Prospects of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) as an antifertility vaccine in male and female mammals

Riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) is obligatorily involved in yolk deposition of the vitamin, riboflavin, in the developing oocyte of the hen. The production of this protein is inducible by oestrogen. It is evolutionarily conserved in terms of its physicochemical, immunological and functional characteristics. It is the prime mediator of vitamin supply to the developing fetus in mammals, including primates. Passive immunoneutralization of the protein terminates pregnancy in rats. Active immunization of rats and bonnet monkeys with avian RCP prevents pregnancy without causing any adverse physiological effects of the mother in terms of her vitamin status, reproductive cycles or reproductive-endocrine profile. Denatured, linearized RCP is more effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies capable of interfering with embryonic viability either before or during peri-implantation stages. Two defined stretches of sequential epitopes, one located at the N-terminus and the other at the C-terminus of the protein have been identified. Active immunization with either of these epitopes conjugated with diptheria toxoid curtails pregnancy in rats and monkeys. Immunohistochemical localization of RCP on ovulated oocytes and early embryos shows that the antibodies cause degeneration only of early embryos. RCP is produced intra-testicularly and becomes localized on acrosomal surface of mammalian spermatozoa. Active immunization of male rats and monkeys with denatured RCP markedly reduces fertility by impairing the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa. These findings suggest that RCP, or its defined fragments, could be a novel, first generation vaccine for regulating fertility in both the sexes.

Long-term outcome and extraintestinal manifestations in congenital chloride diarrhea

The rare autosomal recessive disease congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD) is caused by mutations in the solute carrier family 26 member 3 (SLC26A3) gene on chromosome 7q22.3-31.1. SLC26A3 encodes for an apical epithelial chloride-bicarbonate exchanger, the intestinal loss of which leads to profuse chloride-rich diarrhea, and a tendency to hypochloremic and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Although untreated CLD is usually lethal in early infancy, the development of salt substitution therapy with NaCl and KCl in the late 1960s made the disease treatable. While the salt substitution allows normal childhood growth and development in CLD, data on long-term outcome have remained unclarified. One of the world s highest incidences of CLD 1:30 000 to 1:40 000 occurs in Finland, and CLD is part of the Finnish disease heritage. We utilized a unique sample of Finnish patients to characterize the long-term outcome of CLD. Another purpose of this study was to search for novel manifestations of CLD based on the extraintestinal expression of the SLC26A3 gene. This study on a sample of 36 patients (ages 10-38) shows that the long-term outcome of treated CLD is favorable. In untreated or poorly treated cases, however, chronic contraction and metabolic imbalance may lead to renal injury and even to renal transplantation. Our results demonstrate a low-level expression of SLC26A3 in the human kidney. Although SLC26A3 may play a minor role in homeostasis, post-transplant recurrence of renal changes shows the unlikelihood of direct transporter modulation in the pathogenesis of CLD-related renal injury. Options to resolve the diarrheal symptoms of CLD have been limited. Unfortunately, our pilot trial indicated the inefficacy of oral butyrate as well. This study reveals novel manifestations of CLD. These include an increased risk for hyperuricemia, inguinal hernias, and probably for intestinal inflammation. The most notable finding of this study is CLD-associated male subfertility. This involves a low concentration of poorly motile spermatozoa with abnormal morphology, high seminal plasma chloride with a low pH, and a tendency to form spermatoceles. That SLC26A3 immunoexpression appeared at multiple sites of the male reproductive tract in part together with the main interacting proteins cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) suggests novel sites for the cooperation of these proteins. As evidence of the cooperation, defects occurring in any of these transporters are associated with reduced male fertility. Together with a finding of high sweat chloride in CLD, this study provides novel data on extraintestinal actions of the SLC26A3 gene both in the male reproductive tract and in the sweat gland. These results provide the basis for future studies regarding the role of SLC26A3 in different tissues, especially in the male reproductive tract. Fortunately, normal spermatogenesis in CLD is likely to make artificial reproductive technologies to treat infertility and even make unassisted reproduction possible.

