Quantitative constraints on the transport properties of hot partonic matter from semi-inclusive single high transverse momentum pion suppression in Au plus Au collisions at root S(NN)=200 GeV

The PHENIX experiment has measured the suppression of semi-inclusive single high-transverse-momentum pi(0)'s in Au+Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. The present understanding of this suppression is in terms of energy loss of the parent (fragmenting) parton in a dense color-charge medium. We have performed a quantitative comparison between various parton energy-loss models and our experimental data. The statistical point-to-point uncorrelated as well as correlated systematic uncertainties are taken into account in the comparison. We detail this methodology and the resulting constraint on the model parameters, such as the initial color-charge density dN(g)/dy, the medium transport coefficient <(q) over cap >, or the initial energy-loss parameter epsilon(0). We find that high-transverse-momentum pi(0) suppression in Au+Au collisions has sufficient precision to constrain these model-dependent parameters at the +/- 20-25% (one standard deviation) level. These constraints include only the experimental uncertainties, and further studies are needed to compute the corresponding theoretical uncertainties.

Cold nuclear matter effects on J/psi production as constrained by deuteron-gold measurements at root S(NN)=200 GeV

We present a new analysis of J/psi production yields in deuteron-gold collisions at root s(NN) =200 GeV using data taken from the PHENIX experiment in 2003 and previously published in S. S. Adler [Phys. Rev. Lett 96, 012304 (2006)]. The high statistics proton-proton J/psi data taken in 2005 are used to improve the baseline measurement and thus construct updated cold nuclear matter modification factors (R(dAu)). A suppression of J/psi in cold nuclear matter is observed as one goes forward in rapidity (in the deuteron-going direction), corresponding to a region more sensitive to initial-state low-x gluons in the gold nucleus. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to theoretical calculations of nuclear shadowing to which a J/psi (or precursor) breakup cross section is added. Breakup cross sections of sigma(breakup)=2.8(-1.4)(+1.7) (2.2(-1.5)(+1.6)) mb are obtained by fitting these calculations to the data using two different models of nuclear shadowing. These breakup cross-section values are consistent within large uncertainties with the 4.2 +/- 0.5 mb determined at lower collision energies. Projecting this range of cold nuclear matter effects to copper-copper and gold-gold collisions reveals that the current constraints are not sufficient to firmly quantify the additional hot nuclear matter effect.

Transverse momentum and centrality dependence of dihadron correlations in Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV: Jet quenching and the response of partonic matter

Azimuthal angle (Delta phi) correlations are presented for charged hadrons from dijets for 0.4 < p(T)< 10 GeV/c in Au+Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV. With increasing p(T), the away-side distribution evolves from a broad and relatively flat shape to a concave shape, then to a convex shape. Comparisons to p+p data suggest that the away-side can be divided into a partially suppressed ""head"" region centered at Delta phi similar to pi and an enhanced ""shoulder"" region centered at Delta phi similar to pi +/- 1.1. The p(T) spectrum for the head region softens toward central collisions, consistent with the onset of jet quenching. The spectral slope for the shoulder region is independent of centrality and trigger p(T), which offers constraints on energy transport mechanisms and suggests that it contains the medium response to energetic jets.

Identified charged hadron production in p plus p collisions at root s=200 and 62.4 GeV

Transverse momentum distributions and yields for pi(+/-), K(+/-), p, and (p) over bar in p + p collisions at root s = 200 and 62.4 GeV at midrapidity are measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). These data provide important baseline spectra for comparisons with identified particle spectra in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. We present the inverse slope parameter T(inv), mean transverse momentum < p(T)>, and yield per unit rapidity dN/dy at each energy, and compare them to other measurements at different root s in p + p and p + (p) over bar collisions. We also present the scaling properties such as m(T) scaling and x(T) scaling on the p(T) spectra between different energies. To discuss the mechanism of the particle production in p + p collisions, the measured spectra are compared to next-to-leading-order or next-to-leading-logarithmic perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations.

Exploitation of a single interface flow system for on-line aqueous biphasic extraction

The exploitation of aqueous biphasic extraction is proposed for the first time in flow analysis This extraction strategy stands out for being environmentally attractive since it is based in the utilization of two immiscible phases that are intrinsically aqueous The organic solvents of the traditional liquid-liquid extractions ale no longer used, being replaced by non-toxic, non-flammable and non-volatile ones. A single interface flow analysis (SIFA) system was implemented to carry out the extraction process due to its favourable operational characteristics that include the high automation level and simplicity of operation, the establishment of a dynamic interface where the mass transfer occurred between the two immiscible aqueous phases, and the versatile control over the extraction process namely the extraction time The application selected to demonstrate the feasibility of SIFA to perform this aqueous biphasic extraction was the pre-concentration of lead. After extraction, lead reacted with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and the resulting product was determined by a fluorimetric detector included in the flow manifold. Therefore, the SIFA single interface was used both as extraction (enrichment) and reaction interface. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Single interface flow analysis with accuracy assessment

