Projeto pedagógico e as mudanças na educação médica

Este trabalho descreve os resultados do primeiro momento do projeto da Caem/Abem no eixo Projeto Pedagógico, um dos cinco eixos relevantes para avaliação das tendências de mudanças na escola médica. Analisa como os atores envolvidos com o curso de graduação percebem e situam a escola na sociedade ao estabelecerem sua missão política e pedagógica. Ao referir a tipologia do grupo de 28 escolas médicas, seguindo uma das três alternativas predominantes (tradicional, inovadora, avançada), esse eixo mostra a predominância de situação avançada, seguida da inovadora relativa aos vetores Perfil Biomédico e Epidemiológico-Social do profissional que pretende formar, e da aplicação da tecnologia. Quanto aos vetores da produção de conhecimentos, mostram dificuldades em produzir e ampliar as linhas de pesquisa para além das áreas biomédicas. Também mostram não ter facilidade para articular os cursos de graduação, pós-graduação e a educação permanente com vista às necessidades de saúde da população.

Medicina baseada em evidências: instrumento para educação médica permanente entre psiquiatras?

INTRODUÇÃO: O médico atualizado pode oferecer o melhor cuidado ao paciente e evitar consequências negativas que a defasagem científica pode acarretar. OBJETIVOS: Identificar os meios de atualização utilizados pelos psiquiatras brasileiros; avaliar seus conhecimentos sobre Medicina Baseada em Evidências (MBE) e sua utilização na educação permanente. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado no XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Psiquiatria. Os participantes (n = 188) responderam um questionário anônimo autoaplicado, com 28 perguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, fontes e periodicidade de atualização, e conhecimentos sobre MBE. RESULTADOS: Para atualização de conhecimentos, 98,3% utilizavam os congressos brasileiros; 97,9% as revistas nacionais; 93,9% os livros-texto; 89,9% as revistas das indústrias farmacêuticas; 63,5% os consensos brasileiros; 63,3% a base de dados Medline; 56,7% as revistas internacionais; e 35% a Biblioteca Cochrane. Os fatores estatisticamente significativos associados com bom conhecimento sobre MBE foram estar graduados há menos de dez anos (p < 0,001), usar o Medline (p < 0,009) e a Biblioteca Cochrane (p < 0,03) como fonte de busca de literatura médica. CONCLUSÕES: Os psiquiatras fazem pouco uso da melhor fonte de evidência para educação médica permanente e continuada, havendo, assim, menor benefício aos pacientes na tomada de decisão clínica.

Ensino e pesquisa na estratégia de saúde da família: o PET-Saúde da FMB/Unesp

Tendo como princípios orientadores a integralidade e a humanização do cuidado, a Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (FMB) - Unesp busca reorientar a formação dos profissionais de saúde com o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e educação permanente na Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Este artigo analisa o primeiro ano do PET-Saúde desenvolvido na FMB e Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Botucatu (SP). Foram selecionados como temas de investigação: saúde bucal de gestante, criança e idoso; imunização do adolescente; saúde do adulto e do idoso; e saúde e meio ambiente. Realizaram-se oficinas com a metodologia da problematização, produzindo-se modelos de intervenção nos quais alunos, docentes e profissionais de saúde dos serviços locais de saúde são protagonistas. O programa é um desdobramento da disciplina Interação Universidade, Serviço e Comunidade, ministrada de modo integrado aos cursos de Medicina e Enfermagem. Há resistências no interior da universidade, reconhecendo-se a desvalorização da prática clínica extra-hospitalar e na Atenção Básica. Nesse processo, o PET-Saúde vem fortalecer a prática acadêmica que interliga a universidade, em suas atividades de ensino, pesquisa, serviço e extensão, com demandas da sociedade, de forma partilhada.

