884 resultados para Guidelines for Handling Web Resources on CUNY and the Web
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A actividade vitivincola possui um conjunto diverso de caractersticas presentes no solo, territrio e comunidade que fazem parte do patrimnio cultural de uma determinada regio. Quando a tradio se traduz num conceito como terroir que formado por caractersticas territoriais, sociais e culturais de uma regio rural, o vinho apresenta uma assinatura que se escreve naturalmente no paladar regionalmente identificado. Os vinhos da Regio de Nemea, na Grcia e de Basto (Regio dos Vinhos Verdes) em Portugal, esto ambos sob a proteo dos regulamentos das Denominaes de Origem. No entanto, apesar de ambos serem regulados por sistemas institucionais de certificao e controlo de qualidade, afigura-se a necessidade de questionar se o patrimnio cultural e a identidade territorial especfica, impressa em ambos os terroirs, pode ser protegida num sentido mais abrangente do que apenas origem e qualidade. Em Nemea, a discusso entre os produtores diz respeito ao estabelecimento de sub-zonas, isto incluir na regulao PDO uma diferente categorizao territorial com base no terroir. Ou seja, para alm de estar presente no rtulo a designao PDO, as garrafas incluiro ainda informao certificada sobre a rea especfica (dentro do mesmo terroir) onde o vinho foi produzido. A acontecer resultaria em diferentes status de qualidade de acordo com as diferentes aldeias de Nemea onde as vinhas esto localizadas. O que teria possveis impactos no valor das propriedades e no uso dos solos. Para alm disso, a no participao da Cooperativa de Nemea na SON (a associao local de produtores de vinho) e como tal na discusso principal sobre as mudanas e os desafios sobre o terroir de Nemea constitui um problema no sector vitivincola de Nemea. Em primeiro lugar estabelece uma relao de no-comunicao entre os dois mais importantes agentes desse sector as companhias vincolas e a Cooperativa. Em segundo lugar porque constituiu uma possibilidade real, no s para os viticultores ficarem arredados dessa discusso, como tambm (porque no representados pela cooperativa) ficar impossibilitado um consenso sobre as mudanas discutidas. Isto poder criar um clima de desconfiana levando a discusso para arenas deslocalizadas e como tal para decises desterritorializadas Em Basto, h vrios produtores que comearam a vender a sua produo para distribuidoras localizadas externamente sub-regio de Basto, mas dentro da Regio dos Vinhos Verdes, uma vez que essas companhias tem um melhor estatuto nacional e internacional e uma melhor rede de exportaes. Isto est ainda relacionado com uma competio por uma melhor rede de contactos e status mais forte, tornando as discusses sobre estratgias comuns para o desenvolvimento rural e regional de Basto mais difcil de acontecer (sobre isto a palavra impossvel foi constantemente usada durante as entrevistas com os produtores de vinho). A relao predominante entre produtores caracterizada por relaes individualistas. Contudo foi observado que essas posies so ainda caracterizadas por uma desconfiana no interior da rede interprofissional local: conflitos para conseguir os mesmos potenciais clientes; comprar uvas a viticultores com melhor rcio qualidade/preo; estratgias individuais para conseguir um melhor status poltico na relao com a Comisso dos Vinhos Verdes. Para alm disso a inexistncia de uma activa intermediao institucional (autoridades municipais e a Comisso de Vinho Verde), a inexistncia entre os produtores de Basto de uma associao ou mesmo a inexistncia de uma cooperativa local tem levado a regio de Basto a uma posio de subpromoo nas estratgias de promoo do Vinho Verde em comparao com outras sub-regies. tambm evidente pelos resultados que as mudanas no sector vitivincolas na regio de Basto tm sido estimuladas de fora da regio (em resposta tambm s necessidades dos mercados internacionais) e raramente de dentro mais uma vez, arenas no localizadas e como tal decises desterritorializadas. Nesse sentido, toda essa discusso e planeamento estratgico, tero um papel vital na preservao da identidade localizada do terroir perante os riscos de descaracterizao e desterritorializao. Em suma, para ambos os casos, um dos maiores desafios parece ser como preservar o terroir vitivincola e como tal o seu carcter e identidade local, quando a rede interprofissional em ambas as regies se caracteriza, tanto por relaes no-consensuais em Nemea como pelo modus operandi de isolamento sem comunicao em Basto. Como tal h uma necessidade de envolvimento entre os diversos agentes e as autoridades locais no sentido de uma rede localizada de governana. Assim sendo, em ambas as regies, a existncia dessa rede essencial para prevenir os efeitos negativos na identidade do produto e na sua produo. Uma estratgia de planeamento integrado para o sector ser vital para preservar essa identidade, prevenindo a sua desterritorializao atravs de uma restruturao do conhecimento tradicional em simultneo com a democratizao do acesso ao conhecimento das tcnicas modernas de produo vitivincola.
