroskopie (SEIRAS) an Multi-Redox-Center-Proteinen in einer biomimetischen Membranumgebung

Die optische Eigenschaften sowie der Oberflächenverstärkungseffekt von rauen Metalloberflächen sowie Nanopartikeln wurden intensiv für den infraroten Bereich des Spektrums in der Literatur diskutiert. Für die Präparation solcher Oberflächen gibt es prinzipiell zwei verschiedene Strategien, zum einen können die Nanopartikel zuerst ex-situ synthetisiert werden, der zweite Ansatz beruht darauf, dass die Nanopartikel in-situ hergestellt und aufgewachsen werden. Hierbei wurden beide Ansätze ausgetestet, dabei stellte sich heraus, dass man nur mittels der in-situ Synthese der Goldnanopartikel in der Lage ist nanostrukturierte Oberflächen zu erhalten, welche elektronisch leitfähig sind, nicht zu rau sind, um eine Membranbildung zu ermöglichen und gleichzeitig einen optimalen Oberflächenverstärkungseffekt zeigen. Obwohl keine ideale Form der Nanopartikel mittels der in-situ Synthese erhalten werden können, verhalten sich diese dennoch entsprechend der Theorie des Oberflächenverstärkungseffekts. Optimierungen der Form und Grösse der Nanopartikel führten in dieser Arbeit zu einer Optimierung des Verstärkungseffekts. Solche optimierten Oberflächen konnten einfach reproduziert werden und zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Stabilität aus. Der so erhaltene Oberflächenverstärkungseffekt beträgt absolut 128 verglichen mit dem belegten ATR-Kristall ohne Nanopartikel oder etwa 6 mal, verglichen mit der Oberfläche, die bis jetzt auch in unserer Gruppe verwendet wurde. Daher können nun Spektren erhalten werden, welche ein deutlich besseres Signal zu Rauschverhältnis (SNR) aufweisen, was die Auswertung und Bearbeitung der erhaltenen Spektren deutlich vereinfacht und verkürzt.rnNach der Optimierung der verwendeten Metalloberfläche und der verwendeten Messparameter am Beispiel von Cytochrom C wurde nun an der Oberflächenbelegung der deutlich größeren Cytochrom c Oxidase gearbeitet. Hierfür wurde der DTNTA-Linker ex-situ synthetisiert. Anschließend wurden gemischte Monolagen (self assembeld monolayers) aus DTNTA und DTP hergestellt. Die NTA-Funktionalität ist für die Anbindung der CcO mit der his-tag Technologie verantwortlich. Die Kriterien für eine optimale Linkerkonzentration waren die elektrischen Parameter der Schicht vor und nach Rekonstitution in eine Lipidmembran, sowie Elektronentransferraten bestimmt durch elektrochemische Messungen. Erst mit diesem optimierten System, welches zuverlässig und reproduzierbar funktioniert, konnten weitere Messungen an der CcO begonnen werden. Aus elektrochemischen Messungen war bekannt, dass die CcO durch direkten Elektronentransfer unter Sauerstoffsättigung in einen aktivierten Zustand überführt werden kann. Dieser aktivierte Zustand zeichnet sich durch eine Verschiebung der Redoxpotentiale um etwa 400mV gegenüber dem aus Gleichgewichts-Titrationen bekannten Redoxpotential aus. Durch SEIRAS konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Reduktion bzw. Oxidation aller Redoxzentren tatsächlich bei den in der Cyclovoltammetrie gemessenen Potentialen erfolgt. Außerdem ergaben die SEIRA-Spektren, dass durch direkten Elektronentransfer gravierende Konformationsänderungen innerhalb des Proteins stattfinden. rnBisher war man davon ausgegangen, aufgrund des Elektronentransfers mittels Mediatoren, dass nur minimale Konformationsänderungen beteiligt sind. Vor allem konnte erstmaligrnder aktivierte und nicht aktivierte Zustand der Cytochrom c Oxidase spektroskopisch nachweisen werden.rn

Modeling the stratospheric warming following the Mt. Pinatubo eruption: uncertainties in aerosol extinctions