Da teoria à prática da interdisciplinaridade: a experiência do Pró-Saúde Unifor e seus nove cursos de graduação

A Universidade de Fortaleza e a Secretaria de Saúde do município se vincularam ao Programa Nacional de Reorientação da Formação Profissional em Saúde (Pró-Saúde II), fortalecendo a parceria para reorientar a formação profissional por meio dos cursos de graduação do Centro de Ciências da Saúde da universidade. O projeto prioriza o desenvolvimento de ações interdisciplinares de assistência e atenção à saúde, proporcionando reforço aos Sistemas Locais Saúde-Escola nas áreas de abrangência de Centros de Saúde da Família, sensibilizando gestores e profissionais do serviço sobre a atuação interdisciplinar e implantando equipes ampliadas de saúde, buscando a educação permanente dos docentes, discentes e profissionais do serviço. Este artigo relata as ações e estratégias desenvolvidas neste contexto e produz uma reflexão acerca deste processo, mediante relato das mudanças nas estruturas curriculares nos cursos envolvidos e das atividades desenvolvidas nas unidades de saúde. Discute, ainda, aspectos que merecem ser aprofundados na interação ensino-serviço.

PET-Saúde - medicina e educação em saúde no Programa de Saúde da Família: um relato de caso

A educação em saúde no Programa de Saúde da Família é uma ferramenta para a melhoria da saúde que o profissional da está utilizando cada vez mais. Dentro desse contexto, a Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, a partir de 2003, iniciou modificações para se adaptar a esta nova demanda profissional. A partir dessas mudanças, realizou-se um relato de experiência, conforme a vivência que os estudantes teveram, registrando como foram essas modificações nos quatro primeiros anos do curso de graduação em Medicina.

Rede docente assistencial UFSC/SMS de Florianópolis: reflexos da implantação dos projetos Pró-Saúde I e II

A Rede Docente Assistencial (RDA) se configura um espaço social de ensino e atenção à saúde que envolve a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Florianópolis (SMS de Florianópolis) e a Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Abrange quatro Centros de Ensino e o Hospital Universitário Polydoro Hernani de São Thiago (HU), integrando as pessoas que atuam nessas instituições. Articula conhecimentos, consolida modelos de aprendizagem, favorece a melhoria da assistência à luz dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Tem por objetivos desenvolver proposta de gestão compartilhada, estabelecendo atribuições e compromissos das instituições; criar espaços para discussão do processo de integração ensino-serviço; promover o ensino, a pesquisa e a assistência à saúde contextualizada com a realidade; promover a educação permanente; e desenvolver mecanismos de avaliação das ações. Como estratégia para atingir os objetivos propostos, destaca-se a composição de grupos de trabalho envolvendo profissionais das duas instituições - técnicos e professores - e estudantes dos cursos de Enfermagem, Medicina, Odontologia, Nutrição, Farmácia, Serviço Social, Educação Física e Psicologia, o que favorece a integração das ações de saúde promovendo o trabalho coletivo.

Jogos para capacitação de profissionais de saúde na atenção à violência de gênero

A violência contra a mulher é reconhecida como um problema de saúde pública pela magnitude de consequências que provoca na vida e na saúde das mulheres. Entretanto, a atenção dada ao problema no setor é ineficaz em decorrência da invisibilidade da violência nos serviços de saúde. É preciso desvelar o problema nos serviços e capacitar os profissionais por meio de novas técnicas e novos saberes. Este estudo destaca o uso dos Serious Games (SG) para contribuir com a qualificação das práticas profissionais. Esses jogos são aplicações digitais amplamente utilizadas em diferentes áreas (saúde, militar, educação) e que apresentam conteúdos pedagógicos de forma lúdica e interativa. Um SG pode contribuir com a educação permanente de profissionais de saúde quanto à atenção à violência de gênero com base na abordagem de conceitos teóricos associados ao problema e sistematizados em um mapa conceitual. Observou-se que ações de capacitação quanto à violência de gênero, além de aspectos cognitivos da aprendizagem, abrangem aspectos afetivos, uma vez que envolvem mudança de concepções e práticas.