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This dissertation by publication which focuses on gender and the Australian federal parliament has resulted in the submission of three refereed journal articles. Data for the study were obtained from 30 semi-structured interviews undertaken in 2006 with fifteen (15) male and fifteen (15) female members of the Australian parliament. The first of the articles is methodological and has been accepted for publication in the Australian Journal of Political Science. The paper argues that feminist political science is guided by five important principles. These are placing gender at the centre of the research, giving emphasis to womens voice, challenging the public/private divide, using research to transform society and taking a reflexive approach to positionality. It is the latter principle, that of the importance of taking a reflexive approach to research which I explore in the paper. Through drawing on my own experiences as a member of the House of Representatives (Forde 1987-1996) I reflexively investigate the intersections between my background and my identity as a researcher. The second of the articles views the data through the lens of Ackers (1990) notion of the gendered organization which posits that there are four dimensions by which organizations are gendered. These are via the division of labour, through symbols, images and ideologies, by workplace interactions and through the gendered components of individual identity. In this paper which has been submitted to the British Journal of Political Science, each of Ackers (1990) dimensions is examined in terms of the data from interviews with male and female politicians. The central question investigated is thus to what extent does the Australian parliament conform to Ackers (1990) concept of the gendered organization? The third of the papers focuses specifically on data from interviews with the 15 male politicians and investigates how they view gender equality and the Australian parliament. The article, which has been submitted to the European Journal of Political Science asks to what extent contemporary male politicians view the Australian parliament as gendered? Discourse analysis that is ways of viewing (Bacchi, 1999, p. 40) is used as an approach to analyse the data. Three discursive frameworks by which male politicians view gender in the Australian parliament are identified. These are: that the parliament is gendered as masculine but this is unavoidable; that the parliament is gendered as feminine and women are actually advantaged; and that the parliament is gender neutral and gender is irrelevant. It is argued that collectively these framing devices operate to mask the many constraints which exist to marginalise women from political participation and undermine attempts to address womens political disadvantage as political participants. The article concludes by highlighting the significance of the paper beyond the Australian context and calling for further research which names and critiques political men and their discourses on gender and parliamentary practices and processes.
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Broadly speaking, axiology is the study of values. Axiologies are expressed materially in patterns of choices that are both culture-bound and definitive of different cultures. They are expressed in the language we use; in the friends we keep; in the clothes we wear; in what we read, write, and watch; in the technologies we use; in the gods we believe in and pray to; in the music we make and listen toindeed, in every kind of activity that can be counted as a definitive element of culture. In what follows, I describe the axiological underpinnings of two closely related multimedia repository projects Australian Creative Resources Online (ACRO) and The Canadian Centre for Cultural Innovation (CCCI)and how these are oriented towards a potentially liberating role for digital repositories.
