Antibacterial activity of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (carqueja) against bacteria of medical interest

Baccharis trimera (Less.) (Asteraceae), popularly know as "carqueja", is a species commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment or prevention of diseases. In this context, the purpose of this work was to study the antibacterial activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract from Baccharis trimera against Gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC 15305, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli EHEC ATCC 43895, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27736, Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430) of clinical interest. Antibacterial susceptibility was evaluated by broth microdilution assay following the CLSI (formerly the NCCLS) guidelines. The extract from B. trimera showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and the most interesting result was obtained against S. epidermidis that presented Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of 250μg/mL. These results indicate that B. trimera have bacterisostatic potential against Gram-positive bacterial strains of medical interest and could serve as a base for further studies on the use of isolated compounds from this species as future antimicrobials.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel Silver(I) Tris(pyrazolyl)methanesulfonateand 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphadamantane Complexes

Five new silver(I) complexes of formulas [Ag(Tpms)] (1), [Ag(Tpms)-(PPh3)] (2), [Ag(Tpms)(PCy3)] (3), [Ag(PTA)][BF4] (4), and [Ag(Tpms)(PTA)] (5) {Tpms = tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methanesulfonate, PPh3 = triphenylphosphane, PCy3 = tricyclohexylphosphane, PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) have been synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analyses, H-1, C-13, and P-31 NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and IR spectroscopic techniques. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study of 3 shows the Tpms ligand acting in the N-3-facially coordinating mode, while in 2 and 5 a N2O-coordination is found, with the SO3 group bonded to silver and a pendant free pyrazolyl ring. Features of the tilting in the coordinated pyrazolyl rings in these cases suggest that this inequivalence is related with the cone angles of the phosphanes. A detailed study of antimycobacterial and antiproliferative properties of all compounds has been carried out. They were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against the standard strains Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619), Streptococcus pyogenes (SF37), Streptococcus sanguinis (SK36), Streptococcus mutans (UA1S9), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and the fungus Candida albicans (ATCC 24443). Complexes 1-5 have been found to display effective antimicrobial activity against the series of bacteria and fungi, and some of them are potential candidates for antiseptic or disinfectant drugs. Interaction of Ag complexes with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopic techniques, using ethidium bromide (EB) as a fluorescence probe of DNA. The decrease in the fluorescence of DNA EB system on addition of Ag complexes shows that the fluorescence quenching of DNA EB complex occurs and compound 3 is particularly active. Complexes 1-5 exhibit pronounced antiproliferative activity against human malignant melanoma (A375) with an activity often higher than that of AgNO3, which has been used as a control, following the same order of activity inhibition on DNA, i.e., 3 > 2 > 1 > 5 > AgNO3 >> 4.

Development and biological evaluation of API-ILs based on anti-bacterial and anti-fungal drugs

In recent years Ionic Liquids (ILs) are being applied in life sciences. ILs are being produce with active pharmaceutical drugs (API) as they can reduce polymorphism and drug solubility problems [1] Also ILs are being applied as a drug delivery device in innovative therapies What is appealing in ILs is the ILs building up platform, the counter-ion can be carefully chosen in order to avoid undesirable side effects or to give innovative therapies in which two active ions are paired. This work shows ILs based on ampicillin (an anti-bacterial agent) and ILs based on Amphotericin B. Also we show studies that indicate that ILs based on Ampicillin could reverse resistance in some bacteria. The ILs produced in this work were synthetized by the neutralization method described in Ferraz et. al. [2] Ampicillin anion was combined with the following organic cations 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, [EMIM]; 1-hydroxy-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, [C2OHMIM]; choline, [cholin]; tetraethylammonium, [TEA]; cetylpyridinium, [C16pyr] and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium, [P6,6,6,14]. Amphotericin B was combined with [C16pyr], [cholin] and 1-metohyethyl-3-methylimidazolium, [C3OMIM]. The ILs-APIs based on ampicillin[2] were tested against sensitive Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella pneumonia (clinical isolated), as well as on Gram positive Staphylococcus Aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. The arising resistance developed by bacteria to antibiotics is a serious public health threat and needs new and urgent measures. We study the bacterial activity of these compounds against a panel of resistant bacteria (clinical isolated strains): E. coli CTX M9, E. coli TEM CTX M9, E. coli TEM1, E. coli CTX M2, E. coli AmpC Mox2. In this work we demonstrate that is possible to produce ILs from anti-bacterial and anti-fungal compounds. We show here that the new ILs can reverse the bacteria resistance. With the careful choice of the organic cation, it is possible to create important biological and physic-chemical properties. This work also shows that the ion-pair is fundamental in ampicillin mechanism of action.

