Iowa Drainage Laws (Annotated), HR-46 and Iowa Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 6, 1957

In the preparation of this compilation of drainage laws of Iowa, an attempt has been made to include those sections of the Code to which reference is frequently required by the State Highway Commission, Boards of Supervisors and County Engineers in the conduct of highway and road administration as it is affected by the Iowa drainage laws. Of necessity some Code provisions which have a bearing on the principal subject were omitted. Enactments of the 56th General Assembly which modify existing code sections have been included as part of the regular text of the Code sections included in this publication. THE USER IS CAUTIONED THAT THESE CODE SECTIONS, AS MODIFIED BY THE 56th GENERAL ASSEMBLY, ARE NOT A PART OF THE 1954 CODE OF IOWA AND ARE OFFICIAL ONLY INSOFAR AS THEY ARE PRINTED IN THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION ACTS OF THE 56TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. SINCE THE 57TH GENERAL ASSEMBLY IS IN SESSION DURING THE PRINTING OF THIS PUBLICATION, ENACTMENTS OF THAT BODY WHICH AMEND OR REPEAL SECTIONS SET OUT HEREIN ARE INCLUDED IN THE BACK OF THIS VOLUME ON THE PINK-COLORED PAPER. THE USER IS CAUTIONED IN USING THIS VOLUME TO REFER TO THE TABLE OF SECTIONS REPEALED OR AMENDED, ON THE PINK-COLORED PAPER AT THE BACK OF THIS VOLUME. This publication is offered with the hope and belief that it will prove to be of value and assistance to those concerned with the problems of administering a highway, road and drainage system.

Compositional influence on the electrical performance of zinc indium tin oxide transparent thin-film transistors

In this work, zinc indium tin oxide layers with different compositions are used as the active layer of thin film transistors. This multicomponent transparent conductive oxide is gaining great interest due to its reduced content of the scarce indium element. Experimental data indicate that the incorporation of zinc promotes the creation of oxygen vacancies. In thin-film transistors this effect leads to a higher threshold voltage values. The field-effect mobility is also strongly degraded, probably due to coulomb scattering by ionized defects. A post deposition annealing in air reduces the density of oxygen vacancies and improves the fieldeffect mobility by orders of magnitude. Finally, the electrical characteristics of the fabricated thin-film transistors have been analyzed to estimate the density of states in the gap of the active layers. These measurements reveal a clear peak located at 0.3 eV from the conduction band edge that could be attributed to oxygen vacancies.

Natural development of stand structure in peatland Scots pine following drainage : results based on long-term monitoring of permanent sample plots

Abstract

Comparisons of Estimates of Annual Exceedance-Probability Discharges for Small Drainage Basins in Iowa, Based on Data through Water Year 2013, TR-678, 2015