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A year ago, I became aware of the historical existence of the group CERFI Le centre detudes, de recherches, et de formation institutionelles, or The Study Center for Institutional Research and Formation. CERFI emerged in 1967 under the hand of Lacanian psychiatrist and Trotskyite activist Flix Guattari, whose antonymous journal Recherches chronicled the groups subversive experiences, experiments, and government-sponsored urban projects. It was a singularly bizarre meeting of the French bureaucracy with militant activist groups, the French intelligentsia, and architectural and planning practitioners at the close of the 60s. Nevertheless, CERFIs analysis of the problems of society was undertaken precisely from the perspective of the state, and the Institute acknowledged a deep complicity between the intellectual and statesman ... because the first critics of the State, are officials themselves!1 CERFI developed out of FGERI (The Federation of Groups for Institutional Study and Research), started by Guattari two years earlier. While FGERI was created for the analysis of mental institutions stemming from Guattaris work at La Borde, an experimental psychiatric clinic, CERFI marks the groups shift toward urbanismto the interrogation of the city itself. Not only a platform for radical debate on architecture and the city, CERFI was a direct agent in the development of urban planning schemata for new towns in France. 2 CERFIs founding members were Guattari, the economist and urban theorist Franois Fourquet, feminist philosopher Liane Mozre, and urban planner and editor of Multitides Anne QuerrienGuattaris close friend and collaborator. The architects Antoine Grumback, Alain Fabre, Macary, and Janine Joutel were also members, as well as urbanists Bruno Fortier, Rainier Hodd, and Christian de Portzamparc. 3 CERFI was the quintessential social project of post-68 French urbanism. Located on the Far Left and openly opposed to the Communist Party, this Trotskyist cooperative was able to achieve what other institutions, according to Fourquet, with their customary devicesthe politburo, central committee, and the basic cellshad failed to do.4 The decentralized institute recognized that any formal integration of the group was to sign its own death warrant; so it embraced a skein of directors, entangled, forming knots, liquidating all at once, and spinning in an unknown direction, stopping short and returning back to another node. Allergic to the very idea of party, CERFI was a creative project of free, hybrid-aesthetic blocs talking and acting together, whose goal was none other than the transformation of the libidinal economy of the militant revolutionary. The group believed that by recognizing and affirming a group unconscious, as well as their individual unconscious desires, they would be able to avoid the political stalemates and splinter groups of the traditional Left. CERFI thus situated itself on the side of psychosisits confessed goal was to serve rather than repress the utter madness of the urban malaise, because it was only from this mad perspective on the ground that a properly social discourse on the city could be forged.
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New Labour and the environment: too little too late symbolic success but real failure Achievements: Introduction of the Climate Change Act 2008, Low Carbon Transition Plan, the creation of the Department of Energy and Climate Change, establishment of several green quangos and Green Investment Bank, Warm Front Scheme, international leadership on Kyoto and the European Directive for Landfill and Renewable Energy. Disappointments: Increased green house gas emissions that failto meet domestic UK targets, let alone Kyoto; significant increasesin energy and transport emissions; EU air pollution violations; failure to regulate the importation of illegally logged timber and wildlife; increase in chemical agriculture; unwillingness to tackle corporate environmental crime; road expansions and runway projects at the expense of low emission alternative public transport. Biggest broken promises: Global warming, low carbon transport; protection of biodiversity.
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[Excerpt] This second issue in the current four-volume series of Social Security Programs Throughout the World reports on the countries of Asia and the Pacific. The combined findings of this series, which also includes volumes on Europe, Africa, and the Americas, are published at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period. Each volume highlights features of social security programs in the particular region. This guide serves as an overview of programs in all regions. A few political jurisdictions have been excluded because they have no social security system or have issued no information regarding their social security legislation. In the absence of recent information, national programs reported in previous volumes may also be excluded. In this volume on Asia and the Pacific, the data reported are based on laws and regulations in force in July 2006 or on the last date for which information has been received.1 Information for each country on types of social security programs, types of mandatory systems for retirement income, contribution rates, and demographic and other statistics related to social security is shown in Tables 14 at the end of the guide. The country summaries show each system's major features. Separate programs in the public sector and specialized funds for such groups as agricultural workers, collective farmers, or the self-employed have not been described in any detail. Benefit arrangements of private employers or individuals are not described in any detail, even though such arrangements may be mandatory in some countries or available as alternatives to statutory programs. The country summaries also do not refer to international social security agreements that may be in force between two or more countries. Those agreements may modify coverage, contributions, and benefit provisions of national laws summarized in the country write-ups. Since the summary format requires brevity, technical terms have been developed that are concise as well as comparable and are applied to all programs. The terminology may therefore differ from national concepts or usage.