Efeito da combinação de antibióticos e sinvastatina sobre microrganismos de interesse endodôntico e na expressão de marcadores odontoblásticos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Antibacterial activity of Ionic Liquids based on ampicillin against resistant bacteria

Antibacterial activity of novel Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Ionic Liquids (API-ILs) based on ampicillin anion [Amp] have been evaluated. They showed growth inhibition and bactericidal properties on some sensitive bacteria and especially some Gram-negative resistant bacteria when compared to the [Na][Amp] and the initial bromide and chloride salts. For these studies were analysed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBIC) against sensitive Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella pneumonia (clinically isolated), as well as sensitive Gram positive S. Aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis and completed using clinically isolated resistent strains: E. coli TEM CTX M9, E. coli CTX M2 and E. coli AmpC Mox. From the obtained MIC values of studied APIs-ILs and standard [Na][Amp] were derived RDIC values (relative decrease of inhibitory concentration). High RDIC values of [C16Pyr][Amp] especially against two resistant Gram-negative strains E. coli TEM CTX M9 (RDIC>1000) and E. coli CTX M2 (RDIC>100) point clearly to a potential promising role of APIs-ILs as antimicrobial drugs especially against resistant bacterial strains.

Modulação do estado redox em bactérias por quinoxalinas

As quinoxalinas são compostos heterocíclicos que têm, entre outras, capacidades antimicrobianas, inclusivamente contra bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos convencionais. Os mecanismos pelos quais estes compostos exercem a sua atividade ainda não está completamente esclarecido. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o efeito redox em sinergismo/antagonismo com as quinoxalinas em modelos de bactérias com e sem resistências a antimicrobianos. No que se refere aos compostos foram utilizados a quinoxalina 1,4-dióxido (QNX), 2-metil-3-benzilquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2M3BQNX), 2-metilquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2MQNX) e a 2-amino-3-cianoquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2A3CQNX). Quanto aos modelos procariotas, foram utilizados a Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli TEM 201 e Escherichia coli TEM 180. Nos compostos químicos em que se verificou a Concentração Mínima Inibitória (CMI), realizou-se o estudo do comportamento do crescimento bacteriano. Relativamente ao estado redox, foi avaliado para cada estirpe sensível, através do rácio GSH/GSSG, nas doses inibitórias e não inibitórias de cada composto. Os resultados apresentam que todos os compostos testados, à exceção do 2M3BQNX, têm atividade antimicrobiana na maioria das estirpes, excetuando a E. faecalis e a S. saprophyticus. Os rácios GSH/GSSG apontam para o efeito oxidante em K. pneumoniae e S. enterica e antioxidante na E. aerogenes. A conclusão do estudo sugere que os compostos apresentam elevada capacidade antibacteriana e influência no equilíbrio redox das bactérias, podendo contribuir para o esclarecimento do mecanismo de ação dos derivados das quinoxalinas 1-4 dióxido, nas bactérias.

Implementação do método de suspensão quantitativa para avaliar a actividade bactericida de desinfectantes químicos, de acordo com a Norma Europeia EN 1040

