Host and Environmental Correlates of Multi-Drug Resistance in Kenyan Children with Acute Bacterial Diarrhea

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Environmental contamination of arsenic and its toxicological impact on humans

Inorganic arsenic compounds are known carcinogens. The human epidemiologic evidence of arsenic-induced skin, lung, and bladder cancers is strong. However, the evidence of arsenic carcinogenicity in animals is very limited. Lack of a suitable animal model until recent years has inhibited studies of the mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis. The toxicity and bioavailability of arsenic depend on its solubility and chemical forms. Therefore, it is critical to be able to measure arsenic speciation accurately and reliably. However, speciation of arsenic in more complex matrices remains a real challenge. There are tens of millions of people who are being exposed to excessive levels of arsenic in the drinking water alone. The source of contamination is mainly of natural origin and the mass poisoning is occurring worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Chronic arsenicosis resulting in cancer and non-cancer diseases will impact significantly on the public health systems in their respective countries. Effective watershed management and remediation technologies in addition to medical treatment are urgently needed in order to avoid what has been regarded as the largest calamity of chemical poisoning in the world.

Assessment of two arsenic-contaminated drinking water mitigation interventions in Bangladesh

Arsenic is a carcinogen. In Bangladesh, there are over 10 million tube-wells of which about 50% have arsenic concentrations exceeding the WHO recommended guideline value of 10 μg/L for drinking water. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two relatively inexpensive mitigation interventions, three-pitcher filters and dug-wells. A randomised controlled field trial was conducted in Natore. Six Hundred and forty participants, 60 clusters of 47 villages were included in the trial. Two hundred and six participants were selected for the control group, 218 participants for the dug-wells, and 216 participants for the three-pitcher filters. The average arsenic in the drinking water was 128 μg/L in the three-pitcher trial. Twelve months post intervention, about 30% of the filtered water samples were >50 μg/L whereas dug-well water was