998 resultados para Elisabeth, Countess Palatine, 1618-1680
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OBJECTIVE: Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) are smaller than CMAPs after peripheral nerve stimulation, because desynchronization of the TMS-induced motor neurone discharges occurs (i.e. MEP desynchronization). This desynchronization effect can be eliminated by use of the triple stimulation technique (TST; Brain 121 (1998) 437). The objective of this paper is to study the effect of discharge desynchronization on MEPs by comparing the size of MEP and TST responses. METHODS: MEP and TST responses were obtained in 10 healthy subjects during isometric contractions of the abductor digiti minimi, during voluntary background contractions between 0% and 20% of maximal force, and using 3 different stimulus intensities. Additional data from other normals and from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were obtained from previous studies. RESULTS: MEPs were smaller than TST responses in all subjects and under all stimulating conditions, confirming the marked influence of desynchronization on MEPs. There was a linear relation between the amplitudes of MEPs vs. TST responses, independent of the degree of voluntary contraction and stimulus intensity. The slope of the regression equation was 0.66 on average, indicating that desynchronization reduced the MEP amplitude on average by one third, with marked inter-individual variations. A similar average proportion was found in MS patients. CONCLUSIONS: The MEP size reduction induced by desynchronization is not influenced by the intensity of TMS and by the level of facilitatory voluntary background contractions. It is similar in healthy subjects and in MS patients, in whom increased desynchronization of central conduction was previously suggested to occur. Thus, the MEP size reduction observed may not parallel the actual amount of desynchronization.
Resumo:
Das "Zeytregister" des Neenstettener Schusters Hans Heberle zählt zu den bekanntesten Ego-Dokumenten des 17. Jahrhunderts, da es den seltenen Fall einer Chronik des Dreißigjährigen Krieges aus dörflicher Perspektive darstellt. Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte an diesem prominenten Beispiel modellhaft die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen historischen Verstehens erkunden, indem er unterschiedliche Zugriffsweisen erprobt. Dabei gelangt er zu der Erkenntnis, dass es nicht so sehr die expliziten Aussagen des Selbstzeugnisses sind, die über die individuelle Disposition des Autors informieren, als vielmehr gerade sein konstruktiver, individuelles Erleben überformender Grundzug und die durch ihn provozierten Spannungen des diskursiven Arrangements. Methodologische Überlegungen zu einer interdisziplinären Verknüpfung von literatur- und geschichtswissenschaftlichen Ansätzen schließen sich an.
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von H. Graetz
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von H. Graetz
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Heinrich Graetz
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von H. Graetz
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Heinrich Graetz