960 resultados para Gas exchange process


Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs) are a class of Electro-Active Polymers (EAPs) consisting of a base polymer (usually Nafion), sandwiched between thin films of electrodes and an electrolyte. Apart from fuel cell like proton exchange process in Nafion, these IPMCs can act both as an actuator and a sensor. Typically, IPMCs have been known for their applications in fuel cell technology and in artificial muscles for robots. However, more recently, sensing properties of IPMC have opened up possibilities of mechanical energy harvesting. In this paper, we consider a bi-layer stack of IPMC membranes where fluid flow induced cyclic oscillation allows collection of electronic charge across a pair of functionalized electrode on the surface of IPMC layers/stacks. IPMCs work well in hydrated environment; more specifically, in presence of an electrolyte, and therefore, have great potential in underwater applications like hydrodynamic energy harvesting. Hydrodynamic forces produce bending deformation, which can induce transport of cations via polymer chains of the base polymer of Nafion or PTFE. In our experimental set-up, the deformation is induced into the array of IPMC membranes immersed in electrolyte by water waves caused by a plunger connected to a stepper motor. The frequency and amplitude of the water waves is controlled by the stepper motor through a micro-controller. The generated electric power is measured across a resistive load. Few orders of magnitude increase in the harvested power density is observed. Analytical modeling approach used for power and efficiency calculations are discussed. The observed electro-mechanical performance promises a host of underwater energy harvesting applications.

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A supercritical CO2 test facility is currently being developed at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India to analyze the performance of a closed loop Brayton cycle for concentrated solar power (CSP) generation. The loop has been designed for an external heat input of 20 kW a pressure range of 75-135 bar, flow rate of 11 kg/min, and a maximum cycle temperature of 525 degrees C. The operation of the loop and the various parametric tests planned to be performed are discussed in this paper The paper addresses various aspects of the loop design with emphasis on design of various components such as regenerator and expansion device. The regenerator design is critical due to sharp property variations in CO2 occurring during the heat exchange process between the hot and cold streams. Two types of heat exchanger configurations 1) tube-in-tube (TITHE) and 2) printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) are analyzed and compared. A PCHE is found to be similar to 5 times compact compared to a TITHE for identical heat transfer and pressure drops. The expansion device is being custom designed to achieve the desired pressure drop for a range of operating temperatures. It is found that capillary of 5.5 mm inner diameter and similar to 2 meter length is sufficient to achieve a pressure drop from 130 to 75 bar at a maximum cycle temperature of 525 degrees C.

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The heat transfer coefficients for horizontally immersed tubes have been studied in model internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) and pilot ICFB incinerators. The characteristics in the ICFB were found to be significantly different from those in a bubbling bed. In ICFB, there is a flowing zone with high velocity, a heat exchange zone, and a moving zone with low velocity. The controllable heat transfer coefficients in ICFB strongly depend on the fluidized velocity in the flowing zone, and also the flow condition in the moving zone. The heat exchange process and suitable bed temperature can be well controlled according to this feature. Based on the results of experiments, a formulation for heat transfer coefficient has been developed. These results were applied to an external superheater of a CFB incinerator with a 450 degreesC steam outlet in a waste-to-energy pilot cogeneration plant of 12 MW in Jiaxing City, China.

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Two local solutions, one perpendicular and one parallel to the direction of solar gravitational field, are discussed. The influence of gravity on the gas-dynamical process driven by the piston is discussed in terms of characteristic theory, and the flow field is given quantitatively. For a typical piston trajectory similar to the one for an eruptive prominence, the velocity of the shock front which locates ahead the transient front is nearly constant or slightly accelerated, and the width of the compressed flow region may be kept nearly constant or increased linearly, depending on the velocity distribution of the piston. Based on these results, the major features of the transient may be explained. Some of the fine structure of the transient is also shown, which may be compared in detail with observations.

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

[ES] Actualmente, el sistema sanitario público en España se encuentra en una etapa de modernización, marcadamente orientada hacia los destinatarios de sus servicios, es decir, el conjunto de los ciudadanos. Entre el amplio conjunto de acciones que se están implementando, destaca la implantación de nuevas fórmulas organizativas, la instalación de tecnologías avanzadas en información y comunicación, la gestión estratágica de los recursos humanos o la aplicación de técnicas de calidad total.