A bioética e o trabalho na estratégia saúde da família: uma proposta de educação

A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) tem representado, na atualidade, um importante modo de reorientação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil, pautando-se na territorialização e na reorganização das ações de saúde junto às comunidades, a partir do trabalho de distintos profissionais. Nesse âmbito, a relação de proximidade e de continuidade da ESF com a coletividade tem permitido a emergência de problemas bioéticos de díspares ordens, os quais necessitam ser abordados pelos profissionais da ESF com as ferramentas teóricas adequadas. Com base nessas ponderações, o presente artigo apresenta elementos para a construção de um processo de formação bioética para os trabalhadores da ESF, enfatizando (1) o que abordar - os problemas bioéticos na ESF com base na literatura atual: (a) relações entre profissionais e usuários e suas famílias; (b) relações entre os profissionais da própria equipe; (c) relações entre profissionais e o sistema de saúde; (2) o como abordar - pressupostos pedagógicos e métodos de ensino-aprendizagem; (3) o desenho de uma oficina de formação bioética, de acordo com os pressupostos bioéticos e pedagógicos apresentados. Espera-se que as proposições do manuscrito possam ser úteis para o encaminhamento daquele que é, provavelmente, o grande desafio da bioética na APS/ESF: a incorporação dos conceitos éticos à ação do profissional, de modo a embasar as decisões autônomas dos membros da equipe.

Avaliação do cuidado na estratégia saúde da família em metrópoles do nordeste brasileiro

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Brazilian cities of the Northeast, expanding coverage, analyzing the progress, challenges and innovations. Methods: Multicentric Evaluation Research, Studies Baselines in urban centers, using as a case study method. Selected cases of Aracaju, being capital, advanced coverage with extended team, and Fortaleza, capital coverage incipient and minimal staff. In Fortaleza, purposive sample of 11 Units Primary (APS), 03 managers, 53 professionals and 109 users. In Aracaju, 09 units of APS, 02 managers, 36 professionals, and 90 users. Structured interviews for managers, and structured to professionals and users. Descriptive analysis focusing on the political and institutional dimensions, organization and comprehensive care. Results: There was consensus that the ESF is the preferred port users and acts as inducing changes in care. In the case of Fortaleza, the specificities were: care protocols and community activities aimed at chronic conditions (100%) , with greater participation of doctors and nurses (93%) ; conjunction with more complex services, but the teams reported difficulties with the examination center and experts, the long waits and poor access to local services were the main difficulties reported by users., As innovative practice, the therapeutic group of elderly caregivers mentioned by respondents; There was intersectoral initiatives and teams 87 % of users have participated in meetings about health problems. In the case of Aracaju, care protocols were directed to the lines of care and formulated locally, 85 % coverage of the population with FHS counterpart local financing; employees hired by public tender; 70 % of teams with expertise in public health center for continuing education acting; democratization in management; access technologies, welcoming and computerization in different integrated networks, and evaluation matrix. Conclusions: The ESF has promoted access to health care and inclusion of disadvantaged populations. Different perceptions and practices in the organization of care, with distinct trajectories of reorganization. In the case of Fortaleza, predominance of model programs valuing older, with evidence of advances in care practices and teamwork, but restricted to primary care practices and incipient in public policy perspective. In Aracaju, had network integration with technologies related to the family, in which the ESF is consolidated as public policy. It can be argued that the XII APS expanding coverage, exhibited efficacy, despite the challenges inherent to the different degrees of implementation

Representações sociais, relações de gênero e programas de assistência e educação à saúde da mulher no climatério em Natal/RN