Components of fractionated stallion seminal plasma and the effects of seminal plasma on sperm longevity

Seminal plasma (SP) is the fluid portion of semen, secreted by the epididymides and the accessory glands before and during ejaculation. The stallion s ejaculate is a series of jets that differ in sperm concentration, semen volume and biochemical composition. Before the actual ejaculation, a clear and watery pre-sperm fluid is secreted. The first three jets form the sperm-rich fractions, and contain ¾ of the total number of sperm. The semen volume and sperm concentration in each of the jets decrease towards the end of the ejaculation, and the last jets are sperm-poor fractions with a low sperm concentration. The aims of these studies were to examine the effects of the different SP fractions, and the presence of SP, on sperm survival during storage. Pre-sperm fluid, and semen fractions with a high (sperm-rich) and low (sperm-poor) sperm concentration were collected in five experiments. The levels of selected enzymes, electrolytes and proteins in different SP fractions were determined. These studies also aimed at assessing the individual variation in the levels of the selected SP components and in the effects of SP on spermatozoa. The association between the components of SP and semen quality, sperm longevity, and fertility was examined with a stepwise linear regression analysis. Compared to samples containing SP during storage, centrifugation and the subsequent removal of SP reduced sperm motility parameters during 24 h of cooled storage in all SP fractions, but sperm membrane integrity was not affected. Some of the measured post-thaw motility parameters were also higher in samples containing SP compared to samples stored without SP. In contrast, the proportion of DNA-damaged spermatozoa was greater in the samples stored with SP than those without SP, and this effect was seen in both sperm-rich and sperm-poor fractions. There were no differences in DNA integrity between fractions stored with SP, but the sperm-rich fraction showed less DNA damage than the sperm-poor fraction after SP removal. The differences between fractions in sperm motility after cooled storage were non-significant. The levels of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase were higher in the sperm-rich fractions compared to the sperm-poor fractions, while the concentrations of calcium and magnesium were higher in sperm-poor fractions than in sperm-rich fractions. The concentrations of sodium and chloride were highest in pre-sperm fluid. In the sperm-poor fraction, the level of potassium was associated with the maintenance of sperm motility during storage. The levels of alkaline and acid phosphatase were associated with sperm concentration and the total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculates. None of the measured SP components were correlated to the first cycle pregnancy rate. In summary, the removal of SP improved DNA integrity after cooled storage compared with samples containing SP. There were no differences in the maintenance of sperm motility between the sperm-rich and sperm-poor fractions and whole ejaculates during cooled storage, irrespective of the presence of SP. The lowest rate of DNA damage was found in the sperm-rich fractions stored without SP. In practice, the results presented in this thesis support the use of individual modifications of semen processing techniques for cooled transported semen from subfertile stallions.

Responsiveness of human male volunteers to immunization with ovine follicle stimulating hormone vaccine: Results of a pilot study

A study of 140 days duration was performed to examine if human male volunteers (n = 5) respond to ovine follicle stimulating hormone (oFSH) immunization (administered adsorbed on Alugel on days 1, 20, 40 and 70) by producing antibodies capable of both binding and neutralizing bioactivity of human FSH. The kinetics of antibody production for both the immunogen (oFSH) and the cross-reactive antigen (hFSH) were essentially similar, The volunteers responded only to the first two immunizations, The boosters given on days 40 and 70 were ineffective, probably because of the presence of substantial amounts of circulating antibody to oFSH. Of the antibodies generated to oFSH, 25-45% bound hFSH with a mean binding affinity of 0.65 x 10(9) +/- 0.53 M(-1). The binding capacities at the time of high (30-80 days of immunization) and low (>110 days) titres were 346 +/- 185 and 10.5 +/- 5.8 ng hFSH/ml respectively, During the period of high titre, free serum FSH (value in normal males 1-5 ng/ml) was not monitorable, A 50 mu l aliquot of the antiserum obtained from different volunteers between days 30 and 80 and on day 140 blocked binding of I-125-labelled hFSH to its receptor by 82 +/- 9.7 and 53 +/- 12.2% respectively, The antibody produced was specific for FSH, and no significant change in the values of related glycoprotein hormones (luteinizing hormone/testosterone and thyroid stimulating hormone/thyroxine) were recorded, Seminal plasma transferrin, a marker of Sertoli cell as well as of seminiferous tubular function, showed marked reduction (30-90%) following immunization with oFSH. Considering that endogenous FSH remained neutralized for approximately one sperm cycle only (65 days), the reduction in sperm counts (30-74%) exhibited by some volunteers is encouraging, Immunization with oFSH did not result in any significant changes in haematology, serum biochemistry or hormonal profiles, There was no production of antibodies capable of interacting with non-specific tissues, It is concluded that it should be possible to obtain a sustained long-term blockade of endogenous FSH action in men by using oFSH as an immunogen, This is a prerequisite for obtaining significant reduction in the quality and quantity of spermatozoa produced, thus leading to infertility.

