Dietary macronutrients, endocrine functioning and intermediary metabolism in broiler chickens - Pair wise substitutions between protein, fat and carbohydrate

Three pens of male broiler chicks were raised under standard conditions and fed from 7 to 42 days of age three isocaloric diets each with 15.8; 19.6 and 19.5% of CP; and 51, 51, and 44% of CHO; and 6.5; 3.0 and 7.7% of fat, and designated as the low protein (LowCP), low lipid (LowL) and low carbohydrate (LowCHO) diets, respectively. Body weights and feed intake were monitored weekly and blood samples were collected at the same time for posterior analysis of hormone and metabolite content. Chickens fed the LowCP diet were characterized by a reduced body weight gain and feed intake and poorer feed conversion efficiency compared to those fed the LowL and LowCHO diets, which were very similar in this respect. Plasma corticosterone and glucose levels and creatine kinase activity were not significantly changed by diet composition. LowCP chickens were characterised by the lowest plasma T-4 and uric acid levels (indicative for reduced protein breakdown and lower protein ingestion) but highest plasma triglyceride levels (congruent with their higher fat deposition) compared to the LowL and LowCHO chickens. LowL chickens had on average higher plasma T-3 and free fatty acid levels compared to the LowCP and LowCHO chickens.In conclusion, a limited substitution of carbohydrate for fat in iso-nitrogenous, iso-energetic diets has no pronounced effects on plasma hormone and metabolite levels, except for the elevation in T-3 (may enhance glucose uptake) and free fatty acid levels in the plasma of the chickens fed the LowL diet. The protein content of the diet has a greater impact on zootechnical performance, and underlying endocrine regulation of the intermediary metabolism compared to the dietary lipid and CHO fraction. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

HORMONAL AND METABOLIC STUDY OF A CASE OF ADIPOSIS-DOLOROSA (DERCUMS DISEASE)

A case of a 43-year-old nonobese woman with adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease) is reported. Muscle glucose uptake and oxidation before and after ingestion of 75 g of glucose were similar to control group values, although a greater insulin release (16,578 vs 6,242 +/- 1,136 muU/3 h) occurred simultaneously. In vitro studies of abdominal normal and painful subcutaneous adipose tissue of the patient revealed lower responsiveness to norepinephrine and lack of response to the antilipolytic effect of insulin in the painful adipose tissue (0.98 vs 1.43 muM FFA/10(6) cells at 5.0 muM of norepinephrine). The disease was not correlated with the HLA system and there were no alterations in hormonal secretion at the pituitary, adrenal, gonadal, and thyroid levels. These findings indicate the presence of peripheral insulin resistance in this patient with adiposis dolorosa.

Utilization of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the acute phase of ankle immobilization at 90°: Study in rats

Objective: To evaluate the skeletal muscle glycogen content and plasmatic concentration of interleukin -6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in rats submitted to electrical stimulation sessions during the first three days of ankle immobilization at the position of 90°. Methods: Albinomale Wistar rats(3-4 months) were maintained in vivarium. conditions with food and water ad libitum, Submitted to 12 h photoperiodic cycles of light/dark, and distributed into 7 experimental groups (n = 6): control(C), immobilized 1 day(I1) immobilized 1 day and electrically stimulated(IE1) immobilized 2 days(12), immobilized 2 days and electrically stimulated(IE2), immobilized 3 days(13) and immobilized 3 days and electrically stimulated(IE3). Groups I utilized an acrylic resin orthesis model and groups electrically stimulated (IE) utilized the orthesis and a session of electrotherapy by a Dualpex 961 (biphasic quadratic pulse, 10 Hz, 0.4 ms, 5.0 mA, one 20 min session a day). After the experimental period, the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium(40 mg/kg) and a blood sample was colleted to evaluate the plasmatic concentration of interleukins by means of the radioimmunoassay method. The soleus and the white portion of the gastrocnemius muscle were colleted for glycogen reserves analysis(GLY). Other groups of rats were used to apply the glucose tolerance test(GTT) and insulin tolerance test(ITT). For statistical analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test followed by ANOVA and the Tukey tests were utilized, with a critical level established at 5%. Results: In ITT test, groups IE enhanced the skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but no changes were observed in GTT after the therapy session, which indicates that electrical stimulation is a sensibilizing method to augment skeletal muscle glucose uptake. The GLY reserves were reduced in I groups, which indicate that disuse altered insulin sensitivity and compromised energetic homeostasis. However. the IE groups displayed an augment in GLY content, suggesting that electrical stimulation restores the enzymatic pathways altered by immobilization. The improvement in GLY was accompanied by an elevation of the plasmatic concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α, showing the participation of these interleukins in the control of metabolic profile. Plasmatic concentrations of IL-10 were elevated only after 3 days of IE while IL-4 did not display any modifications. Conclusion: The results suggest that neuromuscular electricaf stimulation is an important toot in the maintenance of energetic, conditions of musculature submitted to immobilization, and presents multifactor mechanisms linked to interleukins action that converge to maintain the energetic equilibrium of the tissue in disuse.