As bactérias patogénicas presentes nos sistemas de processamento de alimentos podem ser potencialmente causadoras de doenças alimentares graves, quando sobrevivem à acção bactericida de desinfectantes. Esta acção depende da eficácia das substâncias activas que fazem parte da formulação do desinfectante e das condições ambientais onde se processa a interacção desinfectante – bactéria, sendo ainda específica para cada estirpe bacteriana. Este trabalho teve, como propósito, a implementação de um método que permita avaliar, in vitro, a eficácia bactericida de desinfectantes comerciais contra estirpes bacterianas que são potencialmente causadores de doenças de origem alimentar. A eficácia do desinfectante foi avaliada seguindo a Norma EN1040 e aplicando o método de diluição-neutralização. Para além das estirpes recomendadas naquele documento normativo, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, foram também utilizadas Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella Typhimurium e Listeria monocytogenes. Os desinfectantes foram seleccionados com base nas suas formulações, tendo sido escolhidos desinfectantes cujos princípios activos são, respectivamente: tensioactivos aniónicos; alcalis inorgânicos; hidrocloreto de biguanida polimérica; álcool etoxilado ou cloreto benzalcónio. Foram seleccionados como neutralizantes: tampão fosfato, tiosulfato de sódio, gema de ovo fresca e polisorbato 80 com histidina. Após cada ensaio, o número de bactérias sobreviventes foi obtido pelo cálculo da redução logarítmica decimal, a partir do número de unidades formadoras de colónia presentes em cada placa. A eficácia do desinfectante, na inactivação de cada estirpe alvo, foi classificada numa escala de redução logarítmica à qual 5 log corresponde a redução mínima aceitável do número de colónias quando o tempo de contacto é de 5 minutos, e a temperatura do ensaio é 20ºC. Conclui-se que o método de diluição-neutralização é sensível para todas as estirpes testadas. A gema de ovo fresca revelou ser o melhor neutralizante para desinfectantes contendo tensioactivos aniónicos, enquanto o tampão fosfato é mais adequado para neutralizar desinfectantes contendo alcalis inorgânicos. Porém, nenhum dos neutralizantes testados mostrou ser adequado para os desinfectantes contendo cloreto de benzalcónio ou hidrocloreto biguanida polimérica ou álcool etoxilado. Conclui-se também que as condições laboratoriais implementadas são as adequadas para testar a acção bactericida de desinfectantes utilizados em sistemas de processamento de alimentos.

Importance of hand germ contamination in health-care workers as possible carriers of nosocomial infections

The importance of hands in the transmission of nosocomial infection has been world wide admitted. However, it is difficult to induce this behavior in health-care workers. The aim of the present work was to point out the importance of hand bacteria colonization, the influence of hand washing and of patient physical examination. One hundred health-care workers were randomly divided in two groups: Group A without hand washing previous to patient physical examination or handling (PPE); group B with hand washing previous to PPE. Direct fingerprint samples in Columbia agar before and after PPE were obtained. The colonies were counted and identified by conventional techniques, and antibiograms according to NCCLS were performed. Before PPE group A participants showed a high number of bacteria regarding group B participants (73.9 Vs 20.7; p < 0.001); 44 out of 50 participants were carriers of potentially pathogen bacteria. No group B participants were carriers of potential pathogen bacteria before PPE. The latter group showed an increase in number of bacteria after PPE (20.7 CFU (before) Vs 115.9 CFU (after); p < 0.001). Sixteen group B participants were contaminated after PPE with potential pathogens such as S. aureus (50% of them meticillin resistant); Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, half of them multiresistant. We can conclude on the importance of these results to implement educational programs and to provide the health-care workers with the proper commodities to fulfill this practice.

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of enterococcal isolates from Southern region of Brazil

In the present study, a total of 455 enterococcal isolates, recovered from patients living in the city of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the period from July 1996 to June 1997, were identified to the species level by conventional biochemical and microbiological tests, and assayed for their susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents. The genetic diversity of antimicrobial resistant strains was evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of SmaI restricted chromosomal DNA. The most frequent species was Enterococcus faecalis (92.8%). Other species identified were: E. faecium (2.9%), E. gallinarum (1.5%), E. avium (1.1%), E. hirae (0.7%), E. casseliflavus (0.4%), E. durans (0.4%) and E. raffinosus (0.2%). The overall prevalence of isolates with high-level resistance (HLR) to aminoglycosides was 37.8%. HLR to gentamicin was found in 24.8%. No strains with acquired resistance to vancomycin were found. PFGE analysis showed the predominance of clonal group A, comprising strains isolated from different clinical specimens obtained from patients in three hospitals. These results suggest intra and inter-hospital dissemination of one predominant clonal group of E. faecalis isolates with HLR to gentamicin in the hospitals included in this study.

