Tradução e análise dos artigos de Karl Kautsky acerca do imperialismo e seus desdobramentos em relação à economia e sociedade contemporânea e o Brasil

A eminência da Primeira Guerra Mundial efervesceu o debate entre teorias que buscavam explicar as causas e as conseqüências daqueles conflitos. Dentre os principais pensadores da época, Karl Kautsky, editor da revista Die Neue Zeit, era considerado o primeiro discípulo de Marx e Engels, exercendo, através de seus artigos, grande influência social. E foi no ano de 1914 que, através dos artigos O imperialismo e a Guerra, O ultraimperialismo e a Preparação para Paz, Kautsky definiu sua interpretação e expectativas em relação a aquele momento. O conteúdo desses artigos é de primordial relevância para estimar, observando o desenrolar do século XX, o quanto fez sentido suas interpretações. Assim, o objetivo é contribuir ao esclarecimento dos pensamentos deste autor, a fim de ajudar a entender a sociedade mundial contemporânea e o Brasil, quase um século depois de ter feito as publicações mencionadas

A subjetividade e a objetividade em Michel Foucault e Karl Marx: Algumas considerações

The question of the relationship between subject and object has been discussed and explored in several theoretical and methodological systems, showing resonances and disagreements about the possibilities of developing a science or a philosophical system to allow the construction of the knowledge about the world. Among these, the systems of two authors in particular are different, respectively, regarding the complexity and ontological taxonomic: Michel Foucault and Karl Marx. This work aims to discuss the objectivity and subjectivity in the work of these two thinkers, indicating some possible correlations. The discussions were about the concept of knowledge in Michel Foucault, difficulties experienced by its researchers to classify their work within a classical theoretical system and the difference of Marxist theory in relation to other research programs for not presenting the individual as the fundamental ontological entity. Foucault´s work influenced the process of restoration and redemption of Marxism by Marxists groups.

Review of Laws and Societies in the Canadian Prairie West, 1670-1940 Edited by Louis A. Knafla and Jonathan Swainger

For all intents and purposes, the settlement of the Canadian prairie was the founding of a new society using materials brought to the new land along with those close at hand. Of course, preexisting aboriginal society had to be supplanted in the course of this founding. In both the supplanting and the founding, the rule of law as we currently know it was a principal means and end of the settlement process.

Phosphene Thresholds Elicited by Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Retinal Diseases

PURPOSE. To evaluate electrically evoked phosphene thresholds (EPTs) in healthy subjects and in patients with retinal disease and to assess repeatability and possible correlations with common ophthalmologic tests. METHODS. In all, 117 individuals participated: healthy subjects (n = 20) and patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP, n = 30), Stargardt's disease (STG, n = 14), retinal artery occlusion (RAO, n = 20), nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION, n = 16), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG, n = 17). EPTs were determined at 3, 6, 9, 20, 40, 60, and 80 Hz with 5+5-ms biphasic current pulses using DTL electrodes. Subjects were examined twice (test-retest range: 1-6 weeks). An empirical model was developed to describe the current-frequency relationship of EPTs. Visual acuity, visual field (kinetic + static), electrophysiology (RP, RAO, STG: Ganzfeld-electroretinography [ERG]/multifocal-ERG; POAG: pattern-ERG; NAION: VEP), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination, and tonometry were assessed. RESULTS. EPTs varied between disease groups (20 Hz: healthy subjects: 0.062 +/- 0.038 mA; STG: 0.102 +/- 0.097 mA; POAG: 0.127 +/- 0.09 mA; NAION: 0.244 +/- 0.126 mA; RP: 0.371 +/- 0.223 mA; RAO: 0.988 +/- 1.142 mA). In all groups EPTs were lowest at 20 Hz. In patients with retinal diseases and across all frequencies EPTs were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects, except in STG at 20 Hz (P = 0.09) and 40 Hz (P = 0.17). Test-retest difference at 20 Hz was 0.006 mA in the healthy group and 0.003-0.04 mA in disease groups. CONCLUSIONS. Considering the fast, safe, and reliable practicability of EPT testing, this test might be used more often under clinical circumstances. Determination of EPTs could be potentially useful in elucidation of the progress of ophthalmologic diseases, either in addition to standard clinical assessment or under conditions in which these standard tests cannot be used meaningfully. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00804102.) (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53: 7440-7448) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-9612

Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation Shows Neuroprotective Effects in Retinas of Light-Exposed Rats

PURPOSE. To examine the effects of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) on retinal degeneration of light-exposed rats. METHODS. Thirty-three Sprague Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups: STIM (n = 15) received 60 minutes of TES, whereas SHAM (n = 15) received identical sham stimulation 2 hours before exposure to bright light with 16,000 lux; healthy animals (n = 3) served as controls for histology. At baseline and weekly for 3 consecutive weeks, dark-and light-adapted electroretinography was used to assess retinal function. Analysis of the response versus luminance function retrieved the parameters Vmax (saturation amplitude) and k (luminance to reach 1/2Vmax). Retinal morphology was assessed by histology (hematoxylin-eosin [HE] staining; TUNEL assay) and immunohistochemistry (rhodopsin staining). RESULTS. Vmax was higher in the STIM group compared with SHAM 1 week after light damage (mean intra-individual difference between groups 116.06 mu V; P = 0.046). The b-wave implicit time for the rod response (0.01 cd.s/m(2)) was lower in the STIM group compared with the SHAM group 2 weeks after light damage (mean intra-individual difference between groups 5.78 ms; P = 0.023); no other significant differences were found. Histological analyses showed photoreceptor cell death (TUNEL and HE) in SHAM, most pronounced in the superior hemiretina. STIM showed complete outer nuclear layer thickness preservation, reduced photoreceptor cell death, and preserved outer segment length compared with SHAM (HE and rhodopsin). CONCLUSIONS. This sham-controlled study shows that TES can protect retinal cells against mild light-induced degeneration in Sprague Dawley rats. These findings could help to establish TES as a treatment in human forms of retinal degenerative disease. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:5552-5561) DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10037

Desafios à tradução do texto satírico: alguns exemplos de Dritte Walpurgisnacht, de Karl Kraus

Último texto de fôlego de Kraus, Dritte Walpurgisnacht (Terceira noite de Valpúrgis) foi a reação do satirista à tomada do poder por Hitler. Do ponto de vista tradutório, oferece grande variedade de problemas, visto que o autor faz um uso exuberante de citações, trocadilhos, aliterações, neologismos e variações de ditos, provérbios, máximas e lugares-comuns. Este artigo apresenta alguns desses problemas e discute possibilidades para sua solução, não sem antes definir uma abordagem teórica.

