Seminario internacional de la Unesco sobre el uso de los modelos matemáticos en la planificación de la educacion : CENIDE, Madrid, 8-13 de junio de 1970.

Señala la experiencia práctica conseguida hasta hoy en la utilización del modelo matemático UNESCO y su posible empleo en otros países, y las nuevas posibilidades teóricas para futuros trabajos, como objeto del Seminario. Relaciona los participantes extranjeros, españoles, los observadores representantes de organismos internacionales e ICEs., la organización, el programa del seminario y realiza comentarios sobre cada uno de los modelos presentados en las comunicaciones.

Sobre la educacion didáctica de la teoría de conjuntos y la topología en Preescolar y primera etapa de EGB.

Se pretende, en términos generales, aportar elementos para la construcción de una teoría del aprendizaje en Matemáticas que permita introducir elementos para una didáctica más adecuada. Para ello, el trabajo, específicamente, analiza el proceso de construcción de determinados conceptos por el niño y los efectos que tiene el hecho de utilizar un lenguaje simbólico y unas notaciones gráficas (propias de las Matemáticas) sobre los procesos y representaciones de la mente infantil. 30 alumnos de Preescolar. 15 alumnos de primero de EGB y 15 de segundo de EGB. Alumnos de cuarto y quinto de EGB (sin especificar). Trabajo descriptivo en el que se evalúa la comprensión de los sujetos de determinados conceptos matemáticos (de la teoría de conjuntos y de topología). Diseño de seis grupos experimentales intrasujeto (según nivel educativo). El procedimiento consiste en presentar problemas al niño (en un contexto de entrevista no estructurada) y evaluar su comprensión por medio de pruebas específicas. Pruebas de evaluación diseñadas ad hoc (incluidas en el trabajo). Estadística descriptiva. Porcentajes. En Preescolar se observa que la simbología utilizada para explicar la teoría de conjuntos genera confusión. Además, se observa que determinados conceptos presentan especial dificultad. Por otro lado, la confusión entre concepto y simbología se prolonga en los demás cursos analizados. No obstante, se observa una progresión general conforme aumenta la edad. El trabajo concluye con una serie de recomendaciones curriculares en las que se tiene en cuenta la secuencia de aprendizaje (grados de abstracción progresiva en el material a aprender y el nivel madurativo del niño).

Educacion intercultural y conflicto : la visión del profesorado.

Este artículo pertenece a una sección monográfica de la revista dedicada a experiencias educativas

Estudio sobre el liderazgo : el liderazgo infantil y la educacion familiar.

Intentar aclarar los aspectos sociales, conductas, actitudes del liderazgo infantil; realizar un análisis practico referido al influjo que puede tener el tipo de educación familiar que recibe el niño sobre el liderazgo infantil. Trata sobre el liderazgo infantil. Se estructura en tres partes: la primera parte, trata sobre la definición de liderazgo, los rasgos contra factores situacionales, la eficacia en el liderazgo, los estilos que existen, la actuación del líder ante el grupo y cómo es su formación. En la segunda parte se explica cómo es el grupo de pares, cómo son las conductas en situaciones sociales durante la edad de las pandillas y cómo es la percepción de las actitudes y de las relaciones con los pares. Por último, en la tercera parte, se trata sobre el liderazgo infantil y la educación familiar y aparecen unas reflexiones finales. 1) El liderazgo ha sido un tema que ha interesado bastante,multiplicándose las teorías e ideas al respecto al mismo tiempo que avanzan. 2) La teoría de los rasgos, la corriente situacionista pueden tener algo de verdad pero el líder es algo mas. 3) El líder es una persona que se va configurando en un ambiente social, familiar que va recibiendo cierto tipo de experiencias. 4) Se observa y se deduce que el liderazgo es difícil de abordar por partes.

Informe piagetiano : proyecto 0-6 educacion infantil

Resumen de las ideas y actitudes que m??s importantes en la perspectiva piagetiana, para integrar la teor??a de un modo activo, en el trabajo con los ni??os. A lo largo del texto se plantean numerosos ejercicios que buscan la reflexi??n, y que est??n dise??ados para provocar una actitud cr??tica tanto hacia la teor??a como para la interpretaci??n de la misma.