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF PLANT EXTRACTS FROM SOUTHERN MINAS GERAIS CERRADO

The antimicrobial activity of plant hidroethanolic extracts on bacteria Gram positive, Gram negative, yeasts, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 and Mycobacterium bovis was evaluated by using the technique of Agar diffusion and microdilution in broth. Among the extracts evaluated by Agar diffusion, the extract of Bidens pilosa leaf presented the most expressive average of haloes of growth inhibition to the microorganisms, followed by the extract of B. pilosa flower, of Eugenia pyriformis' leaf and seed, of Plinia cauliflora leaf which statistically presented the same average of haloes inhibitory formation on bacteria Gram positive, Gram negative and yeasts. The extracts of Heliconia rostrata did not present activity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 and Mycobacterium bovis(BCG) appeared resistant to all the extracts. The susceptibility profile of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungi were compared to one another and to the Gram positive Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis and the Gram negative Salmonella typhimurium bacteria (p > 0.05). The evaluation of cytotoxicity was carried out on C6-36 larvae cells of the Aedes albopictus mosquito. The extracts of stem and flower of Heliconia rostrata, leaf and stem of Plinia cauliflora, seed of Anonna crassiflora and stem, flower and root of B. pilosa did not present toxicity in the analyzed concentrations. The highest rates of selectivity appeared in the extracts of stem of A. crassiflora and flower of B. pilosa to Staphylococcus aureus, presenting potential for future studies about a new drug development.

Pesquisa de novos metabolitos secundários bioactivos em bactérias de sedimentos marinhos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina

Non-clinical isolates bring new findings on enterococcal virulence

Dissertation presented to obtain the PhD degree in Biology

Consideraciones sobre elaislamiento en exudados vaginales de Streptococcus morbillorum

De el estúdio de 195 exudados vaginales enviados por el Servicio de Ginecologia de este hospital, durante el período 1988-1990, hemos seleccionado aquellos en los que el cultivo fue positivo para estreptococos, 58 (30%) de los cuales 26 (44.8%) correspondia a Streptococcus morbillorum, 9 (15.5%) a Gardnerella vaginalis, 5 (8.6%) a Enterococcus faecalis-durans, y a Streptococcus agalactiae, 3 (5.1%) a Streptococcus mitis y Streptococcus mitis, 2 (3-4%) a Streptococcus bovis y Streptococcus cremoris y 1 (1.7%) a Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus equinus y Strptococcus sanguis II respectivamente. En todos los casos se observo antecedentes de actuacción medico- quirurjica en el tracto genital, y en el 52.8% de los casos fuô concomitante con el diagnostico clinico-micologico de candidiasis vaginal. La ideittificaccion bacteriologica se realizo mediante el sistema API 20 STREP (sistema api bioMêríeux GmbH, Nütingen, Alemania) dando un patron tipico ("excelente identificacción") para el Streptococcus morbillorum.

Nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit of a developing country: NHSN surveillance

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of the three most common nosocomial infections (NI), namely, sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection (UTI), in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a developing country and to define the risk factors associated with NI. METHODS: We performed a prospective study on the incidence of NI in a single PICU, between August 2009 and August 2010. Active surveillance by National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) was conducted in the unit and children with NI (cases) were compared with a group (matched controls) in a case-control fashion. RESULTS: We analyzed 172 patients; 22.1% had NI, 71.1% of whom acquired it in the unit. The incidence densities of sepsis, pneumonia, and UTI per 1,000 patients/day were 17.9, 11.4, and 4.3, respectively. The most common agents in sepsis were Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli (18% each); Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated in 13% of cases. In pneumonias Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause (3.2%), and in UTI the most frequent agents were yeasts (33.3%). The presence of NI was associated with a long period of hospitalization, use of invasive devices (central venous catheter, nasogastric tube), and use of antibiotics. The last two were independent factors for NI. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NI acquired in this unit was high and was associated with extrinsic factors.

Antimicrobial activity of bergenin from Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec

Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec. is an Amazon species traditionally used as treatment for inflammations and female disorders. Bergenin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of bark of E. uchi by using column chromatography over sephadex LH-20 and then silica gel 60 flash. Its structure was identified on the basis of its NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activity of bergenin and fractions of methanol extract of E. uchi were evaluated against ATCC microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, C. guilliermondii, Aspergillus flavus, A. nidulans). Clinically isolated strains of all of these microorganisms, along with C. tropicalis, A. niger, Shigella sonnei, Serratia marcenses and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also evaluated. The growth inhibition caused by bergenin, extracts and fractions of E. uchi against ATCC microorganisms were similar to the inhibition to microorganisms clinically isolated. The ethyl acetate fraction and the isolate bergenin inhibit the growth of the yeasts C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. guilliermondii, but present lower activity against filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, and did not inhibit the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The activity of the ethyl acetate fraction and bergenin are in agreement wit its high concentration found in bark extract of E. uchi. Moreover, the selective activity against three Candida species helps to understand its traditional use against infections that affect women.