Avaliação Econômica do Biodiesel no Brasil: Investigando a Competitividade e Eficiência do Sistema Produtivo a partir da MAP.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade realizar uma análise econômica dos possíveis impactos gerados na economia brasileira pelo Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) e pela Lei N 11.097, que define percentuais mínimos obrigatórios de adição de biodiesel ao óleo diesel. Para atingir tal objetivo, apresenta-se uma avaliação econômica por meio do método de investigação conhecido como Matriz de Análise de Política (MAP). O emprego deste instrumental proporciona uma avaliação em termos de competitividade e eficiência do sistema de produção com base em um estudo comparativo da cadeia produtiva de biodiesel selecionando duas matérias-primas a soja e a mamona. Neste sentido, inicialmente investiga-se a cadeia produtiva do biodiesel no Brasil para diagnosticar as vantagens no que tange a escala de produção, a escolha de matérias-primas, bem como o custo de oportunidade, método de comercialização e distribuição e também a questão tributária. Os resultados da analise econômica revelaram que o emprego do óleo de soja para geração do biodiesel apresenta maior rentabilidade privada e social indicando ser mais competitivo e eficiente frente ao sistema produtivo que emprega o óleo de mamona. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciando não apenas os aspectos econômicos como os sócio-ambientais favoráveis ao PNPB mostrando que o Brasil tem todas as condições para tornar-se um grande produtor de biodiesel.

Plan of the Lune Fishery District. Map of District sealed by the Board of agriculture & fisheries

Historic map of the River Lune Fishery District.

Avaliação econômica do biodiesel no Brasil: investigando a competitividade e eficiência do sistema produtivo a partir da MAP

O presente trabalho realiza uma análise econômica dos possíveis impactos gerados na economia brasileira pelo Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) e pela Lei N 11.097/2005, que define percentuais mínimos obrigatórios de adição de biodiesel ao óleo diesel. Para atingir tal objetivo, apresenta-se uma avaliação econômica por meio de um método de investigação conhecido como Matriz de Análise de Política (MAP). Este instrumental permite uma avaliação em termos de competitividade e eficiência do sistema produtivo de biodiesel com base em um estudo comparativo da cadeia produtiva de biodiesel selecionando duas matérias-primas a soja e a mamona. Neste sentido, inicialmente investiga-se a cadeia produtiva do biodiesel no Brasil para diagnosticar as vantagens no que tange a escala de produção, a escolha de matérias-primas, bem como o custo de oportunidade, método de comercialização e distribuição e também a questão tributária. Por fim são apresentados os resultados da pesquisa evidenciando que os dois sistemas são rentáveis, competitivos e eficientes, no entanto, maiores ganhos, em termos de uso dos recursos disponíveis e de custos de produção podem ser obtidos no sistema de produção do biodiesel a partir da soja. O lucro maior apresentado para a produção de biodiesel da soja permite confirmar a preferência por este sistema de produção dada sua maior rentabilidade.

Patterns of scale-dependency and the influence of map resolution on the seascape ecology of reef fish

Detection and perception of ecological relationships between biota and their surrounding habitats is sensitive to analysis scale and resolution of habitat data. We measured strength of univariate linear correlations between reef fish and seascape variables at multiple spatial scales (25 to 800 m). Correlation strength was used to identify the scale that best associates fish to their surrounding habitat. To evaluate the influence of map resolution, seascape variables were calculated based on 4 separate benthic maps produced using 2 levels of spatial and thematic resolution, respectively. Individual seascape variables explained only 25% of the variability in fish distributions. Length of reef edge was correlated with more aspects of the fish assemblage than other features. Area of seagrass and bare sand correlated with distribution of many fish, not just obligate users. No fish variables correlated with habitat diversity. Individual fish species achieved a wider range of correlations than mobility guilds or the entire fish assemblage. Scales of peak correlation were the same for juveniles and adults in a majority of comparisons. Highly mobile species exhibited broader scales of peak correlation than either resident or moderately mobile fish. Use of different input maps changed perception of the strength and even the scale of peak correlations for many comparisons involving hard bottom edge length and area of sand, whereas results were consistent regardless of map type for comparisons involving area of seagrass and habitat diversity.

A study on damage caused to crustacean and finfish larvae during collection of Penaeus monodon (Fab.) postlarvae in the estuaries of Barguna, Bangladesh

A year round investigation in the estuaries of Barguna district revealed that for each Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL), about 37 larvae of other shrimp species, 12 finfishes and 10 macrozooplankters are destroyed during the process of shrimp seed collection. Although abundance of P. monodon PL was not recorded throughout the year, a significant number of other shrimp spp., fin fishes including macrozooplankters are being damaged by the shrimp seed collectors. This indiscriminate destruction of aquatic organisms during P. monodon PL collection is serious threat to aquatic biodiversity.

Effect of stocking density on growth of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.) fed on commercial formulated diets

Three different stocking rates in a semi-intensive pilot shrimp project was adopted in duplicates of three treatments designated as T1, T2 and T3 having initial per meter square stocking density of shrimp of 40, 44 and 51 respectively of 0.025g size post larva. The study was conducted for 84 days. Commercial pelleted diets designated as starter - 1, 2, 3 and grower were fed at a satiation level during the study period with a feeding frequency of 4 to 5 times per day. Feed rationing was based on the survivability, body weight and tray checking. 5-25% of the pond water was exchanged daily. Sampling was done for growth after every 2nd week. Monthly sampling was done for mortality in the ponds. Mean weight gain of the shrimp in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 16.96 ± 1.14, 16.04 ± 1.38 and 14.08 ± 1.17g respectively and T1 with a low stocking density showed a significantly best growth among the treatments. Total mortality in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were as 30.00, 39.77 and 31.37% respectively. Significantly higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.87 was obtained with shrimp in treatment T3 followed by shrimp in T1 and T2 with FCR values of 1.70 and 1.41 respectively. A positive correlation of growth and salinity was observed during the study. Total production per unit area was the highest in the treatment T3 (4928 kg/ha) and followed by T1 (4747 kg/ha) and T2 (4251 kg/ha). The result show significantly negative correlation between individual growth and density.

Environmental parameters and incidence of white spot disease in Penaeus monodon (Fab.) farming

An investigation was carried out to monitor management practices and to find out whether there is any relationship with occurrence of deadly white spot disease and environmental parameters. Three semi-intensive and a improved traditional shrimp farms were selected in which mass mortality of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by white spot disease occurred previously. The farms were situated at two different geographical locations. Two ponds from each farm at random were selected for the study. Out of eight investigated ponds, 6 ponds in three farms were affected by the disease during investigation period. The non-affected ponds had relatively lower stocking density, lightly different management practice and were located at different geographical area. There was no significant variation in water quality parameters among the affected and non-affected ponds. No significant variations were recorded in pond preparation, source of Post Larvae (PL), water and feed management among the affected and non-affected ponds. The observation indicated that pond micro-organisms in a farm may not the only cause of the disease but some external factors also might be responsible for the outbreak of this disease.