Exercise at anaerobic threshold intensity and insulin secretion by isolated pancreatic islets of rats

To evaluate the effect of acute exercise and exercise training at the anaerobic threshold (AT) intensity on aerobic conditioning and insulin secretion by pancreatic islets, adult male Wistar rats were submitted to the lactate minimum test (LMT) for AT determination. Half of the animals were submitted to swimming exercise training (trained), 1 h/day, 5 days/week during 8 weeks, with an overload equivalent to the AT. The other half was kept sedentary. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test and to another LMT. Then, the animals were sacrificed at rest or immediately after 20 minutes of swimming exercise at the AT intensity for pancreatic islets isolation. At the end of the experiment mean workload (% bw) at AT was higher and blood lactate concentration (mmol/L) was lower in the trained than in the control group. Rats trained at the AT intensity showed no alteration in the areas under blood glucose and insulin during OGTT test. Islet insulin content of trained rats was higher than in the sedentary rats while islet glucose uptake did not differ among the groups. The static insulin secretion in response to the high glucose concentration (16.7 mM) of the sedentary group at rest was lower than the sedentary group submitted to the acute exercise and the inverse was observed in relation to the trained groups. physical training at the AT intensity improved the aerobic condition and altered insulin secretory pattern by pancreatic islets. © 2010 Landes Bioscience.

Endurance swimming periodized training in rats

The aim of this study was to develop an experimental protocol for endurance swimming periodization training in rats similar to high performance training in humans, and compare it to continuous training. Three groups of male Wistar rats (90 days old) were allocated to Sedentary Control (SC); Continuous Training (CT); and Periodized Experimental Training (PET) groups. PET and CT trained 5 days/week, over five weeks, CT: continuous training supporting a 5% body mass (bm) load for 40 min/day; PET: training subdivided into basic, specific, and taper periods, with overload changed daily (volume-intensity, continuous, and interval training). Total training overload was quantified (% bm X exercise time in training session) and equalized for the two trained groups. Glucose ([ 3H]2-deoxyglucose) uptake, incorporation to glycogen (synthesis), glucose oxidation (CO 2 production), and lactate production from [U- 14C]glucose by soleus muscle strips incubated in presence of insulin (100μU/mL) were evaluated 48h after the last training session. The load equivalent at 5.5mM blood lactate concentration ([La-5.5]) was determined in the incremental test. Lactate production was similar in all groups. PET presented higher glucose uptake (59%) than SC, and higher glycogen synthesis (51 and 22%) and glucose oxidation (147 and 178%) than SC and CT, respectively. CT presented higher glycogen synthesis rates (23%) than SC. Load [La-5.5] was similar between trained groups and higher than SC. PET presented higher values for glucose metabolism than CT and SC. These results open up new perspectives for studying training methods used in high performance sport through swimming exercise in rats.

O efeito de dois modelos de treinamento contínuo ou intervalado sobre metabolismo muscular e capacidade aeróbia de ratos obesos induzidos por dieta

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Impacto da desnutrição fetal/neonatal e do exercício durante a recuperação nutricional sobre lipídios teciduais e homeostase glicêmica de ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estresse oxidativo em ratos exercitados em diferentes intensidades

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Marcadores da síndrome metabólica e da capacidade aeróbia de ratos (Rattus Norvegicus Albinus, Wistar) em diferentes idades: efeito do exercício

Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC

Estudo morfofisiológico de órgãos isolados de ratos diabéticos submetidos a exercício físico e a aminoguanidina

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metabolismo glicídico em ratos submetidos à imobilização por desnervação do músculo esquelético

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Modulação do metabolismo muscular de glicose e proteínas pelo exercício em ratos diabéticos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Impacto da desnutrição intrauterina na homeostase glicêmica e na capacidade aeróbia de ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Suplementação com creatina, estado redox e metabolismo glicídico muscular de ratos submetidos ao treinamento de caráter aeróbio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diferentes protocolos de treinamento na prevenção do Diabetes mellitus em ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)