Susceptibility of sperm chromatin to acid denaturation in situ: A study in endogenous FSH-deprived adult male bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata)

Acid denaturation of calf thymus DNA in vitro followed by acridine orange (AO) binding induced a 112% increase in the emission of red, a 58% decrease in green, and a consequential decrease in the ratio of green:red fluorescences from 1.7 to 0.9. This metachromatic property of AO on binding to DNA following acid denaturation was utilized to study the susceptibility of normal and ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (oFSH) actively immunized bonnet monkey spermatozoa voided throughout the year. For analyses, the scattergram generated by the emission of red and green fluorescences by 10,000 AO-bound sperm from each semen sample was divided into 4 quadrant zones representing percentage cells fluorescing high green-low red (Q1), high green-high red (Q2), low green-low red (Q3) and low green-high red. (Q4). Normal monkey sperm obtained during the months of July-December exhibited 76, 13, and 11% cells in Q2, Q3, and Q4 quadrants, respectively. However, during January-June, when the females of the species are markedly subfertile, noncycling, and amenorrhoeic, the spermatozoa ejaculated by the male monkeys exhibited 38, 39, and 23% sperm in Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively, the differences being highly significant (p < .01-.001). FSH deprivation induced significant shifts in fluorescence emissions, from respective controls, with 39, 33, and 28% cells in Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively, during July-December, and 15, 48, and 37% sperm in Q2, Q3, and Q4 quadrants, respectively, during January-June. It is postulated that the altered kinetics of germ cell transformations and the deficient spermiogenesis observed earlier following FSH deprivation in these monkeys may have induced the enhanced susceptibility to acid denaturation in sperm.

Expression of the receptor guanylyl cyclase C and its ligands in reproductive tissues of the rat: A potential role for a novel signaling pathway in the epididymis

Guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) is a membrane-associated form of guanylyl cyclase and serves as the receptor for the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) peptide and endogenous ligands guanylin, uroguanylin, and lymphoguanylin. The major site of expression of GC-C is the intestinal epithelial cell, although GC-C is also expressed in extraintestinal tissue such as the kidney, airway epithelium, perinatal liver, stomach, brain, and adrenal glands. Binding of ligands to GC-C leads to accumulation of intracellular cGMP, the activation of protein kinases G and A, and phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel that regulates salt and water secretion. We examined the expression of GC-C and its ligands in various tissues of the reproductive tract of the rat. Using reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated the presence of GC-C, uroguanylin, and guanylin mRNA in both male and female reproductive organs. Western blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody to GC-C revealed the presence of differentially glycosylated forms of GC-C in the caput and cauda epididymis. Exogenous addition of uroguanylin to minced epididymal tissue resulted in cGMP accumulation, suggesting an autocrine or endocrine activation of GC-C in this tissue. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated expression of GC-C in the tubular epithelial cells of both the caput epididymis and cauda epididymis. Our results suggest that the GC-C signaling pathway could converge on CFTR in the epididymis and perhaps control fluid and ion balance for optimal sperm maturation and storage in this tissue.

Potential histopathological and molecular changes in rat vas deferens inhaled by Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii

Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii released from smoke contaminate indoor environment and consequently adversely affect humans as evidenced by respiratory disturbances. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of these plants on pathological and biochemical changes in vas deferens of albino rats. Animals were administered 4g/kg body weight B. papyrifera and B. carterii daily for 120days along with controls. Significant changes were observed in epithelial cell types and some cells showed signs of degeneration. The ultrastructural studies revealed marked changes in cytoplasmic organelles. Microvilli were missing and lysosomes were found in the cytoplasm. In addition, all treated groups plasma fructose and other biochemical parameters were decreased indicating reduced energy necessary for motility and contractility of spermatozoa. Many spermatozoa were disorganized and agglomerated. Data suggest that smoke from these plants adversely affects vas deferens.

