Influence du chondroïtine sulfate (CS) sur l’activité et l’expression de plusieurs isoformes du cytochrome P450 et de la NADPH P450 réductase

Le CS fait partie de la famille des SYSADOA (SYmptomatic Slow Acting Drugs for OsteoArthritis) et est utilisé par les patients avec de l’ostéoarthrose de façon chronique pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires. Étant donné que ces patients reçoivent d’autres médicaments, il était intéressant de documenter les effets du CS sur le cytochrome P450 et la NADPH-réductase (NADPH). Pour cette étude, deux modèles ont été utilisés: des lapins témoins (LT) et des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire (LRI) afin de diminuer l’activité et l’expression du CYP. Six groupes contenant chacun cinq lapins ont été utilisés: un groupe sans CS et deux groupes qui ont pris oralement dans l’eau approximativement 20.5 mg/kg/jour de CS pendant 20 et 30 jours; les lapins des trois groupes restants ont pris du CS comme décrit plus haut, mais ont reçu 5 ml sous-cutanées de térébenthine afin de produire une réaction inflammatoire aseptique (RIA) deux jours avant leur sacrifice, c’est-à-dire aux jours -2, 18 et 28. Les hépatocytes ont été isolés pour évaluer l’activité et l’expression du CYP3A6, CYP1A2 et NADPH et aussi le ARNm de ces protéines. In vitro, nous avons étudié l’effet de différentes concentrations de CS-disaccharides sulfatés, 4S, 6S, et 4,6S de CS, sur l’activité et l’expression du CYP1A2 et du CYP3A6. Pour documenter la présence de la réaction inflammatoire, nous avons mesure les mucoprotéines, dans le sérum des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. Aussi nous avons mesuré la présence de l’oxide nitrique (NO) chez les hépatocytes de lapins contrôles et chez les hépatocytes des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. La translocation nucléaire du NF-κB a été etudiée par fluorescence chez les hépatocytes. Par comparaison aux lapins témoins, l’administration du CS pendant 20 et 30 jours n’affecte pas l’activité du CYP3A6 et du CYP1A2. La RIA a augmenté les mucoprotéines à 95,1±5,7 vs 8,4±1,6 mg/dl dans les lapins témoins (p<0,05). La RIA a diminué l’activité du CYP3A6 de 62% et l’activité du CYP 1A2 de 54%. Le CS n’empêché pas la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la RIA. Par ailleurs, le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression de la NADPH. La translocation nucléaire de NF-κB a été empêche par l’administration chronique de CS aux lapins avec RIA; en plus, la concentration de l’oxide nitrique n’a pas démontré une augmentation en présence de CS; par contre, CS n’empêche pas l’augmentation des séromucoïdes. Au contraire, CS affecte la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA. Dans ce group, CS a rétabli le niveau des protéines du CYP3A6 observé dans le group de lapins témoins. Pourtant cette croissance été independante de mRNA qui garde un niveau trés bas. Le plus remarcable a été la manière dont CS a augmenté la protéine du CYP3A6, sans avoir rétabli l’activité de cet isoforme. Finalement, in vitro, CS et ses trois disaccharides sulfatés (4S, 6S et 4,6S) n’affectent ni l’activité ni l’expression de CYP1A2, CYP3A6 et de la NADPH. En conclusion, l’administration chronique de CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du CYP1A2, ou la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la réaction inflammatoire. Le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du NADPH. Cependant, CS empêche la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA.

Revêtement anti-apoptotique à base de chondroïtine sulfate : vers un stent-graft bioactif