Das Leib-Seele-Problem bei Karl Joël

In dieser Dissertation wird ein in Vergessenheit geratener Philosoph behandelt. Er hieß Karl Joël und war zu seinen Lebzeiten einer der bekannteren Philosophen. Die erste Bedeutung dieser Dissertation liegt deshalb darin, seine zwar genialen, aber vergessenen Gedanken (hauptsächlich von einem seiner Hauptwerke, „Seele und Welt“) wieder ans Licht gebracht zu haben. Es ist aber unmöglich, alle Gedanken einer großartigen Philosophie in einer einzigen Arbeit eingehend zu analysieren; aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Dissertation hauptsächlich Joëls „Seele und Welt“, eines seiner Hauptwerke, behandelt. rnAm Anfang dieser Doktorarbeit wird eine Einleitung (Kapitel 1) gegeben, die Lesern einen Überblick auf die gesamte Arbeit geben soll. Es folgt dann eine Biographie (Kapitel 2), in der das Leben des Philosophen relativ detailliert dargestellt wird. Da der Philosoph heute ein ziemlich unbekannter Philosoph ist, musste die Biographie einen dementsprechenden Umfang haben und nach vorne gestellt werden, so dass Leser gleich das ganze Bild seiner Philosophie haben können. Im Kapitel 3 werden Joëls frühere Werke bis „Seele und Welt“ behandelt und seine Gedanken bis „Seele und Welt“ verfolgt, um die Ideen in diesem Buch vertieft erforschen zu können. Im Kapitel 4 wird die Geschichte des Leib-Seele-Problems kurz zusammengefasst, um die Fragestellung des Problems zu verdeutlichen. Diese vier Kapitel machen zusammen den ersten Teil der Dissertation (die Einführung) aus. rnDanach fängt der zweite Teil der Dissertation an, der mit „Systematische Erklärung von Joëls Organismuskonzeption“ betitelt ist. Im Kapitel 5 wird Fechners Parallelismus erörtert. Joël kritisiert im ersten Teil von „Seele und Welt“ Fechners parallelistische Auffassung und versucht, diese zu überwinden. Deshalb musste in dieser Dissertation auch Fechners Parallelismus behandelt werden, um Joëls Kritik an Fechner richtig einschätzen zu können. Im Kapitel 6 wird zuerst der „Seelenbegriff im 19. Jahrhundert“ thematisiert und die philosophische Lage zu Joëls Zeit klar dargestellt. Anschließend wird Joëls Seelenbegriff behandelt. Joël versucht, seinen Seelenbegriff so formulieren, dass dieser über den traditionellen Seelenbegriff hinaus den neuen naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen gerecht werden kann. Im Kapitel 7 wird Joëls Organismusbegriff erörtert. Der Organismusbegriff macht das Wesentliche von Joëls Philosophie aus. Dies ist davon abzuleiten, dass „Seele und Welt“ eigentlich „Versuch einer organischen Auffassung“ heißt. Joël nahm neue Erkenntnisse auf und entwarf seinen Organismusbegriff, obwohl dieser von Schelling stark beeinflusst ist. rnAb dem Kapitel 8 wird die Philosophie Joëls dargestellt (der dritte Teil). Im Kapitel 8 wird der Indifferenzbegriff Joëls behandelt, aus der sich die zwei Weltextreme, Seele und Körper, entfalteten. In Kapiteln 9 und 10 wird dargestellt, wie aus der Indifferenz zur Mannigfaltigkeit der Welt gelangt wird. Im Kapitel 11 wird erklärt, wie die Äußerlichkeit (die Anschauungen) zur reinen Innerlichkeit (dem Denken) übergehen kann. Dadurch wird eine gewisse Erklärung für das Leib-Seele-Problem geliefert. Im Kapitel 12 wird versucht, Joëls Philosophie auf die moderne physische Problematik anzuwenden. Unsere Vorstellung des Raums als Dreidimensionalität kommt ins Wanken angesichts der neuen physischen Auffassung, dass es eigentlich nicht drei, sondern neun Raumdimensionen geben muss. In diesem Kapitel wird Joëls Begriff der Dreidimensionalität entwickelt, so dass sich dieser auch an die modernen Erkenntnisse anpassen kann. Im Kapitel 13 wird die Funktionsweise des Willens erörtert. Es ist unmöglich, den Willen als absolut frei oder notwendig zu bestimmen. Es kann nur nach einem freieren und notwendigeren Willen gefragt werden. Im Kapitel 14 befindet sich die Schlussbemerkung. Im Kapitel 15 findet man das Literaturverzeichnis von und über Joël. Da dieser Philosoph unbekannt ist, kann das Kapitel von größerer Bedeutung sein, als man sich sonst vorstellt.