The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Na(v)1.8 Is Expressed in Human Sperm

The role of Na+ fluxes through voltage-gated sodium channels in the regulation of sperm cell function remains poorly understood. Previously, we reported that several genes encoding voltage-gated Na+ channels were expressed in human testis and mature spermatozoa. In this study, we analyzed the presence and function of the TTX-resistant VGSC a subunit Na(v)1.8 in human capacitated sperm cells. Using an RT-PCR assay, we found that the mRNA of the gene SCN10A, that encode Na-v1.8, was abundantly and specifically expressed in human testis and ejaculated spermatozoa. The Na-v1.8 protein was detected in capacitated sperm cells using three different specific antibodies against this channel. Positive immunoreactivity was mainly located in the neck and the principal piece of the flagellum. The presence of Na-v1.8 in sperm cells was confirmed by Western blot. Functional studies demonstrated that the increases in progressive motility produced by veratridine, a voltage-gated sodium channel activator, were reduced in sperm cells preincubated with TTX (10 mu M), the Na-v1.8 antagonist A-803467, or a specific Na-v1.8 antibody. Veratridine elicited similar percentage increases in progressive motility in sperm cells maintained in Ca2+-containing or Ca2+-free solution and did not induce hyperactivation or the acrosome reaction. Veratridine caused a rise in sperm intracellular Na+, [Na+](i), and the sustained phase of the response was inhibited in the presence of A-803467. These results verify that the Na+ channel Na-v1.8 is present in human sperm cells and demonstrate that this channel participates in the regulation of sperm function.

Preliminary study on the natural extenders for artificial breeding of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The objective of the present study was to determine the most suitable extender and their respective dilution ratios for African catfish sperm for artificial induced breeding and cryopreservation purposes. Three natural extenders were tested i.e. coconut water, sugarcane water and soybean solutions, at three different levels of sperm to extender dilutions of 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40. While Ringer solution was used as a control Diluted sperm were fertilized with ready isolated eggs to assess the fertility and hatching rate at 0, 6 and 12 hour intervals. The results showed that the eggs hatched approximately 19 to 27 hours after fertilization. In general, the fertilization and hatching rates decreased with increasing dilution ratio. With respect to natural extenders, the coconut water showed the highest fertility and hatching rates at 1:20 dilution ratio. Therefore, coconut water at 1:20 dilution ratio was the optimal condition for African catfish spermatozoa among the natural extenders investigated.

Induced diploid meiogynogenesis in the African clariid catfish Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Pisces: Clariidae)

Diploid meiotic gynogenesis was induced in African catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis by injection of 0.5ml/kg ovaprim on the breeders, followed by application of UV light irradiation on the spermatozoa and temperature shocking of activated eggs. Diploidy was restored by shocking haploid activated eggs at 5 degree C for 40 minutes. The normal control spermatozoa did not receive any UV irradiation nor temperature shock, while the haploid control spermatozoa were irradiated, but did not receive cold shock. The percentage hatchability in the treated group was 25%, while in the control it was 53%. Less than 15 fingerlings had morphological aberrations. After two weeks of indoor rearing, the survival percentage of the treated group was 45% in the control experiment. Cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes revealed 25 chromosomes in the haploid embryo and 50 chromosomes each in diploid gynogenesis and normal diploid control

Estudo da bioenergética mitocondrial de cardiomiócitos de camundongos obesos

A obesidade é uma doença crônica, resultante do excesso de gordura no organismo. O aumento da obesidade no mundo, tem se revelado como um dos fenômenos clínicos e epidemiológicos da atualidade. Estudos populacionais e em modelos animais demonstram que a origem da epidemia da obesidade está relacionada a fatores genéticos, modificações de hábitos nutricionais, redução da atividade física, e alterações nutricionais durante a lactação, desempenhando um papel relevante no desenvolvimento da obesidade, DM2 e cardiomiopatias. As mitocôndrias são os coordenadores centrais do metabolismo energético, assim, alterações funcionais e estruturais dessa organela têm sido associadas à desordens metabólicas. Elas exercem um papel na sobrevivência e função dos cardiomiócitos devido à alta demanda energética do miocárdio. Desta forma, disfunções mitocondriais estão relacionadas com disfunções no miocárdio e conseqüente progressão de cardiomiopatias. Neste estudo, avaliamos a bioenergética e a ultraestrutura de cardiomiócitos de camundongos obesos e controle hiperalimentados durante a lactação. O consumo de oxigênio das fibras cardíacas foi avaliado por respirometria de alta-resolução, utilizando um oxígrafo-2K-Oroboros. A ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e o conteúdo das proteínas Carnitina palmitoil transferase 1 (CPT1), Proteína desacopladora 2 (UCP2) , Transportador de glicose 1 e 4 (GLUT1) e (GLUT4), Proteína Kinase ativada por AMP (AMPK) e Proteína kinase ativada por AMP fosforilada p(AMPK) por Western blotting (WB). Além disso, o peso dos animais, a gordura retroperitoneal, epididimal e a glicemia em jejum foram determinadas. Nossos resultados confirmaram que os animais do grupo hiperalimentados (GH), aos 90 dias de vida, apresentaram aumento da massa corporal, de gordura epididimária e retroperitoneal comparado ao grupo controle (GC). As taxas respiratórias foram semelhantes nos dois grupos quando foram utilizados os substratos dos complexos I e II. Entretanto, quando o ácido graxo palmitoil-L-carnitina foi utilizado, a taxa respiratória máxima do GH foi significativamente menor. A análise ultraestrutural dos cardiomiócitos do GH demonstrou intenso dano na matriz mitocondrial e maior presença de gotículas de lipídios, caracterizando deposição ectópica. Os resultados do WB mostraram aumento significativo do conteúdo de CPT1 e UCP2 no GH comparado ao GC. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no conteúdo de GLUT1 entre os grupos, entretanto, observamos maior conteúdo do GLUT4 no GH. Além disso, encontramos maior conteúdo de AMPK no GH, ao passo que o conteúdo de pAMPK foi semelhante entre os grupos. Entretanto, a razão pAMPK/AMPK é significativamente menor no GH. Esses resultados sugerem que a hiperalimentação durante a lactação leva a obesidade na vida adulta com alterações na bioenergética e ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos.