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

160 p. (Bibliogr. 141-160)

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The synthesis and X-ray diffraction study of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) ethylene titanium (I) are reported. This complex represents the first example of an isolable ethylene adduct of a group IV metal, a key intermediate in Ziegler-Natta olefin polymerization schemes. While treatment of I with ethylene leads to only traces of polymer after months, I participates in a wide range of stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. These include the catalytic conversion of ethylene specifically to butadiene and ethane and the catalytic isomerization of alkenes. Detailed studies have been carried out on the stoichiometric reactions of I with nitriles and alkynes. At low temperatures, nitriles react to form metallacycloimine species which more slowly undergo a formal 1,3-hydrogen shift to generate metallacycloeneamines. The lowest energy pathway for this rearrangement is an intramolecular hydrogen shift which is sensitive to the steric bulk of the R substituent. The reactions of I with alkynes yield metallacyclopentene complexes with high regioisomer selectivity. Carbonylation of the metallacyclopentene (η-C5Me55)2TiC(CH3)=C(CH3)CH2 under relatively mild conditions cleanly produces the corresponding cyclopentenone and [C5(CH3)5]2Ti(CO)2. Compounds derived from CO2 and acetaldehyde have also been isolated.

The synthesis and characterization of bis-(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) niobium(III) tetrahydroborate (II) are described and a study of its temperature-dependent proton NMR spectroscopic behavior is reported. The complex is observed to undergo a rapid intramolecular averaging process at elevated temperatures. The free energy of activation, ΔG = 16.4 ± 0.4 kcal/mol, is calculated. The reinvestigation of a related compound, bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)niobium(III) tetrahydroborate, established ΔG = 14.6 ± 0.2 kcal/mol for the hydrogen exchange process. The tetrahydroborate complex, II reacts with pyridine and dihydrogen to yield (η-C5Me55)2NbH3 (III). The reactivity of III with CO and ethylene is reported.

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Com o aumento do rigor para descarte de efluentes contaminado com metais pesados, as pesquisas têm se intensificado na busca de métodos de remoção, que tragam bons resultados de captação dos metais, aliado a um baixo custo. O uso de biomassas como bactérias, fungos e algas marinhas como material adsorvente, tem se apresentado como uma alternativa, principalmente para soluções com baixo teor de metais. Neste trabalho, a alga marinha Sargassum filipendula foi avaliada na sua capacidade de remoção do metal tório de uma solução sintética e do efluente dos laboratórios de análises ambientais do IRD. A cinética desta biossorção foi estudada em regime de batelada e o equilíbrio foi alcançado com 180 min de reação. Dois modelos cinéticos foram utilizados nesta avaliação, um de primeira ordem e um modelo de pseudo segunda ordem, tendo o modelo de segunda ordem apresentado um melhor ajuste dos dados. Na avaliação da capacidade máxima de captação do tório pela biomassa marinha em regime de batelada, foi construída a isoterma que apresentou um perfil crescente na captação alcançando um máximo de 2,59 mol/g. Os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich foram utilizados para ajustar os dados da isoterma, tendo apresentado maior correlação com os dados o modelo de Langmuir, resultando num valor de captação máxima calculado pelo modelo de 2,92 mol/g. A capacidade de remoção do metal tório da alga Sargassum filipendula também foi avaliada em regime contínuo. Um estudo de altura crítica de leito foi realizado preenchendo-se uma coluna com diferentes massas de alga correspondendo a diferentes alturas de leito. A concentração de tório residual foi quantificada na solução de saída e a menor concentração na saída foi alcançada com 40 cm de leito ou 96 g de biomassa. Após este estudo um sistema contínuo com duas colunas, com 96 g de biomassa cada, e uma bomba peristáltica foi utilizado para o tratamento do efluente real do IRD, contendo não apenas o metal tório, mas outros metais como urânio, cálcio, cromo, ferro, chumbo, etc. Cento e cinco litros de efluente foram tratados numa concentração de 6 mg/L, a concentração do efluente de saída foi de 3,75 mg/L. A caracterização do efluente quanto aos metais presentes foi realizada em ICP-MS, os resultados demonstraram que não houve competição pelos sítios ligantes da biomassa entre o tório e os demais metais. Além disso, alguns metais como cálcio, ferro e magnésio, tiveram um aumento na concentração de saída indicando a presença do mecanismo de troca iônica na biossorção do tório por Sargassum filipendula

