"Creeping" civil war in the North Caucasus. OSW Commentary No. 50, 2011-03-15

Over the last year, the situation in Russia’s North Caucasus has become further destabilised. Attacks and armed clashes happen daily, and destabilisation is spreading to an increasingly large area. The extent of violence in the region is so great that it can already be stated that a de facto civil war is taking place, the warring parties being the Islamic armed underground movement which operates under the banner of the so-called Emirate of the North Caucasus, and the secular governments of the individual republics, who are supported by local and federal branches of the Russian Federation’s Interior Ministry and Federal Security Service. Moscow has no idea how to successfully tackle the Caucasus rebellion. Force has proved to be costly and unproductive, while the attempts made since early 2010 to integrate the region with the rest of Russia by implementing development programmes have not brought the desired results, because of widespread corruption and faint interest from businessmen who are afraid to invest in such an unsafe region. A growing problem for Moscow, particularly for the prestige of the state, is attacks by militants on areas near Sochi, where the 2014 Winter Olympics is to take place. It must be assumed that over the next 3 years before the Olympics, Moscow’s priority in the region will be to ensure the safety of Olympic preparations, and then the games themselves. It cannot be ruled out that the North Caucasus Federal District with its ‘troubled republics’ will be surrounded by a kind of cordon sanitaire (Sochi is situated in the neighbouring Southern Federal District). This could in turn strengthen these republics’ isolation, maintain the state of permanent instability, and postpone the prospects of solving the region’s acute economic and social problems.

Camp, court and siege; a narrative of personal adventure and observation during two wars: 1861-1865; 1870-1871.

The writer served successively on the staffs of Generals T. Williams, T.W. Sherman, and W.B. Franklin, 1862-1864 and E.R.S. Canby, 1865 in Louisiana and the lower Mississippi Valley; and was assistant secretary and secretary of the U.S. legation at Paris, 1866-1871.

Negro slavery; : a review of conditions preceding the civil war, by Anna Hoppe.

Mode of access: Internet.

The commentaries of C. Julius Caesar : the Civil War /

Mode of access: Internet.

The first American civil war; first period, 1775-1778, with chapters on the continental or revolutionary army and on the forces of the crown,

Mode of access: Internet.

Study of Civil War sites in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia : pursuant to Public Law 101-628.

"September 1992."

History of the great Civil War, 1642-1649

Mode of access: Internet.

The Civil War and civil engineering.

Cover title.

The civil war veteran in Minnesota life and politics.

At head of title: Frank H. Heck.

Georgia in World War II;

No more pub.?

The siege of Colchester; or, An event of the civil war, A.D. 1648.

Mode of access: Internet.

Bibliotheca gloucestrensis: a collection of scarce and curious tracts relating to the county and city of Gloucester, illustrative of, and published during the civil war, with biographical and historical remarks /

Each tract has reprint of original t.p.

Political history of New York State during the period of the Civil War,

"Bibliographical note": p. 448-451.

Major General Thomas Maley Harris, a member of the military commission that tried the President Abraham Lincoln assassination conspirators, and Roster of the 10th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 1861-1865.

Bibliographical footnotes.