Análise estrutural dos apêndices testiculares em pacientes com criptorquia

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a incidência, a estrutura dos apêndices testiculares (AT) em pacientes com criptorquia, comparando a sua incidência com as anomalias epididimárias e a patência do processo vaginal. Estudamos 55 pacientes (72 testículos) portadores de criptorquia e 8 testículos como controle (6 hidroceles e 2 torções). Analisamos as relações entre o testículo e o epidídimo, a patência do processo vaginal e a incidência e histologia dos ATs. Fibras musculares lisas (SMC), tecido conectivo (CT) e fibras do sistema elástico (ESF) foram estudados por métodos imuno-histoquímicos. Dos 72 testículos com criptorquia 20 (27.77%) apresentavam anomalias epididimárias, 41(56.9%) tinham processo vaginal patente e 44 (61.1%) tinham apêndices testiculares. Dos 44 testículos portadores de criptorquia com apêndices, 30 (68.18%) apresentavam o processo vaginal patente e 11 (25%) apresentavam anomalias epididimárias. O epitélio não apresentou alteração aparente nos apêndices de pacientes com criptorquia e no grupo controle. Análise estereológica documentou a prevalência de ESF (média de 1.48%); prevalência de vasos (média de 10,11%) e uma diminuição (p=0.14) da SMC nos AT de pacientes com criptorquia (média = 4.93%). O colágeno III prevaleceu nos AT de pacientes com criptorquia. Não houve alteração na incidência de anomalias anatômicas associadas aos testículos portadores de AT. Os apêndices testiculares apresentaram uma alteração estrutural significativa nos pacientes com criptorquia, o que indica que os AT apresentam uma remodelação estrutural significativa nos pacientes com criptorquia.

Perspectives from agriculture: advances in livestock breeding - implications for aquaculture genetics

In this paper we present livestock breeding developments that could be taken into consideration in the genetic improvement of farmed aquaculture species, especially in freshwater fish. Firstly, the current breeding objective in aquatic species has focused almost exclusively on the improvement of body weight at harvest or on growth related traits. This is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the future needs of the aquaculture industry. To meet future demands breeding programs will most likely have to include additional traits, such as fitness related ones (survival, disease resistance), feed efficiency, or flesh quality, rather than only growth performance. In order to select for a multi-trait breeding objective, genetic variation in traits of interest and the genetic relationships among them need to be estimated. In addition, economic values for these traits will be required. Generally, there is a paucity of data on variable and fixed production costs in aquaculture, and this could be a major constraint in the further expansion of the breeding objectives. Secondly, genetic evaluation systems using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in a framework of mixed model methodology could be widely adopted to replace the more commonly used method of mass selection based on phenotypic performance. The BLUP method increases the accuracy of selection and also allows the management of inbreeding and estimation of genetic trends. BLUP is an improvement over the classic selection index approach, which was used in the success story of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in the Philippines, with genetic gains from 10 to 20 per cent per generation of selection. In parallel with BLUP, optimal genetic contribution theory can be applied to maximize genetic gain while constraining inbreeding in the long run in selection programs. Thirdly, by using advanced statistical methods, genetic selection can be carried out not only at the nucleus level but also in lower tiers of the pyramid breeding structure. Large scale across population genetic evaluation through genetic connectedness using cryopreserved sperm enables the comparison and ranking of genetic merit of all animals across populations, countries or years, and thus the genetically superior brood stock can be identified and widely used and exchanged to increase the rate of genetic progress in the population as a whole. It is concluded that sound genetic programs need to be established for aquaculture species. In addition to being very effective, fully pedigreed breeding programs would also enable the exploration of possibilities of integrating molecular markers (e.g., genetic tagging using DNA fingerprinting, marker (gene) assisted selection) and reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization using cryopreserved spermatozoa.