Traditionally, the Iowa Department of Transportation has used the Iowa Runoff Chart and single-variable regional-regression equations (RREs) from a U.S. Geological Survey report (published in 1987) as the primary methods to estimate annual exceedance-probability discharge (AEPD) for small (20 square miles or less) drainage basins in Iowa. With the publication of new multi- and single-variable RREs by the U.S. Geological Survey (published in 2013), the Iowa Department of Transportation needs to determine which methods of AEPD estimation provide the best accuracy and the least bias for small drainage basins in Iowa. Twenty five streamgages with drainage areas less than 2 square miles (mi2) and 55 streamgages with drainage areas between 2 and 20 mi2 were selected for the comparisons that used two evaluation metrics. Estimates of AEPDs calculated for the streamgages using the expected moments algorithm/multiple Grubbs-Beck test analysis method were compared to estimates of AEPDs calculated from the 2013 multivariable RREs; the 2013 single-variable RREs; the 1987 single-variable RREs; the TR-55 rainfall-runoff model; and the Iowa Runoff Chart. For the 25 streamgages with drainage areas less than 2 mi2, results of the comparisons seem to indicate the best overall accuracy and the least bias may be achieved by using the TR-55 method for flood regions 1 and 3 (published in 2013) and by using the 1987 single-variable RREs for flood region 2 (published in 2013). For drainage basins with areas between 2 and 20 mi2, results of the comparisons seem to indicate the best overall accuracy and the least bias may be achieved by using the 1987 single-variable RREs for the Southern Iowa Drift Plain landform region and for flood region 3 (published in 2013), by using the 2013 multivariable RREs for the Iowan Surface landform region, and by using the 2013 or 1987 single-variable RREs for flood region 2 (published in 2013). For all other landform or flood regions in Iowa, use of the 2013 single-variable RREs may provide the best overall accuracy and the least bias. An examination was conducted to understand why the 1987 single-variable RREs seem to provide better accuracy and less bias than either of the 2013 multi- or single-variable RREs. A comparison of 1-percent annual exceedance-probability regression lines for hydrologic regions 1–4 from the 1987 single-variable RREs and for flood regions 1–3 from the 2013 single-variable RREs indicates that the 1987 single-variable regional-regression lines generally have steeper slopes and lower discharges when compared to 2013 single-variable regional-regression lines for corresponding areas of Iowa. The combination of the definition of hydrologic regions, the lower discharges, and the steeper slopes of regression lines associated with the 1987 single-variable RREs seem to provide better accuracy and less bias when compared to the 2013 multi- or single-variable RREs; better accuracy and less bias was determined particularly for drainage areas less than 2 mi2, and also for some drainage areas between 2 and 20 mi2. The 2013 multi- and single-variable RREs are considered to provide better accuracy and less bias for larger drainage areas. Results of this study indicate that additional research is needed to address the curvilinear relation between drainage area and AEPDs for areas of Iowa.

Development of a Subgrade Drainage Model for Unpaved Roads, TR-654, 2015

With over 68 thousand miles of gravel roads in Iowa and the importance of these roads within the farm-to-market transportation system, proper water management becomes critical for maintaining the integrity of the roadway materials. However, the build-up of water within the aggregate subbase can lead to frost boils and ultimately potholes forming at the road surface. The aggregate subbase and subgrade soils under these gravel roads are produced with material opportunistically chosen from local sources near the site and, many times, the compositions of these sublayers are far from ideal in terms of proper water drainage with the full effects of this shortcut not being fully understood. The primary objective of this project was to provide a physically-based model for evaluating the drainability of potential subbase and subgrade materials for gravel roads in Iowa. The Richards equation provided the appropriate framework to study the transient unsaturated flow that usually occurs through the subbase and subgrade of a gravel road. From which, we identified that the saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, was a key parameter driving the time to drain of subgrade soils found in Iowa, thus being a good proxy variable for accessing roadway drainability. Using Ks, derived from soil texture, we were able to identify potential problem areas in terms of roadway drainage . It was found that there is a threshold for Ks of 15 cm/day that determines if the roadway will drain efficiently, based on the requirement that the time to drain, Td, the surface roadway layer does not exceed a 2-hr limit. Two of the three highest abundant textures (loam and silty clay loam), which cover nearly 60% of the state of Iowa, were found to have average Td values greater than the 2-hr limit. With such a large percentage of the state at risk for the formation of boils due to the soil with relatively low saturated hydraulic conductivity values, it seems pertinent that we propose alternative design and/or maintenance practices to limit the expensive repair work in Iowa. The addition of drain tiles or French mattresses my help address drainage problems. However, before pursuing this recommendation, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis is needed.