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Objective: Aerosol delivery holds potential to release surfactant or perfluorocarbon (PFC) to the lungs of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome with minimal airway manipulation. Nevertheless, lung deposition in neonates tends to be very low due to extremely low lung volumes, narrow airways and high respiratory rates. In the present study, the feasibility of enhancing lung deposition by intracorporeal delivery of aerosols was investigated using a physical model of neonatal conducting airways. Methods: The main characteristics of the surfactant and PFC aerosols produced by a nebulization system, including the distal air pressure and air flow rate, liquid flow rate and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), were measured at different driving pressures (4-7 bar). Then, a three-dimensional model of the upper conducting airways of a neonate was manufactured by rapid prototyping and a deposition study was conducted. Results: The nebulization system produced relatively large amounts of aerosol ranging between 0.3 +/- 0.0 ml/min for surfactant at a driving pressure of 4 bar, and 2.0 +/- 0.1 ml/min for distilled water (H(2)Od) at 6 bar, with MMADs between 2.61 +/- 0.1 mu m for PFD at 7 bar and 10.18 +/- 0.4 mu m for FC-75 at 6 bar. The deposition study showed that for surfactant and H(2)Od aerosols, the highest percentage of the aerosolized mass (similar to 65%) was collected beyond the third generation of branching in the airway model. The use of this delivery system in combination with continuous positive airway pressure set at 5 cmH(2)O only increased total airway pressure by 1.59 cmH(2)O at the highest driving pressure (7 bar). Conclusion: This aerosol generating system has the potential to deliver relatively large amounts of surfactant and PFC beyond the third generation of branching in a neonatal airway model with minimal alteration of pre-set respiratory support.

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

研究了退火和二次离子交换对Er^3+/Yb^3+共掺的磷酸盐玻璃平面光波导传输特性的影响。在退火过程中,由于热效应和波导层Ag^+离子的浓度差使得Ag^+离子重新分布;随着退火时间的延长和温度的升高,光波导模式数目逐渐增加,波导层深度加深,且波导表面折射率与玻璃基质折射率差减小,退火扩散深度与退火时间的平方根成正比。电子探针结果显示在二次离子交换后形成了掩埋式的光波导,Ag^+离子浓度接近二次方分布,而掩埋式的光波导有助于降低光波导的传输损耗。

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过优化熔融条件和玻璃组份,成功开发出一种新的Er^3+/Yb^3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃,其在沸水和熔盐中均表现出很好的化学稳定性。通过分析室温下Er^3+/Yb^3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃的吸收光谱,计算得到了Er^3+离子在波长1533nm处的峰值发射截面和杜得-奥菲而特强度参数;其中Er^3+离子在波长1533nm处的峰值发射截面为0.72×10^20cm^2,大于Schott的IOG1玻璃中Er^3+离子的峰值发射截面0.67×10^-20cm^2。通过改变离子交换的条件,获得了1.55μm单模光波导的制作条件

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过野外测定和控制实验结果发现: 在成林内林窗能促进发芽率、幼苗存活率和光合作用等。高光下,会发生多次生长。幼苗干物质积累与光照明显正相关。生长速度与存活无相关,但对第二年存活有影响。基径可作为光反应的无损伤测定指标。直射光和散射光对幼苗生长影响不同。 适当厚度的枯落物覆盖促进种子发芽和补充更新,埋藏太深则对辽东栎幼苗的生长、生理和存活等有抑制。灌木和树木的冠层对辽东栎在灌丛中的建立。 模拟实验表明完全去叶可导致16.7%的幼苗死亡,完全去除子叶可导致50%幼苗死亡,都严重影响幼苗的生理过程和干物质积累。土壤养分和干旱对辽东栎幼苗生长和光合也有很大影响。 运用通径分析精确测定,结果发现辽东栎冠层不同位置的叶片气体交换的限制因子有很大的差别。上层叶主要是气孔导度影响,叶温是通过饱和蒸汽压(VPD)有间接负作用。冠层下方光照的不足的限制,叶温有促进光合作用。不同部位叶片光合作用对气孔导度的依赖程度不同。 在辽东栎林演替过程中,生理生态变化趋势明显。根据所测的20多个生理指标,可将主要物种划分成不同的功能群。早期种具有较高的光合速率,气孔导度, 蒸腾速率和抗旱性, 而辽东栎和棘皮桦单独为一类。