Developmental programming: Deficits in reproductive hormone dynamics and ovulatory outcomes in prenatal, testosterone-treated sheep

Prenatal testosterone excess leads to neuroendocrine, ovarian, and metabolic disruptions, culminating in reproductive phenotypes mimicking that of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The objective of this study was to determine the consequences of prenatal testosterone treatment on periovulatory hormonal dynamics and ovulatory outcomes. To generate prenatal testosterone-treated females, pregnant sheep were injected intramuscularly (days 30-90 of gestation, term = 147 days) with 100 mg of testosterone-propionate in cottonseed oil semi-weekly. Female offspring born to untreated control females and prenatal testosterone-treated females were then studied during their first two breeding seasons. Sheep were given two injections of prostaglandin F-2alpha 11 days apart, and blood samples were collected at 2-h intervals for 120 h, 10-min intervals for 8 h during the luteal phase (first breeding season only), and daily for an additional 15 days to characterize changes in reproductive hormonal dynamics. During the first breeding season, prenatal testosterone-treated females manifested disruptions in the timing and magnitude of primary gonadotropin surges, luteal defects, and reduced responsiveness to progesterone negative feedback. Disruptions in the periovulatory sequence of events during the second breeding season included: 1) delayed but increased preovulatory estradiol rise, 2) delayed and severely reduced primary gonadotropin surge in prenatal testosterone-treated females having an LH surge, 3) tendency for an amplified secondary FSH surge and a shift in the relative balance of FSH regulatory proteins, and 4) luteal responses that ranged from normal to anovulatory. These outcomes are likely to be of relevance to developmental origin of infertility disorders and suggest that differences in fetal exposure or fetal susceptibility to testosterone may account for the variability in reproductive phenotypes.

Effects of prenatal and postnatal depression, and maternal stroking, at the glucocorticoid receptor gene

In animal models, prenatal and postnatal stress is associated with elevated hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA) reactivity mediated via altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression. Postnatal tactile stimulation is associated with reduced HPA reactivity mediated via increased GR gene expression. In this first study in humans to examine the joint effects of prenatal and postnatal environmental exposures, we report that GR gene (NR3C1) 1-F promoter methylation in infants is elevated in the presence of increased maternal postnatal depression following low prenatal depression, and that this effect is reversed by self-reported stroking of the infants by their mothers over the first weeks of life.

Sex differences in the programming effects of prenatal stress on psychopathology and stress responses: an evolutionary perspective

There is strong evidence from animal studies that prenatal stress has different effects on male and female offspring. In general, although not always, prenatal stress increases anxiety, depression and stress responses, both hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and cardiovascular, in female offspring rather than in male. Males are more likely to show learning and memory deficits. There have been few studies so far in humans which differentiate effects of prenatal stress on male and female psychopathology. Some studies support the animal models, but the evidence is inconsistent. The mediating mechanisms for any sex specific effects are little understood, but there is evidence that placental function can differ depending on the sex of the fetus. We suggest that there may be an evolutionary reason for any sex differences in the long term effects of prenatal stress. In a stressful environment it may be adaptive for females, who are more likely to stay in one place and look after children, to be more vigilant, alert to danger and thus show more stress responsiveness. This can give rise to a more anxious or depressed phenotype. With males it may be more adaptive to go out and explore new environments, compete with other males, and be more aggressive. For this it may help to be less responsive to external stressors. More research is needed into sex differences in the effects of prenatal stress in humans, to test these ideas.

Frequency of infant stroking reported by mothers moderates the effect of prenatal depression on infant behavioural and physiological outcomes

Animal studies find that prenatal stress is associated with increased physiological and emotional reactivity later in life, mediated via fetal programming of the HPA axis through decreased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression. Post-natal behaviours, notably licking and grooming in rats, cause decreased behavioural indices of fear and reduced HPA axis reactivity mediated via increased GR gene expression. Post-natal maternal behaviours may therefore be expected to modify prenatal effects, but this has not previously been examined in humans. We examined whether, according to self-report, maternal stroking over the first weeks of life modified associations between prenatal depression and physiological and behavioral outcomes in infancy, hence mimicking effects of rodent licking and grooming. From a general population sample of 1233 first time mothers recruited at 20 weeks gestation we drew a stratified random sample of 316 for assessment at 32 weeks based on reported inter-partner psychological abuse, a risk to child development. Of these 271 provided data at 5, 9 and 29 weeks post delivery. Mothers reported how often they stroked their babies at 5 and 9 weeks. At 29 weeks vagal withdrawal to a stressor, a measure of physiological adaptability, and maternal reported negative emotionality were assessed. There was a significant interaction between prenatal depression and maternal stroking in the prediction of vagal reactivity to a stressor (p = .01), and maternal reports of infant anger proneness (p = .007) and fear (p = .043). Increasing maternal depression was associated with decreasing physiological adaptability, and with increasing negative emotionality, only in the presence of low maternal stroking. These initial findings in humans indicate that maternal stroking in infancy, as reported by mothers, has effects strongly resembling the effects of observed maternal behaviours in animals, pointing to future studies of the epigenetic, physiological and behavioral effects of maternal stroking.