Radiopaque stomach contents in postmortem CT in suicidal oral medication intoxication: report of three cases

In clinical medicine, plane radiography is used for detecting the remains of medications in the stomach in oral medication intoxication cases. Since postmortem computed tomography (CT), performed prior to autopsy, is currently intensively entering the forensic routine, the technique was applied to three fatal cases of oral medication intoxication. Here we report CT and autopsy findings for these cases. In all three cases, hyperdense areas within the stomach content were documented. The measurement of Hounsfield Units (HU) beyond 74HU showed mean values of 338, 88 and 98HU. Postmortem CT also showed brain edema and pulmonary aspiration in one case. At autopsy, tablet remains in the stomach were detected microscopically in all three cases. The ex vivo CT scans of the ingested medicaments showed similar HU values. Despite the fact that further case studies are necessary beyond this one, and in spite of its limitations, postmortem CT was found to be a useful screening and documentation method for stomach contents in oral medication intoxication.

Brain herniation in a patient with apparently normal intracranial pressure: a case report

Introduction Intracranial pressure monitoring is commonly implemented in patients with neurologic injury and at high risk of developing intracranial hypertension, to detect changes in intracranial pressure in a timely manner. This enables early and potentially life-saving treatment of intracranial hypertension. Case presentation An intraparenchymal pressure probe was placed in the hemisphere contralateral to a large basal ganglia hemorrhage in a 75-year-old Caucasian man who was mechanically ventilated and sedated because of depressed consciousness. Intracranial pressures were continuously recorded and never exceeded 17 mmHg. After sedation had been stopped, our patient showed clinical signs of transtentorial brain herniation, despite apparently normal intracranial pressures (less than 10 mmHg). Computed tomography revealed that the size of the intracerebral hematoma had increased together with significant unilateral brain edema and transtentorial herniation. The contralateral hemisphere where the intraparenchymal pressure probe was placed appeared normal. Our patient underwent emergency decompressive craniotomy and was tracheotomized early, but did not completely recover. Conclusions Intraparenchymal pressure probes placed in the hemisphere contralateral to an intracerebral hematoma may dramatically underestimate intracranial pressure despite apparently normal values, even in the case of transtentorial brain herniation.

Identification of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists in ginger

Animal studies suggest that ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) reduces anxiety. In this study, bioactivity-guided fractionation of a ginger extract identified nine compounds that interact with the human serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor with significant to moderate binding affinities (K(i)=3-20 microM). [(35)S]-GTP gamma S assays indicated that 10-shogaol, 1-dehydro-6-gingerdione, and particularly the whole lipophilic ginger extract (K(i)=11.6 microg/ml) partially activate the 5-HT(1A) receptor (20-60% of maximal activation). In addition, the intestinal absorption of gingerols and shogaols was simulated and their interactions with P-glycoprotein were measured, suggesting a favourable pharmacokinetic profile for the 5-HT(1A) active compounds.

Repetitive behaviours in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: tics, compulsions, or both?

Background Repetitive behaviours (RB) in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) are frequent. However, a controversy persists whether they are manifestations of obssessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or correspond to complex tics. Methods 166 consecutive patients with GTS aged 15–68 years were recruited and submitted to extensive neurological, psychiatric and psychological evaluations. RB were evaluated by the YBOCS symptom checklist and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I), and classified on the basis of a semi-directive psychiatric interview as compulsions or tics. Results RB were present in 64.4% of patients with GTS (107/166) and categorised into 3 major groups: a ‘tic-like’ group (24.3%–40/166) characterised by RB such as touching, counting, ‘just right’ and symmetry searching; an ‘OCD-like’ group (20.5%–34/166) with washing and checking rituals; and a ‘mixed’ group (13.2%–22/166) with both ‘tics-like’ and ‘OCD-like’ types of RB present in the same patient. In 6.3% of patients, RB could not be classified into any of these groups and were thus considered ‘undetermined’. Conclusions The results confirm the phenomenological heterogeneity of RB in GTS patients and allows to distinguish two types: tic-like behaviours which are very likely an integral part of GTS; and OCD-like behaviours, which can be considered as a comorbid condition of GTS and were correlated with higher score of complex tics, neuroleptic and SSRIs treatment frequency and less successful socio-professional adaptation. We suggest that a meticulous semiological analysis of RB in GTS patients will help to tailor treatment and allow to better classify patients for future pathophysiologic studies. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00169351