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

玉米(Zea mays L.)是我国十分重要粮食、饲料和工业原料作物,种植区域覆盖我国大部分农业区。随着玉米品种改良和新栽培技术的应用,我国玉米产量大幅度增加。自1950s以来,我国玉米产量递增幅度为126kg/hm2/yr。在玉米产量提高过程中,单叶光合作用与产量之间存在什么样的关系?当代玉米品种的品质和养分利用效率如何?高密度种植条件下是否存在“根系拥挤”及如何调控等。为探讨上述科学问题,本研究选择中国北方常见的大田玉米品种,在高肥力自然光照条件下,探讨玉米高产优质栽培过程中生理生态特征的变化趋势,以指导科学育种和栽培。主要研究结果如下:   1)光合与产量的演变我国 1950s、1970s、1990s等不同年代推广的玉米品种中,当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长,光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长,与光合有关的蒸腾速率(E.)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci.)、气孔导度(gs)等也有较大改良,中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期,当代品种具有更高的光合优势。老品种饱和光合速率(Psat)在灌浆期下降,并非RuBPCase 和PEPCase的活性降低,而是由于叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量的降低。在花后期间,由于PS2功能的下降,造成了光合能力下降,而现代品种的PS2 功能在衰老前一致保持旺盛状态。   老品种光合特征对缺氮的反应表现更敏感。花后缺氮光合作用下降是非气孔限制的,因为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度没有发生明显的变化。其主要原因是缺素造成老品种叶片早衰,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、PEP羧化酶活性下降。现代品种表现较强的抗衰老能力,其N素利用效用高于老品种。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。   随玉米品种更替,群体光合速率增强,群体光合衰减率降低,呼吸消耗所占总光合的百分率下降。灌浆期当代品种中下部叶片的群体光合速率明显高于老品种。种植密度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主要因素,在高中低三种密度条件下,当代品种均有较高的群体光合速率,表现出耐密性强、适应性广、源足库大、产量高的特点。   2)高油玉米的产量受到叶源大小和叶源活力的双重限制在 1.5 株/m2密度下,与普通玉米相比较,高油玉米单株籽粒产量显著低于普通玉米,产量构成中穗粒数差异不显著,千粒重较低(P<0.01);两类型玉米的单株库容量相当,高油玉米籽粒灌浆速率小,籽粒充实度低,单粒重对叶源相对减少(剪叶)或相对增多(疏库)的反应比普通玉米更为敏感,其产量受到同化产物供应(叶源)相对不足的限制。