La réparation endovasculaire (EVAR) est une technique minimalement invasive permettant de traiter l’anévrisme de l’aorte abdominale (AAA) par l’entremise d’un stent- graft (SG). L’utilisation d’EVAR est actuellement limitée par de fréquentes complications liées à une guérison inadéquate autour de l’implant. Ce manque de guérison est principalement dû au type de recouvrement polymérique des SG, au milieu pro-apoptotique des AAA et à l’accès réduit aux nutriments et à l’oxygène après EVAR. L’objectif de cette thèse consistait à concevoir un revêtement bioactif permettant d’inhiber l’apoptose et stimuler la croissance des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV), pour ainsi favoriser la guérison des tissus vasculaires autour des SG. La chondroïtine-4-sulfate (CS) a d’abord été choisie, car elle a été identifiée comme un médiateur important de la réparation vasculaire. Il a été démontré que la CS en solution influence directement la résistance à l’apoptose des CMLV, en plus de favoriser la différenciation myofibroblastique chez les fibroblastes. Dans le cadre de ce projet, un premier revêtement à base de CS et de collagène a été créé. Bien que le revêtement permettait d’induire une résistance à l’apoptose chez les CMLV, il se désintégrait trop rapidement dans des conditions aqueuses. Une nouvelle méthodologie a donc été adaptée afin de greffer la CS directement sur des surfaces aminées, à l’aide d’un système utilisant un carbodiimide. Dans le but d’accroître la croissance des CMLV à la surface des revêtements, le facteur de croissance de l’épiderme (EGF) a ensuite été sélectionné. En plus de ses propriétés mitogéniques et chimiotactiques, l’EGF stimule la production d’éléments de la matrice extracellulaire, comme le collagène et la fibronectine. De plus, l’activation du récepteur de l’EGF inhibe également l’apoptose des CMLV. L’EGF a donc été greffé sur la CS. Le revêtement de CS+EGF a démontré une bonne uniformité et bioactivité sur des surfaces de verre aminé. iii iv Dans une 3ème étape, afin de permettre de transposer ce revêtement bioactif sur des implants, plusieurs méthodes permettant de créer des groupements d’amines primaires sur les biomatériaux polymériques comme le PET ou le ePTFE ont été étudiées. La polymérisation par plasma a été choisie pour créer le revêtement CS+EGF à la surface de PET. Une fois de plus, celui-ci a permis d’inhiber l’apoptose des CMLV, dans des conditions pro-apoptotiques, et de favoriser la croissance des cellules. Le revêtement de CS et d’EGF, déposé sur des surfaces aminées, possède des caractéristiques biologiques intéressantes et semble donc prometteur pour favoriser une meilleure guérison autour des SG.

Gastric stability and oral bioavailability of colistin sulfate in pigs challenged or not with Escherichia coli O149: F4 (K88)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro gastric stability of colistin sulfate (CS) and its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and to study the impact of ETEC O149: F4 (K88) infection in pigs on CS intestinal absorption. The stability profile of CS was evaluated in a simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Antimicrobial activity of CS and its degradation products were examined in a 96-well polystyrene microplate model. The effect of experimental infection with ETEC O149: F4 on CS intestinal absorption was determined by quantification of CS systemic concentration using a validated LC–MS/MS method. A rapid degradation of CS accompanied by an increase in CS antimicrobial activity by comparison with non-degraded CS (P < 0.0001) was observed in SGF. Additionally, CS levels were not quantifiable in systemic circulation using a highly sensitive method and concurrent oral challenge did not affect CS absorption in an induction model of subclinical post-weaning diarrhea (PWD).

Phase transitions in lithium ammonium sulfate below room temperature: An ultrasonic study

A detailed ultrasonic study of the elastic properties of lithium ammonium sulfate ~LiNH4SO4! or LAS has been carried out below room temperature. The elastic constants of LAS at room temperature are reported. The discrepancy present in earlier elastic constant data associated with the different choice of axes for this orthorhombic system are clarified. The results of the temperature variation study down to 220 K confirm the ferroelastic phase transition at 285 K and establish a thermal hysteresis of about 2.5 K between the cooling and heating cycles. Results of the investigation on the suspected weak phase transition at 256 K suggest that this transition occurs at 242 K on cooling and at 256 K on heating, thus having a thermal hysteresis of about 14 K. However, since the observed elastic anomaly for this transition is very small, the nature of this transition still remains unclear

A comparative study on the anisole methylation activity of lanthanum-promoted Sn02 catalyst and its sulfate-doped analogue

A comparative study on the anisole methylation with methanol over lanthanum-promoted Sn02 catalyst and its sulfate-doped analogue is presented. A maximum 2.6-xylenol selectivity of 82% was achieved at 400 degreeC under optimized conditions at an anisole conversion of 65% over lanthanum-promoted Sn02 catalyst. The sulfate modification resulted in the dealkylation of anisole to phenol followed by several unselective side reactions due to the creation of strong acid sites. The activity of lanthanum-modified tin oxide catalysts in the selective formation of 2.6-xylenol is ascribed to the presence of weak Lewis acid sites and comparatively stronger basic sites.

