Bt-cotton boosts the gross margin of small-scale cotton producers in South Africa

This paper explores some of the issues involved in the Genetic Modification (GM) debate by focusing on one crop that has been modified for pest resistance, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and commercially released to small-scale farmers in the Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu Natal, the Republic of South Africa. This was the first commercial release of a GM variety (Bt-cotton) in Sub-Saharan Africa, and thus provides valuable and timely insights into some of the potential advantages and disadvantages of the technology for small-scale farmers in Africa. Even though there are wider concerns regarding the vulnerability of small-scale farmers in the area, the survey results suggest that Bt-cotton generated higher yields and gross margins than non-Bt-cotton. In addition, Bt-cotton significantly reduced the use of pesticide with consequent potential benefits to human health and the environment.

Concentration of aluminium in breast cyst fluids collected from women affected by gross cystic breast disease

Gross cystic breast disease (GCBD) is the most common benign breast disorder, but the molecular basis of cyst formation remains to be identified. If the use of aluminium-based antiperspirant salts is involved in the etiology of gross breast cyst formation, it might be expected that aluminium would be at elevated levels in human breast cyst fluid (BCF). Aluminium was measured by ICP-MS in 48 samples of BCF, 30 samples of human blood serum and 45 samples of human breast milk at different stages of lactation (colostrum, intermediate, mature). The median level of aluminium in apocrine type I BCF (n:= 27, 150 mu g I-1) was significantly higher than in transuclative type II BCF (n = 21, 32 mu g I-1; P < 0.0001). By comparison, aluminium measurements gave a median concentration of 6 mu g I-1 in human serum and 25 mu g I-1 in human breast milk, with no difference between colostrum, intermediate and mature milk. Levels of aluminium were significantly higher in both types of BCF than in human serum (P < 0.0001). However when compared with human breast milk, aluminium levels were only significantly higher in apocrine type I BCF (P < 0.0001) and not in transudative type II BCF (P = 0.152). It remains to be identified why such high levels of aluminium were found in the apocrine type I BCF and from where the aluminium originated. However, if aluminium-based antiperspirants are found to be the source and to play any causal role in development of breast cysts, then it might become possible to prevent this common breast disorder. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The role of sky conditions on gross primary production in a mixed deciduous forest

The role of different sky conditions on diffuse PAR fraction (ϕ), air temperature (Ta), vapor pressure deficit (vpd) and GPP in a deciduous forest is investigated using eddy covariance observations of CO2 fluxes and radiometer and ceilometer observations of sky and PAR conditions on hourly and growing season timescales. Maximum GPP response occurred under moderate to high PAR and ϕ and low vpd. Light response models using a rectangular hyperbola showed a positive linear relation between ϕ and effective quantum efficiency (α = 0.023ϕ + 0.012, r2 = 0.994). Since PAR and ϕ are negatively correlated, there is a tradeoff between the greater use efficiency of diffuse light and lower vpd and the associated decrease in total PAR available for photosynthesis. To a lesser extent, light response was also modified by vpd and Ta. The net effect of these and their relation with sky conditions helped enhance light response under sky conditions that produced higher ϕ. Six sky conditions were classified from cloud frequency and ϕ data: optically thick clouds, optically thin clouds, mixed sky (partial clouds within hour), high, medium and low optical aerosol. The frequency and light responses of each sky condition for the growing season were used to predict the role of changing sky conditions on annual GPP. The net effect of increasing frequency of thick clouds is to decrease GPP, changing low aerosol conditions has negligible effect. Increases in the other sky conditions all lead to gains in GPP. Sky conditions that enhance intermediate levels of ϕ, such as thin or scattered clouds or higher aerosol concentrations from volcanic eruptions or anthropogenic emissions, will have a positive outcome on annual GPP, while an increase in cloud cover will have a negative impact. Due to the ϕ/PAR tradeoff and since GPP response to changes in individual sky conditions differ in sign and magnitude, the net response of ecosystem GPP to future sky conditions is non-linear and tends toward moderation of change.

Gross direct and embodied carbon sinks for urban inventories

Cities and urban regions are undertaking efforts to quantify greenhouse (GHG) emissions from their jurisdictional boundaries. Although inventorying methodologies are beginning to standardize for GHG sources, carbon sequestration is generally not quantified. This article describes the methodology and quantification of gross urban carbon sinks. Sinks are categorized into direct and embodied sinks. Direct sinks generally incorporate natural process, such as humification in soils and photosynthetic biomass growth (in urban trees, perennial crops, and regional forests). Embodied sinks include activities associated with consumptive behavior that result in the import and/or storage of carbon, such as landfilling of waste, concrete construction, and utilization of durable wood products. Using methodologies based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2006 guidelines (for direct sinks) and peer-reviewed literature (for embodied sinks), carbon sequestration for 2005 is calculated for the Greater Toronto Area. Direct sinks are found to be 317 kilotons of carbon (kt C), and are dominated by regional forest biomass. Embodied sinks are calculated to be 234 kt C based on one year's consumption, though a complete life cycle accounting of emissions would likely transform this sum from a carbon sink to a source. There is considerable uncertainty associated with the methodologies used, which could be addressed with city-specific stock-change measurements. Further options for enhancing carbon sink capacity within urban environments are explored, such as urban biomass growth and carbon capture and storage.