In terms of atmospheric impact, the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991) is the best characterized large eruption on record. We investigate here the model-derived stratospheric warming following the Pinatubo eruption as derived from SAGE II extinction data including recent improvements in the processing algorithm. This method, termed SAGE_4λ, makes use of the four wavelengths (385, 452, 525 and 1024 nm) of the SAGE II data when available, and uses a data-filling procedure in the opacity-induced "gap" regions. Using SAGE_4λ, we derived aerosol size distributions that properly reproduce extinction coefficients also at much longer wavelengths. This provides a good basis for calculating the absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation and the resulting stratospheric heating. However, we also show that the use of this data set in a global chemistry–climate model (CCM) still leads to stronger aerosol-induced stratospheric heating than observed, with temperatures partly even higher than the already too high values found by many models in recent general circulation model (GCM) and CCM intercomparisons. This suggests that the overestimation of the stratospheric warming after the Pinatubo eruption may not be ascribed to an insufficient observational database but instead to using outdated data sets, to deficiencies in the implementation of the forcing data, or to radiative or dynamical model artifacts. Conversely, the SAGE_4λ approach reduces the infrared absorption in the tropical tropopause region, resulting in a significantly better agreement with the post-volcanic temperature record at these altitudes.

Electro-oxidation of Au(1 1 1) in contact with aqueous electrolytes: New insight from in situ vibration spectroscopy

We carried out a comprehensive study of Au(1 1 1) oxidation–reduction in the presence of (hydrogen-) sulfate ions on ideally smooth and stepped Au(S)[n(1 1 1)-(1 1 1)] single crystal electrodes using cyclic voltammetry, in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and vibration spectroscopy, such as surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS). Surface structure changes and the role of surface defects in the potential regions of double layer charging and gold oxidation/reduction are discussed based on cyclic voltammetry and in situ STM data. SEIRAS and SHINERS provide complementary information on the chemical nature of adsorbates. In particular, the potential-dependent formation and stability ranges of adsorbed sulfate, hydroxide-species and of gold surface oxide could be resolved in detail. Based on our experimental observations, we proposed new and extended mechanisms of gold surface oxidation and reduction in 1.0 M H2SO4 and 1.0 M Na2SO4.

Quantifying perchlorate adsorption on Au(111) electrodes

Perchlorate adsorption on Au(1 1 1) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. We found that the electrosorption valency of ClO4− on Au(1 1 1) is ∼ 0.6 and the total coverage of ClO4− on Au(1 1 1) is higher (∼ 0.15) than previously estimated (∼ 0.04). Based on the experimental adsorption isotherms obtained from infrared spectra and the reconstruction-free cyclic voltammograms, we proposed a mechanism for the ClO4− adsorption on Au(1 1 1).

The promoting effect of water on the electroreduction of CO2 in acetonitrile

The promoting effect of water on the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) from non-aqueous solvents has been studied by means of cyclic voltammetry and in-situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). CO2 electroreduction on gold is known to be highly selective towards CO formation in aqueous and in non-aqueous media. The use of non-aqueous solvents is advantageous due to the significantly increased solubility of CO2 compared to aqueous systems. However, in the absence of any proton source, extremely high overpotentials are required for the CO2 electroreduction. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time a tremendous accelerating effect of water additives on the electroreduction of CO2 taking place at gold/acetonitrile interfaces. Already moderate amounts of water, in the concentration range of 0.5 to 0.7 M, are sufficient to decrease significantly the overpotential of CO2 reduction while keeping the CO2 concentration as high as in the pure acetonitrile. The effect of water additives on the mechanism of CO2 electroreduction on gold is discussed on the basis of electrochemical and IR spectroscopic data. The results obtained from gold are compared to analogue experiments carried out on platinum.

Characterization of Amorphous Tantalum Oxide for Insulating Acoustic Mirrors

This work describes the assessment of the acoustic properties of sputtered tantalum oxide films intended as high impedance films for the acoustic isolation of bulk acoustic wave devices operating in the GHz frequency range. The films are grown by sputtering a metallic tantalum target under different oxygen and argon gas mixtures, total pressures, pulsed DC powers and substrate bias. The structural properties of the films are assessed through infrared absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. Their acoustic impedance is obtained after estimating the mass density by X-ray reflectometry measurements and the longitudinal acoustic velocity by analyzing the longitudinal λ/2 resonance induced in a tantalum oxide film inserted between an acoustic reflector and an AlN-based resonator. A second measurement of the sound velocity is achieved through picosecond acoustic spectroscopy.