Reduction of arsenic uptake by lettuce with ferrous sulfate applied to contaminated soil

Soil contamination by arsenic (As) presents a hazard in many countries and there is a need for techniques to minimize As uptake by plants. A proposed in situ remediation method was tested by growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Kermit) in a greenhouse pot experiment on soil that contained 577 mg As kg(-1), taken from a former As smelter site. All combinations of iron (Fe) oxides, at concentrations of 0.00, 0.22, 0.54, and 1.09% (w/w), and lime, at concentrations of 0.00, 0.27, 0.68, and 1.36% (w/w), were tested in a factorial design. To create the treatments, field-moist soil, commercial-grade FeSO4, and ground agricultural lime were mixed and stored for one week, allowing Fe oxides to precipitate. Iron oxides gave highly significant (P < 0.001) reductions in lettuce As concentrations, down to 11% of the lettuce As concentration for untreated soil. For the Fe oxides and lime treatment combinations where soil pH was maintained nearly constant, the lettuce As concentration declined in an exponential relationship with increasing FeSO4 application rate and lettuce yield was almost unchanged. Iron oxides applied at a concentration of 1.09% did not give significantly lower lettuce As concentrations than the 0.54% treatment. Simultaneous addition of lime with FeSO4 was essential. Ferrous sulfate with insufficient lime lowered soil pH and caused mobilization of Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn. At the highest Fe oxide to lime ratios, Mn toxicity caused severe yield loss.

Reduction of arsenic uptake by lettuce with ferrous sulfate applied to contaminated soil

Soil contamination by arsenic (As) presents a hazard in many countries and there is a need for techniques to minimize As uptake by plants. A proposed in situ remediation method was tested by growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Kermit) in a greenhouse pot experiment on soil that contained 577 mg As kg(-1), taken from a former As smelter site. All combinations of iron (Fe) oxides, at concentrations of 0.00, 0.22, 0.54, and 1.09% (w/w), and lime, at concentrations of 0.00, 0.27, 0.68, and 1.36% (w/w), were tested in a factorial design. To create the treatments, field-moist soil, commercial-grade FeSO4, and ground agricultural lime were mixed and stored for one week, allowing Fe oxides to precipitate. Iron oxides gave highly significant (P < 0.001) reductions in lettuce As concentrations, down to 11% of the lettuce As concentration for untreated soil. For the Fe oxides and lime treatment combinations where soil pH was maintained nearly constant, the lettuce As concentration declined in an exponential relationship with increasing FeSO4 application rate and lettuce yield was almost unchanged. Iron oxides applied at a concentration of 1.09% did not give significantly lower lettuce As concentrations than the 0.54% treatment. Simultaneous addition of lime with FeSO4 was essential. Ferrous sulfate with insufficient lime lowered soil pH and caused mobilization of Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn. At the highest Fe oxide to lime ratios, Mn toxicity caused severe yield loss.

Changes in the global sulfate burden due to perturbations in global CO2 concentrations

A large ensemble of general circulation model (GCM) integrations coupled to a fully interactive sulfur cycle scheme were run on the climateprediction.net platform to investigate the uncertainty in the climate response to sulfate aerosol and carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing. The sulfate burden within the model (and the atmosphere) depends on the balance between formation processes and deposition (wet and dry). The wet removal processes for sulfate aerosol are much faster than dry removal and so any changes in atmospheric circulation, cloud cover, and precipitation will feed back on the sulfate burden. When CO2 is doubled in the Hadley Centre Slab Ocean Model (HadSM3), global mean precipitation increased by 5%; however, the global mean sulfate burden increased by 10%. Despite the global mean increase in precipitation, there were large areas of the model showing decreases in precipitation (and cloud cover) in the Northern Hemisphere during June–August, which reduced wet deposition and allowed the sulfate burden to increase. Further experiments were also undertaken with and without doubling CO2 while including a future anthropogenic sulfur emissions scenario. Doubling CO2 further enhanced the increases in sulfate burden associated with increased anthropogenic sulfur emissions as observed in the doubled CO2-only experiment. The implications are that the climate response to doubling CO2 can influence the amount of sulfate within the atmosphere and, despite increases in global mean precipitation, may act to increase it.