Effect of different salinity levels on the fertilization and hatching of Heterobranchus bidorsalis

The success of induced spawning for the production of fish seed depends on many factors which affect hatchery conditions. This paper discusses the results of an investigation on the effects of six different levels of salinity on the fertilization and hatching of Heterobranchus bidorsalis eggs. The results indicate that spermatozoa of H. bidorsalis can survive under a wide range of saline concentrations, with survival increasing with an increase in salinity from 0 to 0.4% and then decreasing as the level of salinity increases. Survival was optimum of 0.4% saline concentration.

Hemodinâmica cardíaca e o metabolismo energético mitocondrial de camundongos adultos hiperalimentados na lactação

O desequilíbrio nutricional no início da vida leva ao desenvolvimento da obesidade, diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares na idade adulta. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos a longo prazo da hiperalimentação na lactação por meio do modelo de redução da ninhada na hemodinâmica e bioenergética cardíaca. Vinte e quatro camundongos machos Swiss adultos foram divididos em dois grupos (controle e hiperalimentado) submetidos a duas condições (linha de base e isquemia/reperfusão) formando quatro grupos no total: grupo controle linha de base (GCLB), grupo controle isquemia/reperfusão (GCIR), grupo hiperalimentado linha de base (GHLB) e o grupo hiperalimentado isquemia/reperfusão (GHIR), todos com seis camundongos/grupo. As alterações cardíacas foram analisadas por meio da hemodinâmica cardíaca, da respiração mitocondrial e da biologia molecular. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos analisados foram a velocidade de contração (Max dP/dt), a velocidade de relaxamento (Min dP/dt), o tempo de relaxamento cardíaco isovolumétrico (Tau) e os batimentos por minuto (BPM). A respiração mitocondrial foi avaliada por meio da razão do controle respiratório (RCR) na oxidação de carboidratos e ácidos gordos, e finalmente, a biologia molecular, através de proteínas-chave como a proteína quinase B (AKT), a proteína quinase ativada por adenosina monofosfato (AMPK), a carnitina palmitoil transferase 1 (CPT-1), a proteína desacopladora 2 (UCP2), o 4-hidroxinonenal (4-HNE) e a gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH). Os camundongos do GH desenvolveram maior peso corporal (30,95%, P<0,001), gordura epididimal (68,64%, P<0,001), gordura retroperitoneal (109,38%, P<0,01) e glicemia de jejum (19,52%, P<0,05) comparados aos do GC. Os parâmetros Max dP/dt e BPM apresentaram diminuição no GHIR quando comparado ao GHLB (P<0,001 e P<0,05). O parâmetro Min dP/dt apresentou-se reduzido no GCIR e GHIR quando comparado aos grupos GCLB e GCLB (P<0,05; P<0,0001 respectivamente). Camundongos do GHIR apresentaram redução do Tau quando comparado aos grupos GCIR e GHLB (P<0,0001). Estes desequilíbrios na hemodinâmica cardíaca foram associados a função mitocondrial, uma vez que, o GHLB apresenta a RCR reduzida para oxidação de ácidos graxos e carboidratos (P<0,05 e P<0,01, respectivamente) e o GHIR apenas na oxidação dos ácidos graxos (P<0,01). Além disso, o GHIR apresentou diversas alterações nas proteínas-chave do metabolismo energético cardíaco, como diminuição do conteúdo de AKT (P<0,05) e aumento do conteúdo de CPT-1 (P<0,05), 4-HNE (P<0,05) e GAPDH (P<0,05) quando comparado ao CGIR. Finalmente, a expressão do mRNA para CPT1, GAPDH e UCP2 foi aumentada no GHIR quando comparado aos GCIR (P<0,05) e GHLB (P<0,05). A expressão de mRNA para UCP2 e CPT-1 foi reduzida no GCIR quando comparado ao GCLB (P<0,01 e P<0,05, respectivamente). O estudo apresenta resultados consistentes, demonstrando efeitos deletérios sobre o metabolismo cardíaco adulto resultante de alterações nutricionais durante a lactação.