High-Acoustic-Impedance Tantalum Oxide Layers for Insulating Acoustic Reflectors

This work describes the assessment of the acoustic properties of sputtered tantalum oxide films intended for use as high-impedance films of acoustic reflectors for solidly mounted resonators operating in the gigahertz frequency range. The films are grown by sputtering a metallic tantalum target under different oxygen and argon gas mixtures, total pressures, pulsed dc powers, and substrate biases. The structural properties of the films are assessed through infrared absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. Their acoustic impedance is assessed by deriving the mass density from X-ray reflectometry measurements and the acoustic velocity from picosecond acoustic spectroscopy and the analysis of the frequency response of the test resonators.

Multiphoton fluorescence excitation: new spectral windows for biological nonlinear microscopy.

Intrinsic, three-dimensionally resolved, microscopic imaging of dynamical structures and biochemical processes in living preparations has been realized by nonlinear laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. The search for useful two-photon and three-photon excitation spectra, motivated by the emergence of nonlinear microscopy as a powerful biophysical instrument, has now discovered a virtual artist's palette of chemical indicators, fluorescent markers, and native biological fluorophores, including NADH, flavins, and green fluorescent proteins, that are applicable to living biological preparations. More than 25 two-photon excitation spectra of ultraviolet and visible absorbing molecules reveal useful cross sections, some conveniently blue-shifted, for near-infrared absorption. Measurements of three-photon fluorophore excitation spectra now define alternative windows at relatively benign wavelengths to excite deeper ultraviolet fluorophores. The inherent optical sectioning capability of nonlinear excitation provides three-dimensional resolution for imaging and avoids out-of-focus background and photodamage. Here, the measured nonlinear excitation spectra and their photophysical characteristics that empower nonlinear laser microscopy for biological imaging are described.

Nanomateriais luminescentes de terras raras utilizando complexos de benzenotricarboxilatos como precursores

O material Y2O3:Eu3+ vem sendo usado comercialmente como luminóforo vermelho desde da década de 1960, em uma grande variedade de aplicações devido ao seu elevado rendimento quântico (próximo de 100 %), elevada pureza de cor e boa estabilidade. Portanto, este trabalho propõe um novo método de síntese baseado nos complexos benzenotricarboxilatos (BTC) de terras raras trivalentes (RE3+) dopados com íons Eu3+. O objetivo principal é produzir materiais luminescente RE2O3:Eu3+ a temperatura mais baixa (500 °C) e em escala nanométrica. Os complexos precursores [RE(BTC):Eu3+] e [RE(TLA)·n(H2O):Eu3+], onde RE3+: Y, Gd e Lu; BTC: ácido trimésico (TMA) e ácido trimelítico (TLA) foram calcinados em diferentes temperaturas de 500 a 1000 °C, a fim de obter os materiais luminescentes RE2O3:Eu3+. Os complexos foram caracterizados por análise elementar de carbono e hidrogênio, analise térmica (TG), espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios-X - método do pó (XPD) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). Todos os complexos são cristalinos e termo estáveis até 460 °C. Dados de fosforescência dos complexos de Y, Gd e Lu mostram que o nível T1 do aníon BTC3- tem energia acima do nível emissor 5D0 do íon Eu3+, indicando que os ligantes podem atuar como sensibilizadores de energia intramolecular. O estudo das propriedades fotoluminescentes dos complexos dopados foi baseado nos espectros de excitação e emissão e curvas de decaimento de luminescência. Ademais, foram determinados os parâmetros de intensidades experimentais (Ωλ), tempos de vida (τ), taxas de decaimentos radiativo (Arad) e não-radiativo (Anrad). Os materiais luminescentes RE2O3:Eu3+ foram sintetizados de forma bem sucedida por meio do método benzenotricarboxilatos calcinados a 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 e 1000 °C, apresentando alta homogeneidade química e controle de tamanho de cristalito. Os nanomateriais foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de FTIR, XPD SEM e TEM revelando a obtenção dos materiais C-RE2O3:Eu3+ mesmo a 500 °C. Os dados de XPD dos materiais confirmaram um aumento do tamanho dos cristalitos de 5 até 52 nm (equação de Scherrer) de em função da temperatura de calcinação de 500 a 1000 °C, respectivamente, corroborados pelas técnicas de SEM e TEM. Os espectros de emissão de RE2O3:Eu3+ mostram uma banda larga atribuída a transição interconfiguracional de transferência de carga ligante-metal (LMCT) em 260 nm, i.e. O2-(2p)→Eu3+(4f6). Além disso, foram observadas linhas finas de absorção devido as transições intraconfiguracionais 4f do íon európio (7F0,1𔾹LJ; J: 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4), como esperado. As propriedades fotoluminescentes dos luminóforos foram baseadas nos espectros (excitação e emissão) e curvas de decaimento luminescente. Os parâmetros de intensidade experimental, tempos de vida, assim como as taxas de decaimentos radiativos e não radiativos foram calculados. As propriedades fotônicas dos nanomateriais são consistentes com o sítio de baixa simetria C2 ocupado pelo íon Eu3+ no C-RE2O3:Eu3+, produzindo emissão vermelha dominada pela transição hipersensível 5D0𔾻F2 do íon Eu3+ no sitio C2, ao invés do sítio centrossimétrico S6. Além disso, os nanomateriais Y2O3:Eu3+ exibem características espectroscópicas semelhantes e elevados valores de eficiência quântica (η~91 %), compatível com os luminóforos comerciais disponíveis no mercado. Este novo método pode ser utilizado para o desenvolvimento de novos nanomateriais contendo íons terras raras, assim como outros íons metálicos.

