The Pedagogical Congresses of Portuguese Secondary Teaching : the participation of female teachers (1927-1928)

This paper was written within the context of the research project “The development of teacher’ associative organizations and unionism (1889-1990)” funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Foundation for Science and Technology). Five important congresses about secondary education were organized in Portugal between 1927 and 1931. These congresses served to claim the rights of teachers and the consolidation of the class, as well as to promote the discussion of scientific and pedagogical problems. In these congresses, the presence of female teachers was residual. However, the few teachers who participated had a significant contribution to the definition of secondary education during the following decades. Among other issues, it contributed to the discussion of female education and to analyze the importance of Biology and Physical Education in high schools. This paper presents the analysis of the minutes of the 1927s and 1928s Congresses. This analysis allowed the assessment of the important role played by a group of teachers to define, at the end of the first third of the 20th century, the future guidelines of Portuguese secondary education. It also reported that these teachers were pioneers who opened the way for the increasing number of teachers in secondary education during the 20th century.

Imagens do quotidiano escolar: uma análise das fotografias de práticas escolares publicadas no Relatório Intendencial de 1928, do governo de Augusto Simões Lopes (1924-1298)

O presente artigo realizou a análise das fotografias de temática do quotidiano escolar, produzidas no governo de Augusto Simões Lopes, intendente municipal da cidade de Pelotas, Brasil, durante os anos de 1924 e 1928. Para a realização desta pesquisa foram utilizados o Relatório Intendencial de 1928, jornais da época, como o Diário Popular, o Libertador e a Opinião Pública, o Almanach de Pelotas e a Revista Illustração Pelotense. Como referencial teóricometodológico, utilizou-se a Nova História Cultural, além de buscar pesquisadores que utilizam imagens em seus trabalhos, como Borges, Leite e Ciavatta. Através da análise das fontes, conclui-se que as imagens foram uma forma de propaganda governista, utilizada pelo então intendente, embora de forma complementar às imagens de prédios escolares, além disso, a análise permite o conhecimento de práticas escolares e formas de assistência aos alunos na década de 1920.

“Creadores de la profundidad”. Orígenes del movimiento obrero en las minas de los Andes peruanos (1928-1930)

La presente tesis estudia los orígenes del movimiento obrero en las minas de la Sierra Central del Perú a inicios del siglo XX. Ello mediante el análisis de una breve coyuntura de movilización sindical ocurrida entre diciembre de 1928 y noviembre de 1930. El eje analítico de la investigación es doble. De un lado, se examina el rol decisivo que en dicha coyuntura de agitación sindical tuvo un grupo de obreros intelectuales, quienes asumieron el liderazgo del naciente movimiento obrero. De otro lado, se estudian los vínculos entre estos trabajadores y el “Grupo de Lima” dirigido por José Carlos Mariátegui. La tesis consta de cuatro capítulos, dedicados a analizar los sucesivos momentos de la coyuntura de movilización sindical. El primer capítulo contextualiza el análisis en el escenario regional de la Sierra Central peruana, así como en los cambios vinculados a la presencia de la empresa monopólica Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation a partir de 1902. El segundo capítulo reconstruye los inicios de la agitación obrera, así como los vínculos entre los trabajadores y el “Grupo de Lima”, que se hallaba abocado a la formación del Partido Socialista y la CGTP, la primera organización sindical de alcance nacional en Perú. El tercer capítulo aborda la lucha en pos de la sindicalización, tomando en cuenta las dificultades planteadas por la condición obrera prevaleciente en las minas, el estallido de protestas y la influencia de los militantes comunistas. Finalmente, el cuarto capítulo estudia el momento culminante del período: la realización del Congreso Minero del Centro, la creación de la primera Federación de Trabajadores Mineros y la dura represión gubernamental en contra de los trabajadores, cuyo desenlace fue la desarticulación del movimiento obrero en ciernes.

Perturbation growth at the convective scale for CSIP IOP18

The Met Office Unified Model is run for a case observed during Intensive Observation Period 18 (IOP18) of the Convective Storms Initiation Project (CSIP). The aims are to identify the physical processes that lead to perturbation growth at the convective scale in response to model-state perturbations and to determine their sensitivity to the character of the perturbations. The case is strongly upper-level forced but with detailed mesoscale/convective-scale evolution that is dependent on smaller-scale processes. Potential temperature is perturbed within the boundary layer. The effects on perturbation growth of both the amplitude and typical scalelength of the perturbations are investigated and perturbations are applied either sequentially (every 30 min throughout the simulation) or at specific times. The direct effects (within one timestep) of the perturbations are to generate propagating Lamb and acoustic waves and produce generally small changes in cloud parameters and convective instability. In exceptional cases a perturbation at a specific gridpoint leads to switching of the diagnosed boundary-layer type or discontinuous changes in convective instability, through the generation or removal of a lid. The indirect effects (during the entire simulation) are changes in the intensity and location of precipitation and in the cloud size distribution. Qualitatively different behaviour is found for strong (1K amplitude) and weak (0.01K amplitude) perturbations, with faster growth after sunrise found only for the weaker perturbations. However, the overall perturbation growth (as measured by the root-mean-square error of accumulated precipitation) reaches similar values at saturation, regardless of the perturbation characterisation.