Single interface flow systems (SIFA) present some noteworthy advantages when compared to other flow systems, such as a simpler configuration, a more straightforward operation and control and an undemanding optimisation routine. Moreover, the plain reaction zone establishment, which relies strictly on the mutual inter-dispersion of the adjoining solutions, could be exploited to set up multiple sequential reaction schemes providing supplementary information regarding the species under determination. In this context, strategies for accuracy assessment could be favourably implemented. To this end, the sample could be processed by two quasi-independent analytical methods and the final result would be calculated after considering the two different methods. Intrinsically more precise and accurate results would be then gathered. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, a SIFA system with spectrophotometric detection was designed for the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceutical formulations. Two reaction interfaces with two distinct pi-acceptors, chloranilic acid (CIA) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) were implemented. Linear working concentration ranges between 2.71 x 10(-4) to 8.12 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) and 2.17 x 10(-4) to 8.12 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) were obtained for DDQ and CIA methods, respectively. When compared with the results furnished by the reference procedure, the results showed relative deviations lower than 2.7%. Furthermore. the repeatability was good, with r.s.d. lower than 3.8% and 4.7% for DDQ and CIA methods, respectively. Determination rate was about 30 h(-1). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Exploiting pi-acceptors for the determination of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) using a single interface flow system

A fully automated methodology was developed for the determination of the thyroid hormones levothyroxine (T4) and liothyronine (T3). The proposed method exploits the formation of highly coloured charge-transfer (CT) complexes between these compounds, acting as electron donors, and pi-acceptors such as chloranilic acid (CIA) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ). For automation of the analytical procedure a simple, fast and versatile single interface flow system (SIFA)was implemented guaranteeing a simplified performance optimisation, low maintenance and a cost-effective operation. Moreover, the single reaction interface assured a convenient and straightforward approach for implementing job`s method of continuous variations used to establish the stoichiometry of the formed CT complexes. Linear calibration plots for levothyroxine and liothyronine concentrations ranging from 5.0 x 10(-5) to 2.5 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) and 1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1), respectively, were obtained, with good precision (R.S.D. <4.6% and <3.9%) and with a determination frequency of 26 h(-1) for both drugs. The results obtained for pharmaceutical formulations were statistically comparable to the declared hormone amount with relative deviations lower than 2.1%. The accuracy was confirmed by carrying out recovery studies, which furnished recovery values ranging from 96.3% to 103.7% for levothyroxine and 100.1% for liothyronine. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cadmium telluride nanocrystals as luminescent sensitizers in flow analysis

A fully automated multipumping flow system (MPFS) using water-soluble CdTe quantum dots (QD) as sensitizers is proposed for the chemiluminometric determination of the anti-diabetic drugs gliclazide and glipizide in pharmaceutical formulations. The nanocrystals acted as enhancers of the weak CL emission produced upon oxidation of sulphite by Ce(IV) in acidic medium, thus improving sensitivity and expanding the dynamical analytical concentration range. By interacting with the QD, the two analytes prevented their sensitizing effect yielding a chemiluminescence quenching of the Ce(IV)-SO(3)(2-)CdTe QD system. The pulsed flow inherent to MPFS assured a fast and efficient mixing of all solutions inside the flow cell, circumventing the need for a reaction coil and facilitating the monitoring of the short-lived generated chemiluminescent species. QD crystal size, concentration and spectral region for measurement were investigated. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Single reaction interface flow system for chemiluminescent monitoring of mannitol based on its hydroxyl radical scavenger activity

A single reaction interface flow analysis (SIFA) system for the monitoring of mannitol in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine is presented. The developed approach takes advantage of the mannitol scavenger aptitude to inhibit the chemiluminescent reaction between luminol and myoglobin in the absence of H(2)O(2). The SIFA system facilitated the fully automation of the developed methodology, allowing the in-line reproducible handling of chemical species with a very short lifetime as is the case of the hydroxyl radical generated in the abovementioned luminol/myoglobin reaction. The proposed methodology allowed the determination of mannitol concentrations between 25 mmol L(-1) and 1 mol L(-1), with good precision (R.S.D. < 4.7%, n = 3) and a sampling frequency of about 60 h(-1). The procedure was applied to the determination of mannitol in pharmaceuticals and in human urine samples Without any pretreatment process. The results obtained for pharmaceutical formulations were statistically comparable to those provided by the reference method (R.D. < 4.6%); recoveries values obtained in the analysis of spiked urine samples (between 94.9 and 105.3% of the added amount) were also satisfactory. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Conservation of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 amino acid sequence in viral isolates during liver transplantation