Obtenção e caracterização de PLA reforçado com nanocelulose.

A celulose é o polímero natural renovável disponível em maior abundância atualmente. Por possuir estrutura semicristalina, é possível extrair seus domínios cristalinos através de procedimentos que ataquem sua fase amorfa, como a hidrólise ácida, obtendo-se assim partículas cristalinas chamadas nanopartículas de celulose (NCs). Estas nanopartículas têm atraído enorme interesse científico, uma vez que possuem propriedades mecânicas, como módulo de elasticidade e resistência à tração, semelhantes a várias cargas inorgânicas utilizadas na fabricação de compósitos. Além disso, possuem dimensões nanométricas, o que contribui para menor adição de carga à matriz polimérica, já que possuem maior área de superfície, quando comparadas às cargas micrométricas. Nanocompósitos formados pela adição destas cargas em matrizes poliméricas podem apresentar propriedades comerciais atraentes, como barreira a gases, melhores propriedades térmicas e baixa densidade, quando comparados aos compósitos tradicionais. Como se trata de uma carga com dimensões nanométricas, obtida de fontes renováveis, uma das principais áreas de interesse para aplicação deste reforço é em biopolímeros biodegradáveis. O poli(ácido lático) (PLA), é um exemplo de biopolímero com propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e de processamento superiores a de outros biopolímeros comerciais. No presente trabalho foram obtidas nanopartículas de celulose (NCs), por meio de hidrólise ácida, utilizando-se três métodos distintos, com o objetivo de estudar o método mais eficiente para a obtenção de NCs adequadas à aplicação em compósitos de PLA. Os Métodos I e II empregam extração das NCs por meio do H2SO4, diferenciando-se apenas pela neutralização, a qual envolve diálise ou neutralização com NaHCO3, respectivamente. No Método III a extração das NCs foi realizada com H3PO4. As NCs foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas, como difração de raios X (DRX), análise termogravimétrica (TG), espectroscopia vibracional de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e microscopia de força atômica (MFA). Os resultados de caracterização das NCs indicaram que, a partir de todos os métodos utilizados, há formação de nanocristais de celulose (NCCs), entretanto, apenas os NCCs obtidos pelos Métodos II e III apresentaram estabilidade térmica suficiente para serem empregados em compósitos preparados por adição da carga no polímero em estado fundido. A incorporação das NCs em matriz de PLA foi realizada em câmara de mistura, com posterior moldagem por prensagem a quente. Compósitos obtidos por adição de NCs obtidas pelo Método II foram caracterizados por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise termogravimétrica, microscopia óptica, análises reológicas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A adição de NCs, extraídas pelo Método II, em matriz de PLA afetou o processo de cristalização do polímero, o qual apresentou maior grau de cristalinidade. Além disso, a adição de 3% em massa de NCs no PLA foi suficiente para alterar seu comportamento reológico. Os resultados reológicos indicaram que a morfologia do compósito é, predominantemente, composta por uma dispersão homogênea e fina da carga na fase matriz. Micrografias obtidas por MEV corroboram os resultados reológicos, mostrando, predominantemente a presença de partículas de NC em escala nanométrica. Compósitos de PLA com NCs obtidas pelo Método III apresentaram aglomerados de partículas de NC em escala micro e milimétrica, ao longo da fase matriz, e não foram extensivamente caracterizados.