Mobius Sequence in a Girl and Arthrogryposis in her Half-Brother: Distinct Phenotypes Caused By Prenatal Injuries

Mobius sequence is a congenital facial and abducens nerve palsy, frequently associated to abnormalities of extremities. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenital is defined as a congenital fixation of multiple joints seldom of neurogenic origin. Both sequences must have a genetic origin, but usually are sporadic cases related to environmental factors such as drugs exposition and maternal trauma. A 5-year-old girl and a 1-year-old boy were born with Mobius sequence and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital, respectively. During pregnancies, the mother had vaginal bleeding at 7 weeks and used crack (free-based cocaine) in the first trimester, respectively. The girl also has equinovarus talipes and autistic behavior. The boy has arthrogryposis with flexion contractures of the feet and knees. A vascular disruption, due to hemorrhage and cocaine exposure, causing a transient ischemic insult to embryos in a critical period of development may be responsible for distinct phenotypes in these cases.

Micronutrient prenatal supplementation prevents the development of hypertension and vascular endothelial damage induced by intrauterine malnutrition

Aims: The premise that intrauterine malnutrition plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular and renal diseases implies that these disorders can be programmed during fetal life. Here, we analyzed the hypothesis that supplementation with mixed antioxidant vitamins and essential mineral in early life could prevent later elevation of blood pressure and vascular and renal dysfunction associated with intrauterine malnutrition. Main methods: For this, female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups on day 1 of pregnancy: control fed standard chow ad libitum; restricted group fed 50% of the ad libitum intake and a restricted plus micronutrient cocktail group treated daily with a combination of micronutrient (selenium, folate, vitamin C and vitamin E) by oral gavage. Key findings: In adult offspring, renal function and glomerular number were impaired by intrauterine malnutrition. and the prenatal micronutrient treatment did not prevent it. However, increased blood pressure and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation were prevented by the micronutrient prenatal treatment. Intrauterine malnutrition also led to reduced NO production associated with increased superoxide generation, and these parameters were fully normalized by this prenatal treatment. Significance: Our current findings indicate that programming alterations during fetal life can be prevented by interventions during the prenatal period, and that disturbance in availability of both antioxidant vitamins and mineral may play a crucial role in determining the occurrence of long-term cardiovascular injury. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

La cultura docente del profesorado de educacion fisica de las escuelas publicas de Porto Alegre

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Tradução e adaptação transcultural do instrumento de avaliação prenatal selfevaluation questionnaire

Introduction: The human gestation period is 40 weeks. This is the essential time for maternal psychosocial adaptation, in which there is the intense transformation of a life without offspring into a life with one or more children. The Pregnancy Self-Evaluation Questionnaire (PSEQ) has 79 items, subdivided into seven subcategories: acceptance of pregnancy, identification with the maternal role, well-being of mother and baby, preparing for labor, control in labor, relationship with the mother and the relationship with the partner. Objective: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the instrument PSEQ to be used with Brazilian women. Methods: It is a cross-sectional observational study. We followed some methodological steps to achieve the cross-cultural adaptation of this measuring instrument. They are: translation, synthesis, back translation, analysis of the committee of specialists and pre-test. Another questionnaire was applied to characterize the socio-demographic and clinical status of the pregnant women (n = 36). The descriptive statistics was gotten through the average, standard deviation (SD), absolute and relative frequency. The statistical test used for the analysis of the internal consistency was Cronbach's alpha coefficient, using SPSS version 17.0. Results: The volunteers had low socioeconomic status, average age of 25.1 years (± 5.52), and average gestational age of 25.9 weeks (± 8.11). 58.3% of these volunteers had not planned their current pregnancy. The pretest showed that 75% of pregnant women found the questionnaire easy to understand. There was an average of 76.9 (± 3.23) answered items among the participants. Regarding the instrument PSEQ, the identification with the maternal role was the subcategory which showed the highest average 24.8 (± 5.6), while the relationship with the mother had the lowest average 15.4 (± 7.7). The internal consistency ranged from 0.52-0.89. Conclusion: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the PSEQ to Portuguese language were carried out with methodological rigor and can be considered an instrument with good internal consistency

Short- and long-term reproductive effects of prenatal and lactational growth restriction caused by maternal diabetes in male rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Could neonatal testosterone replacement prevent alterations induced by prenatal stress in male rats?

The present study was designed to examine whether testosterone replacement is able to prevent some effects of maternal restraint stress during the period of brain sexual differentiation - on endocrine system and sexual behavior in male rat descendants. Pregnant rats were exposed to restraint stress for 1 h/day from gestational days 18 to 22. At birth, some male pups from these stressed rats received testosterone propionate. The neonatal testosterone replacement was able to prevent the reduction in anogenital distance at 22 days of age observed in pups from stressed pregnant rats as well as prevents the decrease in testosterone levels during the adulthood of these animals. Testosterone replacement in these males also presented an improvement in sexual performance. In this way, testosterone replacement probably through increasing neonatal level of this hormone was able to prevent the later alterations caused by the prenatal stress during the period of brain sexual differentiation. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.