As a consequence of selective pressure exerted by the immune response during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a high rate of nucleotide mutations in the viral genome is observed which leads to the emergence of viral escape mutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the amino acid (aa) sequence of the HCV nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) in viral isolates after liver transplantation. Six patients with HCV-induced liver disease undergoing liver transplantation (LT) were followed up for sequence analysis. Hepatitis C recurrence was observed in all patients after LT. The rate of synonymous (dS) nucleotide substitutions was much higher than that of nonsynonymous (dN) ones in the NS3 encoding region. The high values of the dS/dN ratios suggest no sustained adaptive evolution selection pressure and, therefore, absence of specific NS3 viral populations. Clinical genotype assignments were supported by phylogenetic analysis. Serial samples from each patient showed lower mean nucleotide genetic distance when compared with samples of the same HCV genotype and subtype. The NS3 samples studied had an N-terminal aa sequence with several differences as compared with reference ones, mainly in genotype 1b-infected patients. After LT, as compared with the sequences before, a few reverted aa substitutions and several established aa substitutions were observed at the N-terminal of NS3. Sites described to be involved in important functions of NS3, notably those of the catalytic triad and zinc binding, remained unaltered in terms of aa sequence. Rare or frequent aa substitutions occurred indiscriminately in different positions. Several cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes described for HCV were present in our 1b samples. Nevertheless, the deduced secondary structure of the NS3 protease showed a few alterations in samples from genotype 3a patients, but none were seen in 1b cases. Our data, obtained from patients under important selective pressure during LT, show that the NS3 protease remains well conserved, mainly in HCV 3a patients. It reinforces its potential use as an antigenic candidate for further studies aiming at the development of a protective immune response.

Pharmacological analysis of the neutrophil migration induced by D. rostrata lectin: Involvement of cytokines and nitric oxide

In the present study, we investigated the involvement of resident cell and inflammatory mediators in the neutrophil migration induced by chemotactic activity of a glucose/mannose-specific lectin isolated from Dioclea rostrata seeds (DrosL). Rats were injected i.p. with DrosL (125-1000 mu g/cavity), and at 2-96 h thereafter the leukocyte counts in peritoneal fluid were determined. DrosL-induced a dose-dependent neutrophil migration accumulation, which reached maximal response at 24 h after injection and declines thereafter. The carbohydrate ligand nearly abolished the neutrophil influx. Pre-treatment of peritoneal cavities with thioglycolate which increases peritoneal macrophage numbers, enhanced neutrophil migration induced by DrosL by 303%. However, the reduction of peritoneal mast cell numbers by treatment of the cavities with compound 48/80 did not modify DrosL-induced neutrophil migration. The injection into peritoneal cavities of supernatants from macrophage cultures stimulated with DrosL (125, 250 and 500 mu g/ml) induced neutrophil migration. In addition, DrosL treatment induced cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and CINC-1) and NO release into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Finally, neutrophil chemotaxis assay in vitro showed that the lectin (15 and 31 mu g/ml) induced neutrophil chemotaxis by even 180%. In conclusion, neutrophil migration induced by D. rostrata lectin occurs by way of the release of NO and cytokines such as IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and CINC-1. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ordenamento pesqueiro da manjuba em ??rea de preserva????o ambiental

??rea de Prote????o Ambiental (APA) ?? uma Unidade de Conserva????o de uso direto, onde a estrat??gia de gerenciamento visa compatibilizar as atividades humanas com a preserva????o da vida silvestre, a prote????o dos recursos naturais, e a estabilidade e a melhoria da qualidade de vida das popula????es envolvidas. A APA Federal Canan??ia/Iguape/Peru??be, na Regi??o do Vale do Ribeira, sudeste do Estado de S??o Paulo possui uma extens??o de 234.000 ha, abrangendo 7 munic??pios e 6 ilhas oce??nicas, com sede administrativa em Iguape. Foi criada com o objetivo de proteger o Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Iguape-Canan??ia-Paranagu??, um dos principais ecossistemas do planeta, por tratar-se de viveiro natural de organismos aqu??ticos. Este complexo ?? constitu??do pelo ecossistema Mata Atl??ntica, restingas e mangues, cost??es rochosos e lagunas. Se destaca a Bacia Hidrogr??fica do rio Ribeira de Iguape que nasce no Estado do Paran?? e desagua no Oceano Atl??ntico (Iguape, SP). A ??rea apresenta caracter??sticas de um reduzido desenvolvimento econ??mico regional. Nos munic??pios do litoral, o turismo e a pesca s??o relevantes. Em rela????o ?? pesca, o principal recurso ?? a manjuba (Anchoviella lepidentostole), esp??cie an??droma que migra do oceano para o rio, no ver??o, para a desova. Esta pesca ?? realizada por popula????es ribeirinhas e pescadores artesanais, constituindo-se na atividade econ??mica de maior rentabilidade. Devido ?? sobrepesca e explora????o na ??rea da foz do rio, conjugadas com problemas ambientais, o rendimento do recurso declinou nas d??cadas de 80 e 90, resultando em grandes preju??zos e gerando muitos conflitos sociais. At?? o ano de 1990, a pesca da manjuba, que ocorre em ??poca de Piracema, era autorizada pelo IBAMA durante todo o per??odo de safra (outubro a mar??o) atrav??s de portarias regionais. Foi institu??do o primeiro per??odo de defeso (dezembro-janeiro), para a safra 1990/1991; isto resultou em manifesta????es veementes de desagravo pela comunidade local, pelos industriais da pesca e pelo setor pol??tico. A atitude de rebeldia ?? medida tomada pelo ??rg??o ambiental era uma constante, resultando em confrontos entre os pescadores e os fiscais e um conseq??ente desgaste da institui????o. Al??m disto, a quest??o da pesca predat??ria na foz do rio tinha que ser, tamb??m, levada em considera????o