Climacteric is the name of the period of the human life that it is going from the 40 years old, approximately, until the 65 years old. Though, for besides a biological phase of the woman's life, the climacteric is an object of the social world that is rendered to different apprehensions and readings on the symbolic plan. In this study, it was looked for to know the social representations, that health' professionals acting in the programs of the climacteric and the users of those same services, build in respect of that purpose. Besides, it tried to be seen that the social hegemonic representation that guides the actions and the agents' attitudes in the practices of attendance and education for the woman's health in the climacteric in the extent of the investigated institutions. The data were collected through interviews, questionnaire, focal discussion group and direct observation. The observation field was constituted by the three institutions that develop the attendance and education for the woman's health in the climacteric phase, in the city of Natal. A gender perspective was also been adopted, sought to evidence as the cognitive structures that assure the masculine power reproduction, pronounce to the social representations to build a sense to the investigated purpose. It was verified that the social representations of the climacteric are built mainly around the semantic fields old age and disease. For the health professionals, the meaning of the simbol old age carries the marks of the indentified system of the middle class employed, but also, of the feminine habitus that guides them to have an ethical and aesthetic apprehension of their own body. The climacteric, in that way, is seen as a difficult phase , a painful event that scares . For the women attended by those professionals, the sign old age means feeling emphasis from the biological climacteric aspects, in other words, the sensations and signs that forbid the body to accomplish certain linked basic life functions. Along the whole course of this thesis, it was verified that the climacteric is a complex phenomenon that needs to be faced as such. While cultural phenomenon, it is urgent to look for means to help to combat the centrality of the professional representations that face the climacteric as old age and disease, particularly in the field of health

As coisas estão no (meu) mundo, só que eu preciso aprender. Autobiografia, reflexividade e formação em Educação Nutricional

This paper gives clues for the educative action in nutrition subjects. It deals about the professors experiences deployments lived in 2003 e 2004, both in Nutrition undergraduate course of the Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), in Nutrition Education and Supervised Internship in Social Nutrition academic disciplines, as well as in the II Update Course in Nutrition Practices for Health Basic Care , offered to the supervisors nutritionists of internship, in this same department, being able to be characterized as an action-research, with interventionism purpose. The study stands out the importance of a new point of view about the nutritionist formation to overcome the limits imposed by the scientism, and the adoption of a complex and reflexive reference about the educational practice in this area. The corpus is made up by 81 undergraduate students alimentary autobiography (source of generating subjects for interventions with the nutritionists), 17 questionnaires and 05 interviews, being 03 of them biography (the start up for an initial dialogue with the nutritionists). The data found and the professors experiences allied to a theoretic reference, by the light of the education proposals for the XXI century were used as establishment elements for the proposition of five guidance axles used to build a complex and reflexive nutrition education, which are: 1) Take the cookery and the culture of eating together as significant elements for the human being integral formation; 2) Conceive the religion manifestations associated to feeding process as relevant elements of the human food culture; 3) Discuss the rupture nature/culture aiming the preservation of live in earth; 4) Search for the overcoming of the identity conflicts by a higher inclosing conscience degrees of being part of this process. 5) Face the limits of fragmented formation. The presented thesis stands that the autobiography method, allied to the freirean pedagogy and to a complex reference, could be taken as an important tool to the health educative subjects, contributing to the formation of reflective individuals able to transform themselves and the world.

Saúde da família: uma estratégia de mudança no processo de produção dos serviços de saúde

The purpose of this study is to analyze, from the point of view of nurses, changes that took place in the process of providing health services after the introduction of the Family Health Program (FHP). It is na investigation of qualitative nature that uses semi-structured interviews as a main empirical approach tool. Six nurses from the city of Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte, who were working with basic care before the introduction of the FHP, within basic care, were: adscription and ties with the community; hospitality and the humanizacion of care-giving; decrease in cases of inpatient treatment; strengthening of the prevention of injuries and health promotion; improvemente of health indicatiors, finally, actions that point towads meeting the principles of wholeness, equity and universality as a declaration of the Brazilian National Health Care System (SUS). Nevertheless, in spite of all recognizable positive aspects, the FHP has some weaknesses, such as: the difficulty posed by colletive work; the mismatch between professional education and the demands of the current health standard; a poor physical infrastructure of the Basic Health Units; a high heath staff turnover and precarious work conditions. In addition to this, some strategies that can be used to help improve the process of providing health services have been pointed out, such as, coordination between sectors, continuous education, making work conditions less precarious and improving the means whereby heathy service management is conveyed,Tthus, finally, we understand that the FHP does bring forward meaningful changes to the process of provinding health services to strengthen the Brasilian National Health Care System (SUS), in spite of the fact that it lies within a scenario of adversities that can be overcome through the collective endeavor of the several social actors