高油玉米授粉后的叶面积、叶面积持续期小,叶片含氮量和光合速率较低,说明高油玉米的产量受到叶源活力(光合速率)小和叶源数量少的双重限制。   3)我国北方玉米品种的个体产量潜力、氮素利用效率及籽粒与秸秆粗蛋白质含量在充分发挥个体生产潜力的低密度条件下,我国北方1990s 以来大面积种植的50个玉米主栽品种中,个体产量潜力和氮素利用效率高度正相关(P=0.01),而子粒千粒重与NUE 呈显著性负相关(P=0.002)。对玉米产量和氮素利用效率进行分层聚类,可将北方玉米品种划分为高产高NUE 型、低产低NUE 型和中间型,高产高NUE 型玉米品种相对较少,仅占24%。籽粒粗蛋白质含量(CPC)与秸秆CPC 相关性不显著(P>0.05)。对籽粒和秸秆的CPC 进行分层聚类,将北方玉米品种划分为籽粒高秸秆低型、籽粒与秸秆双低型和籽粒与秸秆双高型,CPC 双高型品种相对较少,仅占20%。   4)玉米根系拥挤效应对产量影响的生理生态机制及其调控随玉米品种更替根系的空间分布呈“横向紧缩,纵向延伸”的特点。当代三类型玉米根系分布特性与株型、穗型相关。紧凑型品种根系分布深,下层根系所占比率大,适合密植,群体产量潜力大;平展大穗型品种根量多,分布较浅,在低密度下可获得较高的个体生产力,但不适合密植,群体产量潜力小。   “根系拥挤”显著影响玉米产量,减小根系横向伸展空间,下层土壤中的根系分配比率增多。在地上部充分生长条件下,紧凑型品种横向空间为30-50cm即可满足要求,平展型品种大于50cm;紧凑型品种对纵向空间受限制的反应更为敏感,平展型品种对横向空间受限制的反应更为敏感。“根系拥挤”影响根系活性、分布、氮素吸收利用和花后光合与14C同化物的分配。   在根系受限制条件下,增施肥料产量提高,根系总重增加,增加了根系在深层土壤(60-100cm)中的根系比率,显著增加了根系的TTC 还原量、SOD、CAT、POD活性。土壤加沙,根量减少,但根系TTC 还原量增加、产量提高,提高幅度以大穗型品种更为显著。   随种植密度增加耕层根系密度与群体产量同步增大,各类品种均在最高根系密度下获得最高产量。根系负荷的籽粒产量潜力三类型品种存在极大差异,在一定范围内增大种植密度,根系伸展空间减小,群体产量提高,紧凑大穗型品种产量最高,品种的耐密性是限制根系负荷籽粒产量潜力的主导因素。因此,培育株型紧凑、耐密性强、大穗玉米良种,采取有效的调控措施是玉米进一步高产的主攻方向。   5)我国夏玉米高产田的培创理论研究与实践相结合,2005 年在我国华北地区的山东莱州培创出籽粒实产21 042.9kg/hm2 ( 14% 含水量, 实收面积=45.7m×15.9m=726.63m2)的夏玉米高产纪录。主要采用以增加密度为保障的“群体结构性挖潜”和以提高整齐度为保障的“个体功能性挖潜”途径,生理生态指标包括:选用紧凑抗倒耐密植品种DH3719,种植密度102 030 株/hm2,收获密度98 610 株/hm2,花后具有较长的叶面积高值持续期,达60d以上,叶面积指数最大为6.53,收获2.59。上部叶片光合值对外界光强度变化敏感,其光合峰值出现时间提前,而后迅速衰减;中部叶片光合值的降低较慢,下部叶片变幅最小,可能是长期处于争光环境表现出的生态适应性。粒叶比0.32,经济系数0.542,单株产量216g,千粒重375.1g。