Use of LIDAR-based Elevation Data for Highway Drainage Analysis: A Qualitative Assessment, 2003

US Geological Survey (USGS) based elevation data are the most commonly used data source for highway hydraulic analysis; however, due to the vertical accuracy of USGS-based elevation data, USGS data may be too “coarse” to adequately describe surface profiles of watershed areas or drainage patterns. Additionally hydraulic design requires delineation of much smaller drainage areas (watersheds) than other hydrologic applications, such as environmental, ecological, and water resource management. This research study investigated whether higher resolution LIDAR based surface models would provide better delineation of watersheds and drainage patterns as compared to surface models created from standard USGS-based elevation data. Differences in runoff values were the metric used to compare the data sets. The two data sets were compared for a pilot study area along the Iowa 1 corridor between Iowa City and Mount Vernon. Given the limited breadth of the analysis corridor, areas of particular emphasis were the location of drainage area boundaries and flow patterns parallel to and intersecting the road cross section. Traditional highway hydrology does not appear to be significantly impacted, or benefited, by the increased terrain detail that LIDAR provided for the study area. In fact, hydrologic outputs, such as streams and watersheds, may be too sensitive to the increased horizontal resolution and/or errors in the data set. However, a true comparison of LIDAR and USGS-based data sets of equal size and encompassing entire drainage areas could not be performed in this study. Differences may also result in areas with much steeper slopes or significant changes in terrain. LIDAR may provide possibly valuable detail in areas of modified terrain, such as roads. Better representations of channel and terrain detail in the vicinity of the roadway may be useful in modeling problem drainage areas and evaluating structural surety during and after significant storm events. Furthermore, LIDAR may be used to verify the intended/expected drainage patterns at newly constructed highways. LIDAR will likely provide the greatest benefit for highway projects in flood plains and areas with relatively flat terrain where slight changes in terrain may have a significant impact on drainage patterns.

Avalanche-like vortex penetration driven by pulsed microwave fields in an epitaxial LaSrCuO thin film

Different vortex penetration regimes have been registered in the output voltage signal of a magnetometer when single microwave pulses are applied to an epitaxial overdoped La2− x Sr x CuO4 thin film in a perpendicular dc magnetic field. The onset of a significant variation in the sample magnetization which exists below threshold values of temperature, dc magnetic field, and pulse duration is interpreted as an avalanche-type flux penetration. The microwave contribution to the background electric field suggests that the nucleation of this fast vortex motion is of electric origin, which also guarantees the occurrence of vortex instabilities under adiabatic conditions via the enhancement of the flux flow resistivity. Flux creep phenomena and heat transfer effects act as stabilizing factors against the microwave-pulse-induced fast flux diffusion.

05036-013 Joint Drainage District 1-10 Fnial Report

Install new tile system to eliminate the use of 20 agricultural drainage wells (ADW) that have been ruled by EPA to be "vunerable to spills from manure lagoons, direct discharges from septic tanks and accidental releases of materails used in farming". The project includes a tile system that will provide an outlet for all the tile connected to the ADWs and close all 20 ADWs in the drainage district. The pipe ranges in size from 42" to 8" in diameter and approximately 48,000 lineal feet to be installed.

Two cases of interferon-alpha-induced sarcoidosis koebnerized along venous drainage lines : new pathogenic insights and review of the literature of interferon-induced sarcoidosis