Análise de qualidade da atenção à criança na estratégia saúde da família: o óbito infantil evitável como referência

Alma-Ata declaration bring the Primary Attention to the Health (PAH) as first level of health attention for individuals, family and community, which considers infant group as priority. Several initiatives that gave bases to integral attention to the children health formalized in the principles of Unique Health System. Family Health Strategy (FHS) comes to strengthen this attention, instituting new ways of work organization and professional practices that gave impact in their quality indicators. One of them is children mortality, showing decline in their values. Though, studies indicates persistence of avoidable infant deaths. In Natal RN, this reality is also perceptible leading to inquietudes, mainly at the space of services production, it means, which motivated the accomplishment of the present study intending to analyse the way that the organizational and structural processes as long as the professional practices in FHS interfered in the quality of children s health attention who died by avoidable death in the year of 2007 in municipal district of Natal-RN. It treats, therefore, to an exploratory and descriptive survey of cases study type, thar had as primary sources the oficial documents of MH, the family prontuary, pregnant card, child card and testimony obt ined from instrument of research elaborated based in investigation form of infant death by MH, applied to 10 mothers of children who had avoidable death. In analysis it was appealed silmultaneous triangulation of methods and sources, allowing a bigger aproximation from obtained informations. To elucidate the cases, the aspects studied were analyzed to the light of explicative model of Social Determinants of Health. Among individual and family aspects were highlighted the related to age, schooling, family habits and customs and mother s economic condition, besides of pregnancy age, newborn weight and associated diseases, which don t differ from literature about the theme. Reffering to the factors organizational and structural processes and professionals practice, highlihgted, the treatment given by the professionals, the territorialization and adscription of areas, the difficulty of having access to the services or sleepers and the reference and counterreference. But also, the ausence or few greet, the lack of communication, few assiduity and ponctuality by professionals in service, among others. In a general way mothers considers the attendance received in the hospital good and very good , opnions that in the Basic Attention weren t so favorable, in spite of many of predictible actions in this level have been performed in the studied cases. It is observed, therefore, that the social determinants of health has a strong influence in ocurrence of infant deaths, what implicates in a large actuation by Infant Mortality Committee from municipal district. This way, it becomes fundamental the reflection and evaluation about the effectiveness and execution by the processes of vigilance to health in FHUs; the rethink about the social determinants of health in a wide and articulate way to the services quality, to permanent education, to management in service, to the given attention and to the way how it is installed the popular participation and social control. To the professionals it is presented the great challenge to review their daily practice, their values, behaviors and commitment, which ones must be guided by logical of sharing, work in team, humanescence and alterity, not only by the accomplishment of a professional duty

Atenção à saúde mental na Estratégia Saúde da Família no Município de Parnamirim/RN: opinião dos profissionais, dos portadores de transtornos mentais e seus acompanhantes