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

臭氧属于二次污染物,它是由机动车、工厂等人为源以及天然源排放的氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)等一次污染物在大气中经过光化学反应形成的。O3 是光化学烟雾的主要成分,可对植物生长产生抑制。近几十年来,全球O3 污染的格局正在发生着巨大改变。由于北美及西欧等经济发达地区采取了有效控制臭氧形成前体物的措施,其空气中的O3 浓度在减少,而亚洲等经济发展中地区的O3 形成前体物的排放却在急剧攀升,导致大气中O3 浓度显著增加。中国经济的快速发展以及汽车保有量的迅猛增加导致O3 前体物的大量排放,许多经济较发达的地区空气中的O3 浓度超过了75ppb。由于O3 污染将导致农作物产量显著降低,因此,亚洲尤其是中国O3 污染对本地区农业生产的影响引起了国内外科学家的广泛关注。然而,在中国开展的关于O3 对植物生长及生产影响的研究相对较少,但已有的几篇研究报道确实指出目前中国部分地区的O3 浓度可导致冬小麦产量大幅下降,并预测到2020 年由O3 污染将引起小麦产量进一步降低。 植物对臭氧的反应或敏感性取决于诸如叶片导度、叶片结构及生化解毒等很多方面。首先,由于高叶片导度将吸收较多的臭氧量,因此,叶片导度通常被认为是决定抗性最为重要的因子。处于湿润条件下的植物,通常具有较高叶片导度,受到臭氧危害的程度一般也较大。其次,植物抗氧化胁迫能力的大小也决定着其对臭氧的敏感性。同一植株的老叶首先表现出伤害症状,这是由于老叶的抗氧化能力差于新叶,体现在抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量及抗坏血酸氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性低于新叶。另外,叶片对臭氧的敏感程度与其叶片结构关系密切,拥有较大的细胞间隙对抗污染特性至关重要,由于叶片上表面的栅栏组织较海绵组织致密,因此通常较早表现出伤害症状。 影响植物对臭氧反应的环境因子很多,诸如光照、水气压亏、温度等。由于臭氧主要通过气孔进入植物体内,因此目前的研究主要集中在能显著调节气孔导度的环境因子,如土壤水分状况和在未来可能会与大气中臭氧浓度同步增加的CO2 浓度。CO2 浓度升高可降低植物的气孔导度,因此,CO2 浓度升高可减少叶片对O3 的吸收量。同时,大气CO2 浓度升高可提高净同化速率,可导致气孔的部分关闭而减少蒸腾,从而显著提高植株的水分利用效率,最终促进作物生长并提高产量。然而,二者对作物产量的交互影响尚不明确。水分胁迫被认为是影响O3 对植株伤害的一个重要环境因子。与正常供水相比,水分胁迫常常伴随着气孔导度的降低,导致进入到植株体内的O3 量相对较少而减轻植株受到的伤害程度。然而水分供应不足本身将导致小麦生长降低及产量下降。因此,水分亏缺可能会保护植株免受O3 伤害,同时也可能会加剧对植株的胁迫。 高浓度臭氧环境下,植物表现出较低的气孔导度。但研究表明,对臭氧敏感性不同的植物其气孔导度对臭氧的反应程度不同。臭氧对气孔的作用将影响植物生产力,同时也将影响植物对其它环境胁迫如干旱等的反应。短时间臭氧熏蒸小麦导致叶片细胞膜系统受损、光合产物输出受阻;而长期受臭氧污染后,小麦叶片的光合速率、光化学效率、叶绿素含量和蔗糖含量均显著降低,并与臭氧剂量的大小和峰值出现的早晚有关。O3 浓度升高将抑制光合作用,减少气孔导度,加强呼吸作用,改变C 同化物分配,加快叶片的衰老。众多研究表明,O3 导致的光合能力下降主要是由Rubisco 最大羧化效率降低导致;而O3 对光合器官捕获光的能力及光合电子传递速率的影响是光合作用下降的另一个原因。 尽管已有不少关于不同物种间对O3 敏感性的种间差异研究,然而育种方法或育种地点对中国不同冬小麦品种的O3 敏感性的影响尚不清楚。因此,我们假设育种年代、育种方法及地点将交互影响冬小麦品种对O3 的生长及生理响应。为进一步明确基因对冬小麦O3 敏感性的控制,研究了普通六倍体冬小麦的近缘体对O3 敏感性的差异。CO2 浓度升高及干旱胁迫对小麦臭氧敏感性的影响也进行了研究。论文主要从生理生化、生长及产量水平上来阐释O3 浓度升高、CO3加倍、干旱对冬小麦生长及生产影响的机理。 本研究主要是在温室中的上部开口的生长箱(open-top chamber, OTC)中进行。