Dia da crian??a: miss??o institucional do ex??rcito?

O presente Estudo de Caso trata da realiza????o de um evento de cunho social dentro das instala????es de uma unidade militar do Ex??rcito. O Evento ?? referente ??s comemora????es ao dia da crian??a que tem ocorr??ncia contumaz. Neste sentido discute-se uma problem??tica relacionada ?? legitimidade de realiza????o deste tipo de atividade ante o dilema: A????es socioculturais x Seguran??a Nacional. Desdobra-se ainda, a discuss??o sobre a possibilidade de o particular realizar doa????es diretamente ao quartel bem como o devido processo que se deve promover quanto ao recolhimento dos recursos recebidos aos cofres p??blicos. O presente caso pode ser trabalho dentro de dois grandes temas: Gest??o de Pessoas e Gest??o Or??ament??rio-Financeira

Corpo estranho de orelha, nariz e orofaringe: experiência de um hospital terciário

A ocorrência de corpos estranhos em otorrinolaringologia é motivo de freqüentes consultas em serviços de emergência. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de pacientes com corpo estranho, bem como analisar o quadro clínico e o tratamento nestes casos. MÉTODO: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo de 81 pacientes com diagnóstico de corpo estranho de nariz, orelha ou orofaringe admitidos no Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo, no período de abril de 2003 a março de 2005. RESULTADOS: Foram 57 casos de corpo estranho de orelha; 13 de cavidade nasal; e 11 de orofaringe. Destes pacientes, 51,85% foram do sexo masculino e 48,15% do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 23 anos. A média do tempo de evolução foi de 18,36 dias, sendo que 38,27% dos casos foram atendidos com menos de 24 horas de evolução. Do total de pacientes, 83,95% receberam atendimento inicial na clínica de otorrinolaringologia, e 16,05% vieram encaminhados de outro serviço após alguma tentativa de remoção prévia. O sintoma mais comum dos casos de corpos estranhos de orofaringe foi a odinofagia presente em 90,91% dos casos; nos corpos estranhos de nariz, a rinorréia unilateral e cacosmia estiveram presentes em 46,15% dos casos; e nos corpos estranhos de orelha, 38,60% evoluíram sem sintomas, e 28,07% com hipoacusia. O corpo estranho mais freqüente de orofaringe foi a espinha de peixe (54,55%); no nariz foi o papel (30,77%); e na orelha foi o algodão (31,58%). As complicações decorrentes da presença de corpo estranho ou da manipulação dos mesmos foram encontradas em 13 casos (16,05%). CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos casos com manipulação prévia para remoção de corpo estranho por profissional não-habilitado ou por leigo evoluiu com complicações, enfatizando que o manejo dos pacientes com corpo estranho deve ser realizado pelo médico otorrinolaringologista e com o uso de material adequado.

Privatização: bom ou ruim? Lições do setor de distribuição de energia elétrica do nordeste brasileiro

Este trabalho analisa a evolução de cinco distribuidoras de energia elétrica, localizadas no Nordeste do Brasil, por meio de indicadores técnicos e financeiros. Três empresas privatizadas e duas públicas foram analisadas entre 1997 e 2008. Os indicadores financeiros mostram a lucratividade e capacidade de as firmas gerarem valor para os acionistas, enquanto os técnicos a qualidade do serviço prestado aos consumidores. Duas proposições foram estabelecidas sugerindo que as empresas privatizadas tiveram seus indicadores financeiros e técnicos melhorados, comparativamente às empresas públicas, depois da privatização. Observou-se que os indicadores financeiros das distribuidoras privatizadas melhoraram em relação aos das públicas, gerando mais valor para seus acionistas. No entanto, não há evidência de que a privatização impactou na melhoria dos indicadores técnicos e qualidade do serviço.