Analysis of the sulfate-reducing bacterial and methanogenic archaeal populations in contrasting Antarctic sediments

The distribution and activity of communities of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea in two contrasting Antarctic sediments were investigated. Methanogenesis dominated in freshwater Lake Heywood, while sulfate reduction dominated in marine Shallow Bay. Slurry experiments indicated that 90% of the methanogenesis in Lake Heywood was acetoclastic. This finding was supported by the limited diversity of clones detected in a Lake Heywood archaeal clone library, in which most clones were closely related to the obligate acetate-utilizing Methanosaeta concilii. The Shallow Bay archaeal clone library contained clones related to the C-1-utilizing Methanolobus and Methanococcoides and the H-2-utilizing Methanogenium. Oligonucleotide probing of RNA extracted directly from sediment indicated that archaea represented 34% of the total prokaryotic signal in Lake Heywood and that Methanosaeta was a major component (13.2%) of this signal. Archaea represented only 0.2% of the total prokaryotic signal in RNA extracted from Shallow Bay sediments. In the Shallow Bay bacterial clone library, 10.3% of the clones were SRB-like, related to Desulfotalea/Desulforhopalus, Desulfofaba, Desulfosarcina, and Desulfobacter as well as to the sulfur and metal oxidizers comprising the Desulfuromonas cluster. Oligonucleotide probes for specific SRB clusters indicated that SRB represented 14.7% of the total prokaryotic signal, with Desulfotalea/Desulforhopalus being the dominant SRB group (10.7% of the total prokaryotic signal) in the Shallow Bay sediments; these results support previous results obtained for Arctic sediments. Methanosaeta and Desulfotalea/Desulforhopalus appear to be important in Lake Heywood and Shallow Bay, respectively, and may be globally important in permanently low-temperature sediments.

Formation of high levels of acrylamide during the processing of flour derived from sulfate-deprived wheat

When wheat was grown under conditions of severe sulfate depletion, dramatic increases in the concentration of free asparagine were found in the grain of up to 30 times as compared to samples receiving the normal levels of sulfate fertilizer. The effect was observed both in plants grown in pots, where the levels of nutrients were carefully controlled, and in plants grown in field trials on soil with poor levels of natural nutrients where sulfate fertilizer was applied at levels from 0 to 40 kg sulfur/Ha. Many of the other free amino acids were present at higher levels in the sulfate-deprived wheat, but the levels of free glutamine showed increases similar to those observed for asparagine. In baked cereal products, asparagine is the precursor of the suspect carcinogen acrylamide, and when flours from the sulfate-deprived wheat were heated at 160 degrees C for 20 min, levels of acrylamide between 2600 and 5200 mu g/kg were found as compared to 600-900 mu g/kg in wheat grown with normal levels of sulfate fertilization.

Changes in free amino acids and sugars in potatoes due to sulfate fertilization and the effect on acrylamide formation

To examine how sulfur deprivation may affect acrylamide formation in cooked potatoes, three varieties of potato were grown under conditions of either severe sulfur deprivation or an adequate supply of sulfur. In all three varieties sulfur deprivation led to a decrease in acrylamide formation, even though the levels of sugars, which are acrylamide precursors, were higher in tubers of the sulfur-deprived plants. In one variety the concentration of free asparagine, the other precursor for acrylamide, was also higher. There was a very close correlation between the concentration of asparagine in the tubers expressed as a proportion of the total free amino acid pool and the formation of acrylamide upon cooking, whereas sugars were poorly correlated with acrylamide. In potatoes, where concentrations of sugars are usually limiting, competition between asparagine and other amino acids participating in the Maillard reaction may be a key determinant of the amount of acrylamide that is formed during processing.

Corrosion by sulfate reducing bacteria that utilize nitrate

16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify a sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) from a Danish North Sea oilfield water injection system. This species was cultivated, purified and subsequently identified as being >97% similar to Desulfovibrio gracilis. Like some other Desulfovibrio species this SRB, strain OP102, could reduce nitrate as an electron acceptor and produce ammonia in the absence of sulfate. In addition, in the presence of sulfate, when nitrate was dosed at 100 mg/l it was again reduced by the bacterium, with some ammonium production. Therefore, this mechanism could be important in oilfield systems where nitrate is applied to prevent sulfide generation by SRB which leads to reservoir souring. In static tests the influence of this Desulfovibrio on corrosion was assessed using carbon steel coupons, in the presence of sulfate and in the presence of sulfate with 100 mg/l nitrate. Corrosion rates were less than 1.5 mpy when coupons were incubated in the same water, with sulfate and with nitrate. Furthermore, the occurrence of pitting corrosion was fairly low under all circumstances.