This study aims to analyze and compare the opinion of professionals, managers and users about the mental health care in the Family Health Strategy (FHS). It is characterized as an Operations Research or Health System Research with a cross-sectional design and a descriptive quantitative nature. The study was developed from the application of the Opinion Measurement Scale allied to techniques of observation and structured interview in the city of Parnamirim / RN. The sample consists of 409 subjects, 209 professionals of the Family Health Strategy, 30 of the Oral Health Strategy, 19 of the Family Health Support Center, 24 directors of Basic Health Units, plus 68 users with mental disorders and 59 caregivers, respecting the ethical parameters of Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council, trial registration number: CAAE 0003.0.051.000-11. Quantitative data were submitted to the Epi-info 3.5.2 for analysis. The network of mental health in Parnamirim involves the flow between the FHS, Psychosocial Care Centers, clinics and hospitals, having as main barriers the fragility of the referral and counter-referral system, of the municipal health conferences, of the FHS teams by the limitations in material and human resources as well as the population´s lack of acknowledge about the organization of the mental health network, issues that affect the integral attention. Even though the FHS professionals recognize the importance of their actions, they question their role in mental health care, experiencing difficulties in accessing psychiatric services (76.5%). Although most agree that the mentally ill is best treated in the family than in hospital (65.2%), the community health workers were the predominant category in the partial or total disagreement of this statement (40.8%), who is the professional in greater contact with the family. Nevertheless the caregivers miss the support of the FHS as the main focus of attention is on revenue control. The views of professionals, mental patients and caregivers converged in several statements, showing the main weaknesses to be focused by the mental health network of the city, as the perceptions that: (a) physical strength is needed to take care of mental patients for its tendency to aggression, requiring it to stay in the sanatorium for representing danger to society, (b) only a psychiatrist can help the person with emotional problems, (c) the user of alcohol and drugs does not necessarily develop mental illness, (d) the access barriers and doubts about the quality of psychiatric services, (e) caring of a mental health patient does not bring suffering to professionals. Therefore, the commitment to consensus building, monitoring and evaluation of the network are important mechanisms for an effective management system, reflecting in the importance of strengthening the health conferences and approximating different institutions. The results reinforce the importance of strengthening primary care through programs of continuing education focusing on the actions and functions of professionals in accordance with its competences and duties what contribute to the organization and response of mental health care, favoring user´s care and the promotion of family health

Atenção à saúde da pessoa idosa na estratégia saúde da família no município de Santo Antônio/RN: um estudo de caso

According to demographic estimates, by the year 2025 Brazil will be the sixth country in the world in number of elderly. For this reason, it is a purpose of public policies to help people to reach that age being healthier. The current health care model of health surveillance through the Family Health Strategy (EFS, in portuguese) is configured as a gateway into the care of the elderly in the Unified Health System (SUS, in portuguese). It is also an area of development of practices to promote health, prevention and control of chronic nondegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the health care of the elderly provided by ESF professionals for the achievement of a full care. The study is descriptive case study with a quantitative approach, performed in the city of Santo Antônio/RN. The population included all health professionals, who are FHS members of the city that agreed to participate of the survey, a total of 80 professionals. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, having mostly closed questions and divided into two parts: one containing sociodemographic information of health professionals and vocational training and the other, the activities carried on by the professionals in senior care, being analyzed from a database tabulated in a spreadsheet and discussed according to the descriptive statistics in tables, graphs and charts using frequencies, medians and values of central tendency. It was verified a predominance of professionals who finished highschool, mostly female, aged from 30 to 34 years old, with training completed in the last 10 years, without being graduated in the field of geriatrics or gerontology and mostly without training in gerontology. Family members and caregivers were the components of the social support network most identified by the professionals (66.3%).The elderly access to the Family Health Basic Unit was considered by83.8% of professionals as the most important factor that interferes in the activities of health care of the elderly. Considering the inclusion of the family in care: 98.8% of professionals consider the family as one of the goals of care, but 82.5% assist the family to know their role and participate in the care of the elderly, emphasizing that no professional makes use of tools for evaluating the functionality of the family. Regarding the actions taken to assist the elderly, 91.25% have home visits program to the elderly, 88.75% use the host program; 77.5% know the habits of life, cultural, ethical and religious values of the elderly, their families and their community ;51.25% complement the activities through intersectoral actions, 50%participate in groups of living with the elderly; 33.75% keeps track and maintain updated the health information of the elderly; 11.25% of the professionals perform the Single Therapy Planning (PTS, in portuguese) and few implement the actions to promote health according to PTS; there is a deficit in the number of professional categories in the identification and monitoring of the frail older people in their households. It is concluded that the health care of the elderly developed by ESF professionals differs among the professional categories. It was identified weaknesses in the promotion of an active and healthy aging and also in the establishment of an integrated and full care of the elderly. It is recommended the adoption of permanent educational activities by the City Management, initially for ESF professionals in the the perspective of the guidelines of the National Policy of Health Care for the Elderly and later to the other professionals that are part of the health care network of the elderly, at all levels of care in the city for the development of strategies and practices that promote the improvement of the quality of healthcare for the elderly, expecting concrete and effective results in terms of promoting health within Brazilian reality