先后开展了四个盆栽实验研究,主要目的是确定中国不同基因型冬小麦种或品种对臭氧的敏感性及其反应机理;确定CO2 浓度升高及干旱在减轻O3 伤害方面的作用及其机理。实验材料为中国不同年代选育出的小麦品种,即1745年至2004 年间选育出的20 个品种和7 个小麦材料。主要评价指标包括相对生长速率、异速生长系数、叶绿素荧光、抗氧化活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、膜酯过氧化、气体交换、光合能力、叶绿素含量、暗呼吸、生物量及籽粒产量。实验研究得到的主要结果如下: 1) O3 升高显著降低整株及地上和地下部分的相对生长速率,显著降低异速生长系数、可变荧光、最大光化学效率、量子产额、光化学淬灭系数以及电子传递速率,但提高了非光化学淬灭系数。冬小麦不同品种对O3 的敏感性随育种年代的增加而增大,并与对照植株相对生长速率呈正相关。尽管近年来环境中的O3 浓度比过去显著增加,但新近育出的品种对臭氧的抗性却没有表现出协同进化效应。通过杂交选育的品种对臭氧的敏感性大于通过引进的和重选的品种。从生长和光合生理上来看,不同小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性与育种地点没有相关性,表明冬小麦品种对臭氧的适应能力与其生长环境下的臭氧浓度无关。因此,对臭氧相对敏感的冬小麦品种主要是由培育中较高相对生长速率或较高光合能力的杂交育种方式决定的,而与选育地点环境中的臭氧浓度无关。 2) 臭氧显著降低叶片中抗坏血酸(AsA)和可溶性蛋白的含量,但提高了过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和膜酯过氧化物(MDA)的含量。臭氧浓度升高抑制饱和光强下的净光合速率(Asat),降低气孔导度(gs)和总叶绿素含量,而显著提高暗呼吸速率(Rd)和胞间CO2 浓度(Ci)。臭氧导致总生物量降低,但地下部生物量受到的影响大于地上部。不同基因型小麦对臭氧的潜在敏感性与实际观察到的抗臭氧能力存在很大差异。冬小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性与臭氧环境下植株气孔导度和暗呼吸速率相关。臭氧导致Ci 浓度升高以及膜酯过氧化,由此得出臭氧导致的净光合速率主要是由于臭氧降低了叶肉细胞活性及细胞膜的完整性。新品种对臭氧相对敏感,主要是由于其具有较高的气孔导度抗氧化能力下降幅度较大以及较低的暗呼吸速率,从而对蛋白和细胞膜完整性造成较高的氧化伤害。 3) 臭氧对冬小麦光合和生长的影响存在着显著的种间差异。原初栽培种表现出最大的抗性,当代品种次之,而野生种对臭氧最为敏感。在普通冬小麦不同基因组供体中,钩刺山羊草(Aegilops tauschii,DD)对臭氧最敏感,其次为栽培一粒小麦(T. monococcum,AA),而圆锥小麦(Triticum turgidum ssp.Durum,AABB)对臭氧的抗性最大。因此,当代冬小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性可能是与其D 染色体供体-钩刺山羊草对臭氧敏感有关,而与其A、B 染色体供体-圆锥小麦的关系相对较小。 4) CO2 浓度升高提高了老品种和新品种的Asat,最大羧化速率(Vcmax),最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、光和CO2 饱和光合速率(Amax)。与之相反,臭氧显著降低了这些生理参数。虽然两品种对CO2 的响应没有显著性差异,但CO2浓度升高均有效保护了臭氧对它们的伤害。这种效应与CO2 浓度升高引起的气孔导度降低无关,而与代谢活性的提高有关。 5) 水分胁迫和臭氧分别都显著降低了 Asat 和gs。干旱显著降低Vcmax 和羧化效率(CE),而对Jmax 和暗呼吸(R)的影响不显著。臭氧显著降低冬小麦不同基因型的Vcmax,Jmax,R 和CE。二者均降低了生物量的积累及最终籽粒产量。与六倍体小麦相比,四倍体小麦对干旱相对敏感,但对臭氧却表现出较高抗性。干旱降低了气孔导度从而显著减少了植株对臭氧的吸收量,但两基因型的反应截然不同。干旱使臭氧对六倍体小麦产量和收获指数的伤害分别减少了约16%和50%,而干旱对该四倍体小麦的保护效应不大。