On translational superfluidity and the Landau criterion for Bose gases in the Gross-Pitaevski limit

The two-fluid and Landau criteria for superfluidity are compared for trapped Bose gases. While the two-fluid criterion predicts translational superfluidity, it is suggested, on the basis of the homogeneous Gross-Pitaevski limit, that a necessary part of Landau`s criterion, adequate for non-translationally invariant systems, does not hold for trapped Bose gases in the GP limit. As a consequence, if the compressibility is detected to be very large (infinite by experimental standards), the two-fluid criterion is seen to be the relevant one in case the system is a translational superfluid, while the Landau criterion is the relevant one if translational superfluidity is absent.

Reading Is, Like, You Know, Sooooo Gross!

“Huge Decline in Book Reading” ran one headline. “Cultural Atrophy!” read another. “Study Links Drop in Test Scores to a Decline Spent in Reading” ran one for the “Duh!” award. “Americans are Closing the Book on Reading” said one, vying for the pun-acious trophy.

Um modelo de antecedentes para a cocriação de valores em serviços de geriatria na cidade de São Paulo: uma aplicação da modelagem de equações estruturais

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração da Universidade Municipal de são Caetano do Sul

Métodos numéricos para a integração das equações da cinética pontual de um reator nuclear

As equações da cinétiica pontual de um reator nuclear térmico são integradas numericamente, utilizando um método matricial de continuação analitica. Essas equações são essencialmente não-negativas e possuem um autovalor dominante vinculado à reatividade do sistema. Também, descrevem-se os métodos de Hansen e Porsching.

Análise e simulação de um sistema de equações químicas do tipo difusão-reação

Neste trabalho estudamos um sistema de equações diferenciais parabólicas que modelam um processo de difusão-reação em duas dimensões da mistura molecular e reação química irreverssível de um só passo entre duas espécies químicas A e B para formar um produto P. Apresentamos resultados analíticos e computacionais relacionados à existência e unicidade da solução, assim como estimativas do erro local e global utilizando elementos finitos. Para os resultados analíticos usamos a teoria de semigrupos e o principio do m´aximo, e a simulação numérica é feita usando diferenças finitas centrais e o esquema simplificado de Ruge-Kutta. As estimativas do erro local para o problema semi-discretizado são estabelecidas usando normas de Sobolev, e para estimar o erro global usamos shadowing finito a posteriori. Os resultados computacionais obtidos mostram que o comportamento da solução está dentro do esperado e concorda com resultados da referências. Assim mesmo as estimativas do erro local e global são obtidas para pequenos intervalos de tempo e assumindo suficiente regularidade sobre a velocidade do fluído no qual realiza-se o processo. Destacamos que a estimativa do erro global usando shadowing finito é obtida sob hipóteses a posteriori sobre o operador do problema e o forte controle da velocidade numa vizinhança suficientemente pequena.

Solução de equações intervalares

Este trabalho trata do tipo de dado intervalar e da importância da especificação de uma semântica para garantir a correção e a interpretação coerente de resultados gerados, tais como de soluções de equações envolvendo este tipo de dado. Para tanto, realiza um estudo comparativo das semânticas de envoltória intervalar de reais e de número-intervalo, procurando identificar a influência de cada uma sobre definições fundamentais, tais como as das operações aritméticas e a do tipo de solução encontrado. Uma vez caracterizadas as semânticas associadas ao tipo de dado intervalar, o trabalho apresenta resultados que permitem mapear algebricamente a operação de multiplicação de números-intervalo tanto na representação de extremo inferior e extremo superior como na representação por ponto médio e diâmetro. Com base nesses resultados apresenta os mapeamentos das expressões algébricas que definem as potências positivas inteiras tanto para a semântica de número-intervalo como para a de envoltória de reais. Conjugando os resultados obtidos com a semântica de número-intervalo, o trabalho apresenta procedimentos algorítmicos para a determinação de dois tipos de soluções de equações intervalares: solução própria, a obtida diretamente a partir da relação de igualdade estrutural algébrica entre intervalos, e envoltória intervalar de soluções reais, normalmente referenciada como a solução intervalar usual. Exemplos são apresentados para a validação dos procedimentos, bem como para a discussão do significado de cada tipo de solução sob o enfoque semântico.