Effect of methane concentration in hydrogen plasma on hydrogen impurity incorporation in thick large-grained polycrystalline diamond films

We investigate the impact of methane concentration in hydrogen plasma on the growth of large-grained polycrystalline diamond (PCD) films and its hydrogen impurity incorporation. The diamond samples were produced using high CH4 concentration in H2 plasma and high power up to 4350 W and high pressure (either 105 or 110 Torr) in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) system. The thickness of the free-standing diamond films varies from 165 µm to 430 µm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the morphology, crystalline and optical quality of the diamond samples, and bonded hydrogen impurity in the diamond films, respectively. Under the conditions employed here, when methane concentration in the gas phase increases from 3.75% to 7.5%, the growth rate of the PCD films rises from around 3.0 µm/h up to 8.5 µm/h, and the optical active bonded hydrogen impurity content also increases more than one times, especially the two CVD diamond specific H related infrared absorption peaks at 2818 and 2828 cm−1 rise strongly; while the crystalline and optical quality of the MCD films decreases significantly, namely structural defects and non-diamond carbon phase content also increases a lot with increasing of methane concentration. Based on the results, the relationship between methane concentration and diamond growth rate and hydrogen impurity incorporation including the form of bonded infrared active hydrogen impurity in CVD diamonds was analyzed and discussed. The effect of substrate temperature on diamond growth was also briefly discussed. The experimental findings indicate that bonded hydrogen impurity in CVD diamond films mainly comes from methane rather than hydrogen in the gas source, and thus can provide experimental evidence for the theoretical study of the standard methyl species dominated growth mechanism of CVD diamonds grown with methane/hydrogen mixtures.

Impact of high microwave power on hydrogen impurity trapping in nanocrystalline diamond films grown with simultaneous nitrogen and oxygen addition into methane/hydrogen plasma

In this work, we study for the first time the influence of microwave power higher than 2.0 kW on bonded hydrogen impurity incorporation (form and content) in nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films grown in a 5 kW MPCVD reactor. The NCD samples of different thickness ranging from 25 to 205 μm were obtained through a small amount of simultaneous nitrogen and oxygen addition into conventional about 4% methane in hydrogen reactants by keeping the other operating parameters in the same range as that typically used for the growth of large-grained polycrystalline diamond films. Specific hydrogen point defect in the NCD films is analyzed by using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. When the other operating parameters are kept constant (mainly the input gases), with increasing of microwave power from 2.0 to 3.2 kW (the pressure was increased slightly in order to stabilize the plasma ball of the same size), which simultaneously resulting in the rise of substrate temperature more than 100 °C, the growth rate of the NCD films increases one order of magnitude from 0.3 to 3.0 μm/h, while the content of hydrogen impurity trapped in the NCD films during the growth process decreases with power. It has also been found that a new H related infrared absorption peak appears at 2834 cm-1 in the NCD films grown with a small amount of nitrogen and oxygen addition at power higher than 2.0 kW and increases with power higher than 3.0 kW. According to these new experimental results, the role of high microwave power on diamond growth and hydrogen impurity incorporation is discussed based on the standard growth mechanism of CVD diamonds using CH4/H2 gas mixtures. Our current experimental findings shed light into the incorporation mechanism of hydrogen impurity in NCD films grown with a small amount of nitrogen and oxygen addition into methane/hydrogen plasma.

Desenvolvimento de sistemas de aditivos químicos para aplicação em cimentações de poços de petróleo

The primary cementing is an important step in the oilwell drilling process, ensuring the mechanical stability of the well and the hydraulic isolation between casing and formation. For slurries to meet the requirements for application in a certain well, some care in the project should be taken into account to obtain a cement paste with the proper composition. In most cases, it is necessary to add chemicals to the cement to modify its properties, according to the operation conditions and thus obtain slurries that can move inside the jacket providing a good displacement to the interest area. New technologies of preparation and use of chemicals and modernization of technological standards in the construction industry have resulted in the development of new chemical additives for optimizing the properties of building materials. Products such as polycarboxylate superplasticizers provide improved fluidity and cohesion of the cement grains, in addition to improving the dispersion with respect to slurries without additives. This study aimed at adapting chemical additives used in civil construction to be used use in oilwell cement slurries systems, using Portland cement CPP-Special Class as the hydraulic binder. The chemical additives classified as defoamer, dispersant, fluid loss controller and retarder were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and technological tests set by the API (American Petroleum Institute). These additives showed satisfactory results for its application in cement slurries systems for oil wells. The silicone-based defoamer promoted the reduction of air bubbles incorporated during the stirring of the slurries. The dispersant significantly reduced the rheological parameters of the systems studied. The tests performed with the fluid loss controller and the retarder also resulted in suitable properties for application as chemical additives in cement slurries