La sarcoïdose est une affection inflammatoire granuiomateuse systémique d'origine inconnue touchant le plus fréquemment les poumons, le système lymphoïde, le foie, les yeux et la peau. Dans cet article, nous rapportons deux cas de sarcoïdose cutanée touchant les avant-bras de deux patients anciens toxicomanes traités par interféron-a et ribavirine pour une hépatite C chronique. Nous procédons à une revue de la littérature de la sarcoïdose induite par l'interféron et élaborons une nouvelle hypothèse pathogénique de l'effet Koebner dans la sarcoïdose cutanée. Dans le cas des deux patients que nous décrivons, la distribution des lésions cutanées coïncide avec les anciens sites d'injection d'héroïne le long des trajets veineux des deux avant- bras. Cette distribution unique de l'atteinte cutanée suggère que les dommages tissulaires induits par la répétition d'injections percutanées puissent représenter un terrain favorisant au développement local d'une sarcoïdose cutanée. Fait intéressant, il a été récemment démontré que les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes - sous-type de cellules dendritiques généralement absent de la peau - infiltrent rapidement les sites de peau lésée. Ces cellules sont la source d'une production endogène d'interféron-a, cytokine connue pour promouvoir le processus de cicatrisation, mais également pour favoriser le développement de sarcoïdose chez des individus prédisposés. Ainsi, nous postulons que les lésions de sarcoïdose cutanée limitées le long des trajets veineux - sites préalables d'injection percutanée de drogues - peuvent résulter d'une expression locale supplémentaire d'interféron-a. Celle-ci serait en outre favorisée par le traitement de ribavirine dans le cadre de l'hépatite C, connu pour renforcer la production endogène d'interféron-a. L'identification de nombreuses cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes circonscrivant l'inflammation granuiomateuse sur la biopsie cutanée de l'un de nos patients semble être un argument dans ce sens, conforté par l'absence de corps étranger détecté en microscopie par lumière polarisée. Cette observation semble pouvoir représenter un point crucial dans la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques à la base de l'infiltration des cicatrices cutanées par la sarcoïdose. Des investigations supplémentaires doivent encore être effectuées afin de confirmer cette hypothèse.

A comparison of the imaging characteristics of the new Kodak Hyper Speed G film with the current T-MAT G/RA film and the CR 9000 system.

Three standard radiation qualities (RQA 3, RQA 5 and RQA 9) and two screens, Kodak Lanex Regular and Insight Skeletal, were used to compare the imaging performance and dose requirements of the new Kodak Hyper Speed G and the current Kodak T-MAT G/RA medical x-ray films. The noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) and detective quantum efficiencies (DQE) of the four screen-film combinations were measured at three gross optical densities and compared with the characteristics for the Kodak CR 9000 system with GP (general purpose) and HR (high resolution) phosphor plates. The new Hyper Speed G film has double the intrinsic sensitivity of the T-MAT G/RA film and a higher contrast in the high optical density range for comparable exposure latitude. By providing both high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, the new film significantly improves the compromise between dose and image quality. As expected, the new film has a higher noise level and a lower signal-to-noise ratio than the standard film, although in the high frequency range this is compensated for by a better resolution, giving better DQE results--especially at high optical density. Both screen-film systems outperform the phosphor plates in terms of MTF and DQE for standard imaging conditions (Regular screen at RQA 5 and RQA 9 beam qualities). At low energy (RQA 3), the CR system has a comparable low-frequency DQE to screen-film systems when used with a fine screen at low and middle optical densities, and a superior low-frequency DQE at high optical density.

How Spanish in an American film is rendered in translation: dubbing Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid in Spain

This is a case study of the Spanish dubbed version of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (George Roy Hill 1969) to illustrate and further develop the concept of L3 as a language that appears in source texts and their translations. L3 is distinguishable from the main language(s), L1 for the source text and L2 for the translation, based on a model proposed by Corrius and Zabalbeascoa 2011, and Corrius 2008. The study reveals various possible ways of rendering L3 in translation, in particular when L3 happens to coincide with L2. It also looks into the effect that certain translation solutions may have on intratextual translation and metatranslation.

Language variation in source texts and their translations: the case of L3 in film translation

In addition to the two languages essentially involved in translation, that of the source text (L1) and that of the target text (L2), we propose a third language (L3) to refer to any other language(s) found in the text. L3 may appear in the source text (ST) or the target text (TT), actually appearing more frequently inSTs in our case studies. We present a range of combinations for the convergence and divergence of L1, L2 and L3, for the case of feature films and their translations using examples from dubbed and subtitled versions of films, but we are hopeful that our tentative conclusions may be relevant to other modalities of translation, audiovisual and otherwise. When L3 appears in an audiovisual ST,we find a variety of solutions whereby L3 is deleted from or adapted to the TT.In the latter case, L3 might be rendered in a number of ways, depending on factors such as the audience’s familiarity with L3, and the possibility that L3 inthe ST is an invented language.