Factors affecting the estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation

Attenuations of different types of gas hydrate cementation in fluid-saturated porous solids are discussed. The factors affecting estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation are analyzed. It is suggested that porosity of sediment, the P wave velocity model and methods of calculating elastic modulus are key factors in the estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturations. Attenuation of gas hydrate-bearing sediment is closely related with the cementation types of gas hydrate. Negative anomalies of quality factors indicate that gas hydrate deposits away from grain as part of fluid. Positive anomalies of the quality factors indicate that gas hydrate contacts with solid and changes the elastic modulus of matrix. Low frequency velocity and high frequency velocity models are used to estimate gas hydrate and free gas saturation in the Blake Ridge area according to the well log data of the hole 995 in ODP leg 164. The gas hydrate saturation obtained by low frequency velocity is 10% similar to 20% of the pore space and free gas saturation is 0.5% similar to 1% of the pore space. The gas hydrate saturation obtained by high frequency velocity is 5% similar to 10% of the pore space and free gas saturation is 1% similar to 2% of the pore space.

裂缝型储层检测方法——P波方位各向异性技术

Nowadays, the exploration of fractured reservoir plays a vital role in the further development of petroleum industry through out the world. Fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs are widely distributed in China. Usually, S-wave technique prevails, but it also has its disadvantage, prohibitive expense in S-wave data acquisition and processing. So directly utilizing P-wave data to detect fractures, comes to our mind. We briefly introduce theoretical model (HTI) for fractured reservoir. Then study Ruger’s reflectivity method to recognize reflection P-wave reflection coefficient of the top and bottom interface of HTI layer respectively, and its azimuth anisotropy character. Base on that study, we gives a review and comparison of two seismic exploration technologies for fractures available in the industry-- P-wave AVO and AVA. They has shown great potential for application to the oil and gas prediction of fractured reservoir and the reservoir fine description．Every technique has its disadvantage, AVO limited to small reflection angle; and AVA just offering relatively results. So that, We can draw a conclusion that a better way to any particular field is using synthesis of multiple data sources including core、outcrop、well-test、image logs、3D VSPs, generally to improve the accuracy.

Empirical analysis and improved modelling of natural gas demand in Ireland

Countries across the world are being challenged to decarbonise their energy systems in response to diminishing fossil fuel reserves, rising GHG emissions and the dangerous threat of climate change. There has been a renewed interest in energy efficiency, renewable energy and low carbon energy as policy‐makers seek to identify and put in place the most robust sustainable energy system that can address this challenge. This thesis seeks to improve the evidence base underpinning energy policy decisions in Ireland with a particular focus on natural gas, which in 2011 grew to have a 30% share of Ireland’s TPER. Natural gas is used in all sectors of the Irish economy and is seen by many as a transition fuel to a low-carbon energy system; it is also a uniquely excellent source of data for many aspects of energy consumption. A detailed decomposition analysis of natural gas consumption in the residential sector quantifies many of the structural drives of change, with activity (R2 = 0.97) and intensity (R2 = 0.69) being the best explainers of changing gas demand. The 2002 residential building regulations are subject to an ex-post evaluation, which using empirical data finds a 44 ±9.5% shortfall in expected energy savings as well as a 13±1.6% level of non-compliance. A detailed energy demand model of the entire Irish energy system is presented together with scenario analysis of a large number of energy efficiency policies, which show an aggregate reduction in TFC of 8.9% compared to a reference scenario. The role for natural gas as a transition fuel over a long time horizon (2005-2050) is analysed using an energy systems model and a decomposition analysis, which shows the contribution of fuel switching to natural gas to be worth 12 percentage points of an overall 80% reduction in CO2 emissions. Finally, an analysis of the potential for CCS in Ireland finds gas CCS to be more robust than coal CCS for changes in fuel prices, capital costs and emissions reduction and the cost optimal location for a gas CCS plant in Ireland is found to be in Cork with sequestration in the depleted gas field of Kinsale.

Universal quantum viscosity in a unitary Fermi gas.

A Fermi gas of atoms with resonant interactions is predicted to obey universal hydrodynamics, in which the shear viscosity and other transport coefficients are universal functions of the density and temperature. At low temperatures, the viscosity has a universal quantum scale ħ n, where n is the density and ħ is Planck's constant h divided by 2π, whereas at high temperatures the natural scale is p(T)(3)/ħ(2), where p(T) is the thermal momentum. We used breathing mode damping to measure the shear viscosity at low temperature. At high temperature T, we used anisotropic expansion of the cloud to find the viscosity, which exhibits precise T(3/2) scaling. In both experiments, universal hydrodynamic equations including friction and heating were used to extract the viscosity. We estimate the ratio of the shear viscosity to the entropy density and compare it with that of a perfect fluid.

Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing.

Directional drilling and hydraulic-fracturing technologies are dramatically increasing natural-gas extraction. In aquifers overlying the Marcellus and Utica shale formations of northeastern Pennsylvania and upstate New York, we document systematic evidence for methane contamination of drinking water associated with shale-gas extraction. In active gas-extraction areas (one or more gas wells within 1 km), average and maximum methane concentrations in drinking-water wells increased with proximity to the nearest gas well and were 19.2 and 64 mg CH(4) L(-1) (n = 26), a potential explosion hazard; in contrast, dissolved methane samples in neighboring nonextraction sites (no gas wells within 1 km) within similar geologic formations and hydrogeologic regimes averaged only 1.1 mg L(-1) (P < 0.05; n = 34). Average δ(13)C-CH(4) values of dissolved methane in shallow groundwater were significantly less negative for active than for nonactive sites (-37 ± 7‰ and -54 ± 11‰, respectively; P < 0.0001). These δ(13)C-CH(4) data, coupled with the ratios of methane-to-higher-chain hydrocarbons, and δ(2)H-CH(4) values, are consistent with deeper thermogenic methane sources such as the Marcellus and Utica shales at the active sites and matched gas geochemistry from gas wells nearby. In contrast, lower-concentration samples from shallow groundwater at nonactive sites had isotopic signatures reflecting a more biogenic or mixed biogenic/thermogenic methane source. We found no evidence for contamination of drinking-water samples with deep saline brines or fracturing fluids. We conclude that greater stewardship, data, and-possibly-regulation are needed to ensure the sustainable future of shale-gas extraction and to improve public confidence in its use.

Atmospheric dispersion, environmental effects and potential health hazard associated with the low-altitude gas plume of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Identificación de QTL para dormición y análisis molecular de la interacción ABA-GAs en cariopses de sorgo granífero

El objetivo de esta tesis fue contribuir a la dilucidación de los mecanismos moleculares y genéticos que participan en la expresión de la dormición de semillas de cereales, utilizando Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench como sistema modelo. Para ello se utilizaron dos aproximaciones complementarias: la identificación de QTL para el carácter dormición y la evaluación de la ocurrencia de interacciones in vitro entre componentes de la señalización del ácido abscísico (ABA) y el catabolismo de las giberelinas (GAs), candidatos a tener un rol importante durante la expresión de la dormición en granos de sorgo inmaduros (i.e. antes de madurez fisiológica). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar tres QTL (qDOR-5; qDOR-9 y qDOR-10) que explican una proporción de la variabilidad que se observa en el patrón de expresión de dormición de granos de sorgo maduros (i.e. después de madurez fisiológica). Un análisis in silico de las secuencias abarcadas por estos QTL mostró que ninguno ellos incluye genes considerados como candidatos para dormición de sorgo. En ese sentido, esta tesis aportó nuevas regiones genómicas que contienen genes hasta ahora desconocidos, que serían importantes en la expresión del carácter dormición en granos maduros. Por otra parte, los análisis de unión in vitro realizados mostraron que las proteínas SbABI4 y SbABI5 (componentes de la señalización del ABA) pueden interactuar de manera específica con el ABRC (complejo de respuesta al ABA) del promotor del gen SbGA2ox3, responsable de la degradación de giberelinas activas. Este mecanismo de cross-talk ABA-GAs podría ser uno de los responsables del mantenimiento de la dormición en cariopses inmaduros resistentes al brotado pre-cosecha. Más aún, el ABRC del promotor de SbGA2ox3, involucrado en las interacciones, se encontró además en los promotores de genes GA2ox de otras especies monocotiledóneas como Brachypodium y arroz (Oryza sativa), pero no así en las dicotiledóneas analizadas, sugiriendo que el cross-talk ABA-GAs podría tener lugar en otras especies además de sorgo. Los resultados de esta tesis en forma conjunta aportaron nuevas evidencias acerca del rol preponderante que tienen ciertas regiones del genoma o genes puntuales en la expresión de la dormición tanto en granos maduros como inmaduros de sorgo granífero.