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As counterions of DNA on mica, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ were used for,clarifying whether DNA molecules equilibrate or are trapped on mica surface. End to end distance and contour lengths were determined from statistical analysis of AFM data. It was revealed that DNA molecules can equilibrate on mica when Mg2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ are counterions. When Ba2+ is present, significantly crossovered DNA molecules indicate that it is most difficult for DNA to equilibrate on mica and the trapping degree is different under different preparation conditions. In the presence of ethanol, using AFM we have also observed the dependence of B A conformational transition on counterion identities. The four alkaline earth metal ions cause the B-A transition in different degrees, in which Sr2+ induces the greatest structural transition.
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Despite adherence to strict standards of care in preparation for intravitreal injections, endophthalmitis can still occur. This article focuses on endophthalmitis and the importance of povidone-iodine in pre-procedure antisepsis. An overview of endophthalmitis and an examination of the benefits of povidone-iodine in ocular aseptic technique for the prevention of post-procedure endophthalmitis are provided. The misconceptions that patients and health practitioners may have in relation to povidone-iodine hypersensitivity are also explored.
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The topic "nutrition and the eye" cannot adequately be covered in a single review article; indeed, dozens of books and hundreds of articles have been written on the subject. This review concentrates on three areas in which specific nutrients are known or theorized to have a major impact on vision and the visual system: vitamin A deficiency; antioxidants and their proposed role in the prevention of age-related cataract and macular degeneration; and nutritional optic neuropathies, including those of the recent Cuban epidemic. In addition, this article touches on nutritional treatments that have been suggested for several less common eye diseases and, finally, considers several less prevalent conditions in which deficiency of or excess exposure to a particular nutrient has been associated with ocular pathology.
Adaptive evolution of four microcephaly genes and the evolution of brain size in anthropoid primates
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The anatomical basis and adaptive function of the expansion in primate brain size have long been studied; however, we are only beginning to understand the genetic basis of these evolutionary changes. Genes linked to human primary microcephaly have received much attention as they have accelerated evolutionary rates along lineages leading to humans. However, these studies focus narrowly on apes, and the link between microcephaly gene evolution and brain evolution is disputed. We analyzed the molecular evolution of four genes associated with microcephaly (ASPM, CDK5RAP2, CENPJ, MCPH1) across 21 species representing all major clades of anthropoid primates. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, positive selection was not limited to or intensified along the lineage leading to humans. In fact we show that all four loci were subject to positive selection across the anthropoid primate phylogeny. We developed clearly defined hypotheses to explicitly test if selection on these loci was associated with the evolution of brain size. We found positive relationships between both CDK5RAP2 and ASPM and neonatal brain mass and somewhat weaker relationships between these genes and adult brain size. In contrast, there is no evidence linking CENPJ and MCPH1 to brain size evolution. The stronger association of ASPM and CDK5RAP2 evolution with neonatal brain size than with adult brain size is consistent with these loci having a direct effect on prenatal neuronal proliferation. These results suggest that primate brain size may have at least a partially conserved genetic basis. Our results contradict a previous study that linked adaptive evolution of ASPM to changes in relative cortex size; however, our analysis indicates that this conclusion is not robust. Our finding that the coding regions of two widely expressed loci has experienced pervasive positive selection in relation to a complex, quantitative developmental phenotype provides a notable counterexample to the commonly asserted hypothesis that cisregulatory regions play a dominant role in phenotypic evolution. Key words: ASPM, MCPH1, CDK5RAP2, CENPJ, brain, neurogenesis, primates.
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The English cleric Matthew Sutcliffe arguably produced the first comprehensive security concept in history. It had at its centre the war between England and Spain (1585-1604), and Sutcliffe advocated taking the war to the Iberian Peninsula to seize Philip II's main Atlantic ports, rather than remaining satisfied with the indirect combat of Spain in Flanders, defensive action against naval attacks on England and the guerre de course on Spanish shipping at sea. This approach seems to be at the heart of Essex's 1596 naval campaing against Spanish ports, which foundered on the bureaucratic politics of the Elizabethan government.
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