Relevância:

80.00% 80.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

玉米幼苗经外源脱落酸(ABA)处理后,其生长与光合作用,如株高、干物质积累、净光合速率(Pn)、光合作用的量子效率(фC02)和羧化效率(CE),以及光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(фPSII)等受到抑制,且该抑制程度与处理ABA的浓度呈相关性。PSII最大光化学活性(Fv/Fm)变化表明,以10和25μmol L-I ABA处理玉米幼苗7天,可明显提高其抗光抑制能力,而50μmol L-1ABA处理的玉米幼苗在相同条件下的抗光抑制能力下降。进一步以25μmol L-lABA处理玉米幼苗来研究,结果表明ABA处理可减缓强光下玉米叶片Pn、CE、фPS II和叶片吸收光能光化学猝灭(qP)的下降,同时增强叶片吸收光能的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)。另外,叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭的中间组分(qm)增强,光抑制后Fv/Fm的恢复能力提高,这表明ABA处理高提高了强光下玉米幼苗的光系统状态转换能力和Psn循环修复作用。除此之外,ABA处理后玉米幼苗的叶黄素循环类色素,如紫黄质(V)、环氧玉米黄质(A)和玉米黄质(Z)的含量增加,叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)增大,说明依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散在ABA处理玉米幼苗中得到加强。另外,ABA处理幼苗在强光下保持较高фPsII/Pn活性,以及叶片抗氧化酶活性提高,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR),抗氧化物含量增加,如抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSH),这说明ABA诱导Mehler-peroxidase反应的增强在提高玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力中也发挥重要作用。 玉米叶片光系统I和光系统II在相同强度(300μmolm-2 S-l)的红光(655nm)和远红光(700-770 nm)共同照射下,光系统I(PSI)和光系统II(PSII)吸收光能基本平衡,叶片光合作用处于状态1,此时Psn保持较高的光适应下最大荧光( Fml)。关闭远红光,使叶片只处在红光照射下,则会引起光下PSII最大荧光( Frri2)的降低。关闭远红光约20nun后,光下下降的Psn最大荧光基本达到稳定,叶片光合作用处于状态2。这种在状态l向状态2的转换过程中所发生的PSII最大荧光下降不受DTT(叶黄素循环抑制剂)的影响,且整个过程中PsII最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm)保持不变,而光下PSII初始荧光(F0')在前20min内迅速降低。另外,在PSII吸收的红光照射下,玉米叶片吸收光向PSII分配的量(B)不断减少,与此同时,吸收光能向PSI分配的量(a)不断增多。ABA预处理玉米幼苗7天,可进一步加强红光下PSII最大荧光(Fm2)的降低,使荧光参数Fm1/Fm2—1增大,而使β/α-1降低。另外,ABA处理较对照幼苗在红光下呈现更高的荧光非光化学猝灭中间组分(qm)。在引入叶绿体蛋白激酶抑制剂NEM的情况下,ABA处理与对照玉米叶片在红光下所表现的qm差异则消失。从状态1向状态2的转换过程中,ABA处理引起玉米叶片77K低温荧光F684/F732的下降幅度显著加大。以上结果说明ABA处理可提高玉米幼苗光合作用的状态转换能力。 用的25μmol L-l ABA对玉米幼苗进行长时间(根系浇灌7天,LT)和短时间(实验前一天晚上叶面喷施1次,ST)处理,研究叶片C02同化、PsII化学活性,以及叶黄素循环的变化。结果表明在非光抑制状态下,LT与ST对玉米叶片光化学活性( Fv/Fm)及叶片羧化效率(CE)没有明显影响,但二者都引起叶片净光合速率(Pn)与气孔导度(Gs)下降。LT处理增大玉米叶片叶黄素循环库,而ST处理对该库大小没有影响。1500μmol m-2 s-1强光可明显引起玉米幼苗叶片Fv/Fm降低,但与对照幼苗相比,LT处理能显著减缓Fv/Fm降低。经60min强光照射后,ST与对照在Fv/Fm、фPS II、Pn和CE等参数上没有明显差异,但这些参数在LT处理的玉米幼苗中仍保持较高水平。LT处理幼苗叶黄素循环类色素含量及非光化学荧光猝灭(NPQ)都显著高于对照,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量比对照低。而ST处理与对照在叶黄素循环类色素含量、NPQ和MDA含量等方面没有明显差异。以上结果说明ST处理对玉米幼苗光抑制没有明显影响,而LT处理可增强玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力,这可能与ABA处理使玉米幼苗在强光下维持较高的C02同化作用,以及其诱导叶片叶黄素循环增大有关。