Identificación de QTL para dormición y análisis molecular de la interacción ABA-GAs en cariopses de sorgo granífero

El objetivo de esta tesis fue contribuir a la dilucidación de los mecanismos moleculares y genéticos que participan en la expresión de la dormición de semillas de cereales, utilizando Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench como sistema modelo. Para ello se utilizaron dos aproximaciones complementarias: la identificación de QTL para el carácter dormición y la evaluación de la ocurrencia de interacciones in vitro entre componentes de la señalización del ácido abscísico (ABA)y el catabolismo de las giberelinas (GAs), candidatos a tener un rol importante durante la expresión de la dormición en granos de sorgo inmaduros (i.e. antes de madurez fisiológica). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar tres QTL (qDOR-5; qDOR-9 y qDOR-10)que explican una proporción de la variabilidad que se observa en el patrón de expresión de dormición de granos de sorgo maduros (i.e. después de madurez fisiológica). Un análisis in silico de las secuencias abarcadas por estos QTL mostró que ninguno ellos incluye genes considerados como candidatos para dormición de sorgo. En ese sentido, esta tesis aportó nuevas regiones genómicas que contienen genes hasta ahora desconocidos, que serían importantes en la expresión del carácter dormición en granos maduros. Por otra parte, los análisis de unión in vitro realizados mostraron que las proteínas SbABI4 y SbABI5 (componentes de la señalización del ABA)pueden interactuar de manera específica con el ABRC (complejo de respuesta al ABA)del promotor del gen SbGA2ox3, responsable de la degradación de giberelinas activas. Este mecanismo de cross-talk ABA-GAs podría ser uno de los responsables del mantenimiento de la dormición en cariopses inmaduros resistentes al brotado pre-cosecha. Más aún, el ABRC del promotor de SbGA2ox3, involucrado en las interacciones, se encontró además en los promotores de genes GA2ox de otras especies monocotiledóneas como Brachypodium y arroz (Oryza sativa), pero no así en las dicotiledóneas analizadas, sugiriendo que el cross-talk ABA-GAs podría tener lugar en otras especies además de sorgo. Los resultados de esta tesis en forma conjunta aportaron nuevas evidencias acerca del rol preponderante que tienen ciertas regiones del genoma o genes puntuales en la expresión de la dormición tanto en granos maduros como inmaduros de sorgo granífero.

Lagrangian evolution of DMS during the Southern Ocean gas exchange experiment: The effects of vertical mixing and biological community shift

Concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are highly variable in time and space. What is driving the variability in DMS(P), and can those variability be explained by physical processes and changes in the biological community? During the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment (SO GasEx) in the austral fall of 2008, two 3He/SF6 labeled patches were created in the surface water. SF6 and DMS were surveyed continuously in a Lagrangian framework, while direct measurements of air-sea exchange further constrained the gas budgets. Turbulent diffusivity at the base of the mixed layer was estimated from SF6 profiles and used to calculate the vertical fluxes of DMS and nutrients. Increasing mixed layer nutrient concentrations due to mixing were associated with a shift in the phytoplankton community structure, which in turned likely affected the sulfur dynamics on timescales of days. DMS concentration as well as air-sea DMS flux appeared to be decoupled from the DMSP concentration, possibly due to grazing and bacterial DMS production. Contrary to expectations, in an environment with high winds and modest productivity, physical processes (air-sea exchange, photochemistry, vertical mixing) only accounted for a small fraction of DMS loss from the surface water. Among the DMS sinks, inferred biological consumption most likely dominated during SO GasEx.

Simulation of the Unsteady Gas Flow through a Three-way Automotive Catalyst

This paper describes a model of a 1.8-litre four-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine fitted with a close-coupled three-way catalyst (TWC). Designed to meet EURO 3 emissions standards, the engine includes some advanced emission control features in addition to the TWC, namely: variable valve timing (VVT), swirl control plates, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Gas flow is treated as one-dimensional (1D) and unsteady in the engine ducting and in the catalyst. Reflection and transmission of pressure waves at the boundaries of the catalyst monolith are modelled. In-cylinder combustion is represented by a two-zone burn model with dissociation and reaction kinetics. A single Wiebe analysis of measured in-cylinder pressure data is used to determine the mass fraction burned as a function of crank angle (CA) at each engine speed. Measured data from steady-state dynamometer tests are presented for operation at wide open throttle (WOT) over a range of engine speeds. These results include CA-resolved traces of pressure at various locations throughout the engine together with cycle-averaged traces of gas composition entering the catalyst as indicated by a fast-response emissions analyser. Simulated engine performance and pressure wave action throughout the engine are well validated by the measured data.